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'PAUL JOSEPH SACHS
From the Library of the
Fogg Jviuseum of Art
Harvard. University
:„ :: i, Google
MbyGooglc __
MbyGooglc
CYCLOPEDIA OF
Painters and Paintings
Volume II
EAKINS-KYHN
MbyGooglc
MbyGooglc
MbyGooglc
Digitized t>» G00gle
= by Google
GIORGIONB
Madonna and Saint*
Digitized by GoOgle I
CYCLOPEDIA OF
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS
EDITED BY
JOHN DENISON CHAMPLIN, JR.
CRITICAL EDITOR
CHARLES C. PERKINS
WITH MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS
VOLUME II
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
MCMXIII
MbyGooglc
KWG MUSEUM LISRARt
HARVARD WJtVERSlTY
Rf: A 13||. ia_ <% )
A
Copyright, 1885, 1886, 1887, by
darks Seribner's Sons
edbyGoOgk
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
OUTLINES OF PAINTINGS.
1. Book Homo Titian
2. Eden, Expulsion from Maaaccio Brancaoci Chapel, Carmine, Florence . 8
3. Elevation of Cross Rubens Antwerp Cathedral. 14
4. Elizabeth, St., op Hun- ) „ .„ . _ . _ _ ,»,,..
t Murilio AcademiaS. Fernando, Madrid. 15
5. Entombment Michelangelo da Garavaggio Vatican, Rome. 21
6. Entombment Raphael Palazzo Borgheee, Borne. 21
7. Entombment Titian Louvre, Paris. 22
8. Edbopa, Bape of Paolo Veronese Palazzo Dnoale, Venice. 29
9. Eve, Creation or Michelangelo Sistiae Chapel, Koine. SO
10. HmbOM, Vision of. Raphael Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 35
11. FzABT IN THE HOUSE 0F)_ ITr ir • » a a*
_ \ Paolo Veronese Venice Academy . 46
12. Feast in the House or) _ , _ m . ~ „ ..
__ \ Paolo Veronese TunnGallery. 16
THE rRlHTum ,.....)
13. Feast of Boss Garlands . . Albrecht Diirer Prague Gallery. 47
14. Fbde, La Titian Palazzo Ducale, Venice. 48
15. Finchlry, March to William Hogarth Foundling Hospital, London . 57
16. Fibber, Kitty Sir Joshua Reynolds. Lord Crewe. 59
17. Flight into Egypt Murillo Duchesee de Galliera. 65
18. Flora Titian. Uffizi, Florence . 66
19. Fobnabina, La. Sebastian del Piombo Uffizi, Florence. 72
20. Fobnabina, La Raphael Palazzo Barberini, Borne. 72
21. Fortune Guido Reni Aceademia de S. Luoa, Borne . 74
22. Francis Xavieh, Br. Rubens Vienna Museum. 84
23. Galatea, Triumph of. Raphael Palazzo Farnesina, Rome. 105
24. Gamesters Michelangelo da Garavaggio Dresden Gallery. 108
25. Ganymede, Rape of Emtache Lesueur Louvre, Paris. 108
26 ' """SL^" "" T}"**" 1 Hermitage St P.t^burg. 125
iedb»G00gk
OUTLINES OF PAINTINGS
27. Georcie, St., and the ) „ , , „ .
D„<™ )B^had Lou™. P.™. 125
28. George, St., Mabtybdoh) „ , _ „„..„.„
f Faolo Veronese S. Giorgio Maggiore, Verona. 12G
Correggio Parma Gallery. 140
30. Giobqione, Family or Otorgione Palazzo Giovanelli, Florence. 141
31. Graces, Three Raphael Due d'Aumale, Chantilly. 163
32. Gbanicus, Pashaoe of the. . Charles Lebrun Louvre, Paris. 169
33. Green Grocer Gerard Dm Louvre, Paris. 171
34 Gregory, St., Miracle of .Andrea Sacchi Vatican, Some. 173
86. Haoab, Dismissal of Guercino .Brera, Milan. 197
36. Helen, Rape of Gxtido Reni. Louvre, Paris. 228
37. Helena, St., Vision of. . ..Paolo Veronese Vatican, Rome. 229
38. Heliodorub, Expulsion or. Raphael Stanza dVEliodoro, Vatican, Rome. 230
39. Henri TV*, and the Spanish ) _ . . r ( Baron Alpbonse ) „ . _„„
Ao^ jlW^/nsre. { ^ Bothihfld, J *■"■ 237
40. Hehccles, Death of Guido Rent. Louvre, Paris. 240
41. Hercules, Infant Agostine Carraoci (?) Louvre, Paris. 241
42. Hermans and Thubnelda. . . Angelica Kauffmann Vienna Museum . 244
43. Hermejia at the Shep- ) „ . , . r „ .
, „ i Domen-tchtno Louvre, Pans. 245
herds House )
44. Hjlanderas, Lab Velasquez Madrid Museum. 257
45. Hillb Bobbe Fran* flofa Berlin Museum. 259
46. Holy Family. Rderigo Baroccio National Gallery, London. 274
47. Holt Fault. Fra Bartoiommeo Panahanger House, England. 274
48. Holt Family. Michelangelo TJffizi, Florence. 275
49. Holy Family Murillo Louvre, Paris. 276
B0, Holt Family (La Petite 1 _ . , „ . ,„_
S u ™pim„)....f*»*»l Lou™, P™. 277
51. Holt Family Rubens Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 278
52. Holy Family. Andrea del Sarto Louvre, Paris. 278
53. Holt Family. Andrea del Sarto National Gallery, London . 279
54. Holt Family — del Bactno. Giulio Romano Dresden Gallery. 280
65. Holy Family, Canioiani . . .Raphael Munich Gallery. 281
66. Holy Family of Francib L . Raphael Louvre, Paris. 282
67. Holt Family — del
garto.
68. Holy Family — del Paja- ]
59. Holy Family — la Pkbla . . . Raphael Madrid Museum. 284
60. Hohatii, Oath of the. .... Louis David Louvre, Paris. 291
61. Ignatius, St., Mteaoles or. Rubens. Vienna Museum . 311
62. Inoendio delBoboo Raphael. Stanza dell' Incendio, Vatican, Borne . 313
63. Inn, The Jan Steen Hague Museum . 317
64. Isabella d'Ebte, Court of. Lorenzo Costa. Louvre, Paris. 320
^Raphael(?) Madrid Museum . !
\ MuriRo. Madrid Museum. I
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OUTLINES OF PAINTINGS
65. Jacob, Blessing of. Rembrandt. Caasel Gallery . 323
66. Jacob, Dream of Spagnoletto Madrid Museum. 324
67. Jacob and Rachel Giordano Dresden Gallery. 326
. 68. Jaffa, Plaque of Antoine Jean Oros Louvre, Paris. 329
69. Jeremiah Washington AlUitvn Yale College Gallery . 338
70. Jericho, Blind Men of. . ..Nicolas Poussin Louvre, Paris. 339
71. Jerome, Communion of St. .Agottino Oarracoi Bologna Gallery. 840
72. Jerome, Communion of St. . Domenii-hino Vatican, Borne. 341
73. Jesus, Sleep of Annibale Carracci Louvre, Paris. 343
74. Joan of Abc in Prison .. .Paul Delaroche Duke of Padua. 344
75. Job "Visited by his Friends \
(History of Job) . .
76. John, St., Baptist Leonardo da Vinci. Louvre, Paris. 347
£ Nicola* Poussin Louvre, Paris. 348
r Francesco da Votterra Campo Santo, Pisa. 345
77. John, St., Baptist,
Jordan
78. John, St., Baptist,
[ Raphael Uffizi, Florence. 349
f Alonso Cano. Private Gallery, Paris. 350
79. John, St., Evangelist, |
Vision of..
80. Joseph, Chastity of Jokan BOevelt Uffizi, Florence. 356
81. Joseph, Chastity of LioneUo Spado. Lille Museum. 357
82. Joseph in Prison Spagnoletto. Escnrial, Spain. 358
83. Josephine, Coronation of. . Louis David Versailles Museum. 859
84. Judas, Payment of Fra Angelica Florence Academy. 361
85. Judith Grieto/ano Allori Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 862
86. Judith Philip Van Dyck Hague Museum. 362
87. Judith and Holofebneb . . .Artemisia Gentileschi Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 363
88. Julian, St., Hospitality or. Cristofano Allori Palazzo Pitti, Florence . 364
89. Jupiter Destroying Crimes . Paolo Veronese Louvre, Paris. 367
90. Jupiter and Io Gorreggio Vienna Museum . 367
91. Justtna, St. , Martyrdom ov . Paolo Veronese S. Giustina, Padua. 368
92. Justinian Promulgating 1 „ . , „ , . „ __„
n (■ Raphael Vatican, Borne . 869
the Pandects. ) T
93. Ktomess Rubens Louvre, Paris. 388
94. Ems, Throwing a. Jean Raptiste Oreuxe . .Alfred de Rothschild, London. 389
95. Knight's Vision Raphael National Gallery, London. 394
edbyGoOgk
PORTRAITS OF PAINTERS.
(DftiWN BY JACQUR9 BBICH.J
Eastlaka, Sir Charles Look 1
Eeckhout, Garbrand van den 9
Elliott, Charles Loring. 16
Elmore, Alfred. 16
EUheimer, Adam 17
Engarth, Eduard von 20
Enhuber, Karl tod 20
Erdmann, Otto 23
Etty, William 27
Everdingen, Allurt, von 30
Exner, Johaiin Julius 32
Eyck, Hubert van. 32
Eyck, Jan van 33
Famni, Pietro. 38
Faed, Thomas 88
Fattore, H 43
Ferrari, Luca. 52
Ferri,Ciro 62
Feti, Domenioo 53
Feuerbach, Anselm 53
Feyen-Perriu, Augustin 54
Ffldes, Luke 66
Flameng, Francois 61
Flandrin, Hippolyte 62
Flinck, Govaert 65
Floris, Frans 67
Fontana, Lavinia. 69
Forest, Jean Baptists 71
Forster, Ernest Joachim 73
Fortuny y Carb6, Mariano 75
Fouquieres, Jacques 77
Fragonard, Jean Honor6 78
Francais, Francois Louis. 78
Franceses, Fiero della. 79
Franceschini, Maroantonio 80
36. Francia, Francesco. 82
37. Francken, Frans, the younger 85
38. Francken, Hieronymns, the elder. . 87
39. Freminet, Martin 90
40. Frere, Edouard 91
41. Frith, William Powell 94
42. FrOlich, Lorens 94
43. Fromentin, Eugene 95
44. Frost, William Edward 96
45. Fflhrich, Josef Bitter von 98
46. Fuller, George 98
47. Fuaeli, Henry 100
48. Gabbiani, Antonio Domenioo 101
49. Gaddi, Taddeo 102
50. Gainsborough, Thomas 104
61 Gallait, Louis 106
62. Garbo, Raffaellino del 109
53. Gebhardt. Eduard von 116
54. Geertz, Julius 118
55. Genelli, Bonaventura 121
56. Genoels, Abraham 122
57. Gentileachi, Orazio 123
58. Gerard, Francois Pascal 126
59. Gericault, Theodore 127
60. Gerome, Jean Loon 128
61. Gervex, Henri 180
62. GeselBchap, Eduard 130
63. Ghirlandajo, Domenioo 132
64. Ghirlandajo, Eidolfi 133
66. Gifford, Robert Swain 136
66. Gifford, Sandford Robinson 135
67. Gilbert, Sir John 137
68. Gillot, Claude 138
69. Giordano, Luca. 139
70. Giorgione, D , 140
edbyGoOgk
PORTBAITS OF PAINTEE8
100.
101.
102.
103.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
Giotto 142
Giovanni da TJdine 144
Girodet de Roussy, Anne Louis . . 146
Giulio Romano 149
Glsize, Leon 151
Gloyro, Charles Gabriel 158
Goltzius, Hendrik
Goodall, Frederick 157
Gow, Andrew C
Goya y Lucientes, Francisco Jose"
de 161
Goyen, Jan van 161
Gozzoli, Benozzo
Graff, Anton. 164
Graham, Peter. 165
Granet, Francois-Marios 167
Grant, Sir Francis.
Gray, Henry Peters 170
Greco, El 171
Gregory, Edward John 172
Greuze, Jean Baptiste 178
Gros, Antoine Jean 178
Grosse, Franz Theodor 179
Grutzner, Ednard 181
Gnde, Hans Fredrik 183
Gndin, Theodore 183
Guercino, 11 184
GuGrin, Pierre Narciaae 185
Guffens, Godfroid 186
Gnido (Gnido Reni) 187
Guillaumet, Gustave. 189
Guillemot, Jean Baptiste Antoine . 190
Gussow, KarL 191
Gyms, Nikolaus 193
Haas, Manritz Frederick Hendriok
de 194
Hagen, Theodor 197
Haghe, Louis. 198
Hagn, Ludwig tod 198
Hals, Frans 202
Hammer, Gnido 205
Hamon, Jean Louis 206
Hanoteau, Hector 207
Hansen, Konstantin 208
Harlow, George Henry 211
Harpignies, Henri 212
Harrach, Ferdinand tod 212
Hart, James McDougal 218
Harvey, Sir George 214
Hasenclever, Johann Peter 215
Haydon, Benjamin Robert 217
Hebert, Ernest 220
Heem, Jan Davidsz de 222
Heemskerk, Marten van. 224
Heinz, Joseph, the elder 228
Helat, Bartholomeus van der 232
Hendschel, Albert 234
Henner, Jean Jacques 236
Herkomer, Hubert 242
Herrera, Francisco de, the elder , 247
Herring, John Frederick 248
Hess, Heinrich Maria von 250
Heyden, August von 253
Heyden, Jan van der 254
Hildebrandt, Ednard 257
Hildebrandt, Theodor 258
Hill, Thomas . 269
Hire, Laurent de la 262
Hodgson, John Evan 264
Hoft Karl 267
Hogarth, William 268
Hoguet, Charles 269
Holbein, Hans, the elder 270
Holbein, Hans, the younger 270
HoU, Frank 272
Homer, Winalow 285
Hondecoeter, Melchior d' 286
Honthorst, Gerard van 287
Hooch, Pieter de. 289
Hoogstraten, Samuel van 289
Hook, James Clarke 289
Horschelt, Theodor 293
Horsley, John Cnllcott 294
Hosemann, Theodor 294
Houbraken, Arnold 295
Howard,Hem-y 297
Huber, Johann Rudolf 298
Hdbner, Karl 299
Hubner, Julius 299
Huet, Jean Baptiste 300
Humbert, Ferdinand 304
Hunt, William Holman 805
Hunt, William Morris 306
^byGoOgk
POJiTItAJTS OF PAINTERS
162. Hon ten, Emil Johannes. 306
163. Hunter, Colin 307
164. Huntington, Daniel
165. Huysmant), Cornelia 309
166. Huytmni, Jan van 309
167. Ingres, Jean Auguate Dominique. 315
168. Inman, Henry 316
169. Inneaa, George 317
170. Irabey, Jean Baptiate 321
171. Israels, Jozef 321
172. Jacque, Charles Emile 327
173. Jacquemart, Nelie 328
174 Jardin, Karel du 334
175. Jeaurat, fitienne 336
176. Jerichau-Baumann, Ehaabeth.... 338
177. Joest, Jan. 346
178. Johnson, Eastman. 351
179. Jonghe, Jan Baptist de 353
180. Jordaens, Jakob. 354
181. Jordan, Rudolf 365
182. Kaemmerer, Frederik Hendrik . . 370
183. Kalckreuth, Stanislaus von 371
184. Kalf.Willem 371
186. Kalkar, Hans tod 372
186. Karger, Karl 374
187. Kauifinann, Angelica 376
188. Kauffmnnn, Hermann. 376
189. Kauffinann, Hugo 377
190. Kaulbach, Friedrieh 877
191. Kaulbach, Friedrieh August 877
192. Kaulbach, Hermann 378
19a Kaulbach, Wilhelm von 378
194. Keller, Albert 379
195. Keller, Ferdinand 380
196. Kenaett, John Frederick 380
197. Kessel, Jan van, the elder 382
198. Ketel, Cornelia 383
199. Keyser, Nicaise de 384
200. KIGcker von Ehrenstrabl, David. . 390
201. KnauB, Ludwig 392
202. Kneller, Sir Godfrey 393
203. Knille, Otto 395
204. Koch, Josef Anton 399
205. Koninck, Philip de 404
206. Kotzebue, Alexander von 406
207. Kraus, Friedrieh 408
208. Kreling, August von 409
209. KrOyer, Peter Severin 411
210. Kruger, Frana 412
211. Kuchler, Albert 413
212. Kurzbauer, Eduard 417
213. Kyhn, (Peter) Vilhelm (Karl) ... . 418
edbyGoOgk
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES.
2. Ebert, Karl 4
3. Eeckhout, Gerbrand van den 10
4. Ehrhardt, Adolf 12
5. Ellenrieder, Marie 16
6. EUiger, Ottmar, the younger 16
7. Eleheimer, Adam 16
8. Empoli, Jacopo Chimenti da 18
9. Engelbi-ecbtsen, Cornelia. 20
10. Enhuber, Karl von 21
11. Es, Jacob van 24
12. Escalante, Juan Antonio 24
13. Espinoea, Jacinto Jeronimo da . . . 26
14. Estense, Baldassare 26
15. Everdingen, Allart van 31
16. Everdingen, Cesar van. 31
17. Evera, Anton Clemens. 31
18. Eyck,Janvan 34
19. FabritiuB, Karel 38
20. Faloonnetto, Giovanni Maria. 40
21. Patens, Karel van 41
22. Farinati, Paolo 42
23. Fasolo, Lorenzo. 43
24. Perrier, Gabriel 52
26. Feselen, Melohior 53
26. Fcti, Domenico 53
■27. Piacco, Orlando. 54
28. Flemael, Bartholet 63
29. Flinck, Govaert 66
30. Fontana, Lavinia. 69
31. Fdrster, Ernst Joachim 73
32. Fortuny y Carbo, Mariano 76
33. Fragonard, Jean Honor*; 78
35. Francia, Giacomo di FranceBco ... 82
36. Franck, Franz Priedrich 84
37. Francken, Ambrosius, the elder. . . 85
38. Francken, Frans, the younger. ... 86
39. Franquelin, Jean Augustin 88
40. Praser, Alexander 89
41. Freminet, Martin 90
42. Frere, Edouard 91
43. Fries, Ernst 93
44. Fromentin, Eugene 96
45. Furini, Francesco. 99
46. Fyt, Jan 101
47. Gabron, Guiliam. 102
48. Gaddi, Taddeo 103
49. Gael, Barend 103 .
50. Gaelen, Alexander van 103
51. Galloche, Louis 107
52. Garofalo, H Ill
53. Gassel, Lucas 112
54. Gassies, Jean Bruno 112
55. Gaudin, Fray Luis Pascual 113
66. Gauffier, Louis 114
67. Geddes, Andrew 116
68. Geel, Joost van 117
69. Genoels, Abraham 122
60. Gentileschi, Orazio 123
61. Gerard, Fran9ois Pascal 127
62. Gericault, Theodore 128
63. Gerdme, Jean Leon 129
64 Gfflot, Claude 138
65. Gimignani, Giacinto 138
66. Giordano, Luca 140
67. Girard, Firmin 144
68. Girodet de Boussy, Anne Louis. . . 146
^byGoOgk
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES
69. Glink, Franz Xavier 163
70. Goltziofl, Hendrik 156
71. Gool, Jan van 158
72. Goupil, Jules Adolphe 160
73. Goyen.JanTan 162
71. Gozzoli, Benozzo. 163
75. Gran, Daniel 166
76. Granacci, Francesco 166
77. Grandi, Ercole di Giulio 167
78. Granet, Francois Marios 168
79. Grabber, Pieter de 171
80. Grauze, Jean Baptists 174
81. Greredon, Henri 176
82. Griffier.Jan 176
83. Griffler, Robert 176
84. Grimmer, Hans 177
85. Gros, Antoine Jean 179
86. GryeS; Adriaan de 182
87. Guardi, Francesco 182
88. Guercino, D 186
89. Gnenn, Pierre Nardsae 186
90. GuibaL Nicolas 187
91. Guido Beni 189
92. Hackaert, Jan 195
93. Hagen, Joris van der 197
94. Halle, Claude Guy 200
95. Hallfi, Noel 201
96. HalGi, Dirk 201
97. Hals, Frans, tbe elder 202
98. Hals, Frans, the younger. 203
99. Hamon, Jean Louis 206
100. Harpignies, Henri 212
101. Haudebourt-Lescot, Mme. Hor-
tense Victoire 216
102. Hebert, Ernest 220
103. Heem, Cornells de 222
104 Heem, Jan Daviduz de 223
105. Heemskerk, Marten van 224
106. Heinz, Joseph, the elder 228
107. Hellemont, Mattheus Tan 280
108. Heist, Bartholomeus van der 232
109. Hemissen, Jan ran 233
110. Hennequin, Philippe Augusts. . . . 235
111. Henuer, Jean Jacques 236
112. Herkomer, Hubert 243
113. Herp, Guilliam van 245
114. Horrera, Francisco de, the younger 247
116. Hess, Karl 260
116. Hetsch, Philipp Friedrieh von... 252
117. Heusch, Jacob de 253
118. Heyden, Jan Tan der 264
119. Hickel, Josef 255
120. Hildebrandt, Theodor 258
121. Hobbema, Meyndert 263
122. Hoecke, Jan van den 265
123. Hoet, Gerard 266
124. Hogarth, William 269
125. Holbein, Hans, the younger. . . . 272
126. Hondecoeter, Melchiord' 286
127. Hondius, Abraham 287
128. Honthorst, Gerard van. 288
129. Hooch, Pieter de. 289
130. Hoogstraten, Samuel Tan 289
131. Horemans, Jan Jozef, the elder. . 292
132. Houasse, Michel Ange 295
133. Houbraken, Arnold. 295
134. Huber, Johann Rudolph 298
136. Hudson, Thomas 300
136. Hue, Jean Francois 300
137. Huet, Jean Baptiste 301
138. Hughtenburgh, Jan Tan 302
139. Hutin, Charles. 308
140. Huysum, Jan Tan 310
141. Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique. 316
142. Isabey, Jean Baptists 321
143. Israels, Jozef 322-
144. Jacque, Charles Emile 328
145. Janssens, Victor Honore~ 333
146. Jardin, Karel du 335
147. Jeaurat, Etienne 336
148. Jonge, Ludolf de 353
149. Jordaena, Jakob 865
150. Jouvenet, Jean 360
151. Eaemmerer, Frederik Hendrik. . . 370
152. Kail, Willem 372
153. Kauffmann, Angelica 376
154. Eeirincx, Alexander 379
155. Kessel, Ferdinand ran 382
156. Kernel, Jan van, the elder 382.
edbyGoOgk
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES
167. Keyset, Thomas de. 385
168. Klein, Johann Adam 389
159. Kloeber, August von 391
160. Klomp, Aelbert 391
161. Knaus, Lndwig 393
162. Kneller, Sir Godfrey 394
163. Koekkoek, Barend Cornelia 400
164. Koninck, Philip de 404
165. Koninck, Salomon 404
166. Kulmbach, Hans Ton 414
167. Kupetzky, Johann 416
edbyGoOgk
MbyGooglc
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Acad., Academy.
A.N.A., Associate of the National Academy.
A.R.A., Associate of the Royal Academy.
A-K.H.A , Associate of the Royal Hiber-
nian Academy,
A.R.8.A., Associate of the Royal Scottish
Academy.
C4C, Crowe and Cavalcaeelle,
Cat, Catalogue.
Oh., Church.
CoL, Collection.
GaL, Gallery.
D_, Height
ib., ibidem.
id., idem.
Inst., Institute.
L of Honour, Legioi
Mua, Museum.
N.A., National Academy or Academician.
Nat GaL, National Gallery,
Pal., Palace, Palais. Palazzo.
R,, Royal.
R. A., Royal Academy or Academician.
R.H.A., Royal Hibernian Academy 01
Academician.
R.S.A., Royal Scottish Academy or Acad'
emician.
S., San, Santa.
8S., Santi, Sante.
S. M., Santa Maria.
St, Saint
W. & W., Woltmann and Woermann.
Worth in italics indicate tht afyliabetical plana tjf artidaa on the svlffocti tpecifad
edbyGoOgk
MbyGooglc
CYCLOPEDIA
Painters and Paintings.
EAKTNS, THOMAS, born in Philadel-
phia, Pa., in 1844. Portrait and
genre painter ; pupil of Pennsylvania
Academy of Pine Arts, of J. L G6r6me, Leon
Bonnut, and of A. A. Duinont, sculptor. At
present professor of painting at Pennsylva-
nia Academy. Studio in Philadelphia.
Works in oil : William Rush carving his
Allegorical Representation of the Schuylkill ;
Surgical Clinic of Professor Gross in Jeffer- '
son College, Jefferson Collection ; Portraits
of Dr. Brinton and Professor Rand ; Chess-
players (1878), Metropolitan Museum, New
York ; Professional at Rehearsal, T. B.
Clarke, New York ; Pair-Oared Shell (1879) ;
May Morning in the Park (1881), Fairman
Rogers, Philadelphia ; Mending the Net,
Shad Fishing at Gloucester — on the Dela-
ware (1882) ; Singing Girl (1883). Water-
colours: Whistling for Plover, Base-Ball
(1876).
EARL, RALPH, born at Lebanon, Conn.,
about 1751, died at Bolton, Conn., in 1801.
History and portrait painter, self-taught
Was at first an itinerant portrait painter ;
went with the Governor's Guard to Lexing-
ton and Cambridge, and painted from
sketches made at the time four scenes of
the battle of Lexington, engraved by Amos
Doolittle, which are believed to be the first
historical compositions by an American ar-
tist Went to London after the war and
studied under Benjamin West, but returned
to America in 1786. Among his works are
a large picture of the Falls of Niagara, and
portraits of George HL, Roger Sherman,
Judge Ellsworth, Colonel George Willis,
Dr. Dwight of Yale College, and Governor
His son, Augustus Earle, history
ine painter, fellow-student at Royal
Academy in 1813 with C. R Leslie and S.
F. B. Morse, was known from his roving
disposition as the "wandering artist" James
Earle, portrait painter (died in Charleston,
S. C, in 1796), was perhaps a brother of
Ralph. — Bryan (Graves), 451 ; French, Art
in Connecticut (Boston, 1879), 32.
EASTLAKE, Sir CHARLES LOCK, bom
at Plymouth, Eng.,
Nov. 17,1793, died hi
Piaa, Italy, Dec 24,
1865. History paint-
er, pupil in London
of Haydon and of
Royal Academy ; ex-
hibited at British In-
stitute, in 1813, Christ ,
raising the Daughter
of the Ruler of the
Synagogue. Went
to Paris in following year to copy pictures
in Louvre, but the escape of Napoleon from
edbyGoOgk
Elba obliged him to return to Plymouth,
where he saw the deposed Emperor on the
Bellerophon, and from memory and Borne
hasty sketches painted him surrounded by
Ms officers, a picture, now belonging to
Lord Lansdowne, which brought him into
notice. In 1817 be went to Italy, and in
1819 to Greece, returning to Borne, where,
and at Ferrara chiefly, he spent in all four-
teen years. He sent, in 1823, to the Royal
Academy three views of Borne, but his first
work which won special praise was The
Spartan iaidas (1827), now the property of
the Duke of Devonshire. He became an
A.B.A. in 1828 and R.A. in 1830 ; was ap-
pointed, in 1841, secretary to the royal com-
mission for decorating the Houses of Parlia-
ment, in 1842 librarian of theBoyal Academy,
in 1843 keeper of the National Gallery, and
in 1860 was elected president of the Royal
Academy and knighted. From that time
until bis death he was chiefly engaged in
selecting pictures to be bought by the gov-
ernment for the National Gallery. He pub-
lished " Materials for a History of Painting "
(1847), and "The Schools of Painting in
Italy," translated from Kugler (1851); and
edited "Kugler'a Handbook of Painting"
(1855). "Works : Christ lamenting over Je-
rusalem (replica ; original, 1841), Haidee
(1831), Escape of the Carrara Family (rep-
lica, 1850; original, 1834), Lord Byron's
Dream (1827), National Gallery, London ;
Una delivering the Bed Gross Knight (1830);
Greek Fugitives (1833); Arab selling Cap-
tives (1837); Gaston de Fob: before Battle
of Ravenna (1838); Christ blessing Little
Children (1840); Hagar and Ishmael (1843).
— Bedgrave ; Art Journal (1855), 277 ; Cat
Nat. Gal; life by Lady Eastlake (London);
Quarterly Rev., April, 1870 ; Sandby, iL 280;
Kunst Chronik, i. 3 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iv. 93.
EATON, CHARLES HARRY, born at
Akron, O., Dec. 13, 1850. Landscape painter,
self-taught Studio in New York. Works :
At FJyria— Ohio (1881); Near Avon— New
York, Apples (1882); Autumn Study of
Beech Trees (1883); Marsh Lands, Meadow
Brook, Morning at Lakeside (1884); Indian
Summer, Autumn Days (1886).
EATON, JOSEPH O., born in 1829, died
atYonkers,N.Y.,in 1875. Genre and portrait
painter. An Associate of the National Acad-
emy in New York, where his professional life
was spent ; visited Europe in 1873. Ideal
works : Landscape — Yiew on the Hudson
(1868); Moral Instruction (1869); Last Chap-
ter, Dawning Maternity (1871); Greek Water-
Carrier(1872); LadjGodiva (1874); Tender
Thoughts, John Hoey, New York. Portraits :
R S. Gifford (1869) ; E J. Kuntze (belonging
to National Academy, New York); Rev. G. H.
Hepworth (1870). The painter's own portrait
(belonging to the National Academy), and
Looking through the Kaleidoscope, were
exhibited after his death. Water-colours :
Vision of the Cross (1869); Little Nell and
her Grandfather (1871); Two Pets (1874).
EATON, WYATT, born at Philipsburg,
Canada, May 6, 1849. Portrait and figure
painter ; pupil of the National Academy and
of J. 0. Eaton in New York, later of Gc~
rdme in Paris. In 1872 he studied and
sketched in England and France. Studio
in New York. Works : Farmer's Boy (1870);
Reverie (1875); Harvesters at Rest (1876);
Boy Whittling, G. A, Drummond, Baltimore;
Portrait of William Cullen Bryant (1878);
da of Miss Ella M. M. (1879); Grandmother
and Child (1880) ; Portrait (Salon, 1884).—
Sheldon, 169 ; Mag. of Art (1884), 496.
EBEL, FRITZ, born at Lauterbach, Hesse,
in 1835. Landscape painter ; was a chemist
but took up painting in Darmstadt in 1856,
and in Dasseldorf under Schirmer in 1857-
61. Studied nature in Germany, Italy, and
France, and settled in Dasseldorf. Works :
Mountainous Country (1862); View in Rhon
Mountains ; Hessian Summer Landscape
(1864); View in Southern Tyrol ; nse Val-
ley in the Hartz ; Autumn Landscape in Ton-
toburg Forest; Uklei Lake in Holstein (1880).
— Moller, 151.
EBEBHARD, KONRAD, born at Hinde-
lang, Algau, Nov. 26, 1768, died in Munich,
March 12, 1859. History and portrait
edbyG00gk
EBERHARD
painter and sculptor, first instructed by hie
father, then studied in Munich and Borne.
Works : Altarpieoe with Historic Develop-
ment, Propagation, and Triumph of Chris-
tianity ; Procession of Corpus Christi ; por-
traits of Dante, Goethe, Cornelius, and
Plattner.— Regnet, i 87.
EBERHARD THE WEEPER (Larmoy-
eur), Ary Scheffer, Louvre, Paris; canvas,
H. 5 ft x 5 ft 4 in. ; signed. TJlrich, son of
Count Eberhard, of Wurtemberg, on recov-
ering from wounds received in the battle of
Beutlingen, which he had lost, sought his
father at Stuttgart The old knight re-
ceived him coldly, and when his son took
bis seat opposite him at table, seized a knife
and cut the table-cloth between them. TJl-
rich, stung by the insult made extraordinary
efforts in the next battle, Doffingen, which
he won at the cost of hie life. The picture
represents the father alone in his tent
weeping over his son's dead body, as de-
scribed in Schiller's ballad. Salon, 1831 ;
Collection of Louis Philippe ; from Luxem-
bourg. Replicas in Corcoran Gallery, Wash-
ington, Boston Art Museum, and Rotterdam
Museum. A second picture (Salon, 1851),
called Le Coupeur de Nappe, represents the
father cutting the table-cloth. — Art Treas-
ures of America, i. 6.
EBERLE, ADAM, born at Aix-la-Cha-
pelle in 1805, died in Rome in 1830. His-
tory painter, student of the Academy at
Dusseldorf, After Cornelius was appointed
director, Eberle became his devoted pupil,
painted two remarkable pictures under his
influence, and accompanied him to Munich
in 1825, where he painted a large fresco on
the ceiling of the Odeon, and another in the
arcade of the Hofgarten. In 1829 be went
to Rome. Works : Entombment, St He-
lena and Angels; Apollo with the Shepherds
(fresco, Odeon Hall, Munich) ; Investiture
of Maximilian I of Bavaria (fres- ' i
co, Arcade of the Hofgarten). — fv\
Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 573 ; Brock- 1 Lt\
haus, v. 708 ; Forster, Denkmale, iii. 29 ;
do. Gesch., v. 13, 67, 78.
EBERLE, ADOLF, born in Munich, Jan.
11, 1813. Genre painter, son of Robert E.,
pupil of Munich Academy, and from 1856
of Piloty. Painted his first picture in 1861.
Medal at Vienna, 1868. Works : Seizure of
the Last Cow (1861) ; Fruitless Effort ; Out-
post Scene ; Camp School from Thirty
Tears' War ; Quartering of Pandours ; Love
Declaration ; Unsuccessful Music Rehearsal;
Wedding Day ; Subhastation (1869), Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; After Baptism ; Zither
Lesson ; Old Innsbruck Woman with Grand-
daughter ; Bridal Dance ; Saying Grace ;
The First Deer (1879); Visit to Bello
Family (1883) ; Hunter's Lodge (1884).—
Zeitechr. f. b. K, ix. (Mittheilungen, iL 25);
Elustr. Zeitg. (1884), i. 401, 412 ; N. illustr.
Zeitg. (1878), ii 510.
EBERLE, ROBERT, bom at Meersburg,
on Lake Constance, July 22, 1815, died at
Eberfing, near Munich, Sept 19, 1862.
Animal painter, pupil in Constance of J. J.
Bidermann. Went to Munich in 1830 and
formed himself by studying nature, Ruys-
dael, and Du Jardin ; spent three months in
America (1848), and then settled in Munich,
where he died from an accidental pistol-
shot Works : Shepherd with Herd return-
ing Home (1846) ; Grain Harvest (1848) ;
Morning at Weinheim, Leaving the Alp
(1849) ; Frightened Sheep, Cattle returning
Home, Sheep Besting (1860) ; Return from
the Fields (1851) ; Alp on Benedicten Wall,
Goats starting for Pasture, Sheep resting at
Noon, Evening in Pasture, Sheep resting
and Shepherd Boy (1852) ; Sheep during
Storm, Early Snow (1853) ; Shepherd and
Sheep (1854) ; Shepherd's Dinner (1855) ;
Sheep driven by Dog (1856) ; Village in the
Morning, Peasant and Shepherd (1857) ;
Sheep driven over Precipice by an Eagle
(1858), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Village Scene
(1859) ; Suabian Shepherd with Herd (1860),
New Pinakothek, Munich ; Cows returning
from Pasture (1861). — Allgem. d. Biogr., v.
574 ; Andresen, iv. 238 ; Brockhaus, v. 708.
EBERS, EMIL, born in Breslau, Dec. 14,
1807. Genre painter, pupil of Dasseldorf
edbyGoOgk
Academy in 1831 and 1837. Visited Hol-
land and Normandy with Bitter and Jordan,
whose style he followed. Lives in Brealau,
whither he returned in 1844 Works:
Smugglers about to Land (1830), National
Gallery, Berlin ; Fisher-Hut with Mother
and Daughter (1831) ; Smugglers Surprised
(1832) ; Smugglers in Tavern (1833) ; War
Scene in small Town ; Rescued Women
among Fishermen (1841); Dutch Smugglers
on Coast of Normandy (1842) ; Prussian Hus-
sars quartered in France (1843) ; life-Boat
(1844) ; Pilot Boat (1846) ; Storm on In-
land Sea (1846) ; Mutiny on Brig (1848).
— Andresen, iv. 217 ; Brockhaus, v. 709 ;
DUsseldf. K, 230.
EBERT, KARL, born in Stuttgart, Oct.
13, 1821, died in Munich, March 1, 1885.
Landscape painter, pupil of Stuttgart Art-
School under Steinkopf. Settled at Munich
in 1846. Member of Amsterdam Academy.
Works : Sternberg Lake, Suabian Alp near
the Hohenstaufen, Bathing Children in the
Woods (1867), Stuttgart Gallery; Land-
scape near Rotterdam ; Storm in the Woods ;
The Seasons ; Beech Wood with Sheep
(1871) ; Evening Landscape (1873) ; Wood
of Tall Trees, Wood
/■* "T* Interior (1874);
V, IT Chestnut Wood in
*— * Tyrol ; Forge in the
Woods ; Vranduk in Bosnia (1880) ; Storm
(1882).— Brockhaus, v. 712 ; Illustr. Zeitg.
(1881), u. 441 ; (1888), i. 466 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xx. 445.
ECCE ANCDLLA DOMINI (Behold the
Handmaid of the Lord), Dante Gabriel
Boasetti, National Gallery, London ; canvas,
IL 2 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft. 5 in. The Annuncia-
tion. Head of Virgin painted from Chris-
tina Rossetti ; W. M Rossetti sat for the
angel, but it was finished from another
sitter. Royal Academy, 1850 ; sold in 1863
to Mr. MacCracken, Belfast, for £52 10s. ;
Graham sale (1886) bought for National
Gallery (1886), £850.— Art Journal (1884),
160 ; Athen. (1883), i. 23.
ECCE HOMO (Behold the Mao), the
presentation of Christ to the people, after
scourging, by Pilate (John xix. 5).
By Annibale t'arracci, Dresden Gallery;
canvas, H. 3 ft X 3 ft 6 in. Christ, half-
length, crowned with thorns, with an angel
on each side. From Modena Collection.
Engraved by M KeyL — Gal Roy. de
Dreade, L PI. 18.
By Correggio, National Gallery, London ;
wood, H. 3 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 7 ¥ in. Christ,
half-length, with hands bound and crowned
with thorns ; in front, the Virgin sinks faint-
ing into arms of Mary Magdalen ; behind,
Pilate looking out of a window, and on
other side the bead of a soldier. Painted
about 1519-21 ; bought of the Colonna
family, Rome, by Sir Simon Clarke, who
sold it to Murat, King of Naples ; from his
widow, the ex-Queen, it passed to the Mar-
quis of Londonderry, who sold it in 1834,
together with the Education of Cupid, to
National Gallery for £11,500. Placed by
Meyer among the doubtful works of Correg-
gio. At the end of the 16th century there
were two Ecce Homos claimed to be by
Correggio : One belonging to Count Pratt
(engraved by Agostino Carracci, 1587), the
other to Lorenzo Salviati, Florence. This
latter, which passed to the Colonna family,
is the National Gallery picture. The other
has disappeared. Engraved by Bettelini ;
Doo ; Asioli ; Rosaspina. — Meyer, Correg-
gio, 357, 487 ; do. Eunst Lex., L 434 ;
Waagen, Treasures, i. 326 ; Kugler (East-
lake), ii. 505 ; Richter, 62.
By Guido Reni, Dresden Gallery ; wood,
oval, H. 1 ft 9 in. x 1 ft. 3 in. Head of
Christ, crowned with thorns, with eyes
turned upward. One of Guido's most cele-
brated pictures, known through many cop-
ies. Presented by Innocent XDL to Augustus
H., King of Poland and Elector of Saxony.
Restored by Palm. Engraved by Ant Krfl-
ger.— Gal Roy. de Dresde, iii. PI. 26.
By Outdo Reni, Dresden Gallery ; copper,
H 2 ft. 8 in. x % ft 1 in. Christ, crowned
with thorns and holding a reed in his bound
hand; around his shoulders a red mantle.
edbyGoOgk
Formerly in tie Imperial Gallery at Prague,
whence bought in 1748. Engraved by C.
G. Schnltze.— GaL Boy. de Dreade, in. PL 4.
By Guido Beni, Louvre ; canvas, H. 2 f t
x 1 ft 6 in. Head of Christ, crowned with
thorns, and surrounded with an aureole ; at
right, before his shoulder, a reed. Given
to Louia XIV. in 1696 by the Commander
de Hautefenille.— FilboL i. PL 63 ; Villot,
Cat Louvre.
By Guido Beni, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; wood, oval, H. 1 ft 9£ in. x 1 ft 4 in.
Head of Christ, crowned with thorns. For-
merly in Collection of Benjamin West, P.B. A.
Bequeathed to National Gallery by Samuel
Rogers in 1855. Engraved by William
Sharp.
By Murillo, Lord Aahburton, London ;
canvas, H. 2 ft 7 in. x 2 ft Christ, crowned
with thorns, wearing a brown robe, looking
np, half-length. Purchased in 1815 from
General SebaatianL — Stirling, iii 1430 ;
Waagen, ii. 102 ; Curtis, 199.
By Murillo, Cadiz Museum ; canvas, H. 2
ft 8 in. x 2 ft 2 in. Christ, crowned with
thorns, and wrists bound, standing front,
half-length ; upper part of body naked,
lower part draped with red ; right hand
holds a reed. Presented to Capuchin Con-
vent, Cadiz, in 1780, by Dofia Catalina Rod-
riguez ; deposited in Museum in 1862. Rep-
etitions, with changes : Mrs. Thomas BirchaU,
Preston, Lancashire ; Robert Baillie-Hamil-
ton, Langton House, Dunse, Berwickshire,
Scotland ; William C. Cartwright, Aynhoe,
Northamptonshire. — Ponz, Viage, zvii 339 ;
C Bermudez, it 62 ; Curtis, 197.
By Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
lft 9 in. x I ft 4 in. Bust, three quarters
right, looking down ; heavy dark hair and
beard, crowned with thorns, purple robe.
Companion to Mater Dolorosa, Madrid Mu-
seum. From Isabel Famese Collection. —
Curtis, 198 ; Madrazo, 487.
By Murillo ; called The Veronica, original
lost? On a napkin, suspended by two upper
corners, which are formed into rosettes, is
the face of Christ, crowned with thorns, the
eyes downcast, the beard short, and the hair
falling below the chin. Called La Santa Faz
(The Holy Face) ; formerly in Capuchin Con-
vent, Seville, whence disappeared, in what
way is unknown. — Repetitious : Lord Over-
stone, London ; A. J, Beresford-Hope, Lon-
don.— Curtis, 198.
By II Sodoma, Palazzo Pitti, Florence;
wood, H. 2 ft x 1 ft 6 in. Christ, half-
length, crowned with thorns, and hands
bound with a rope ; behind, three execu-
tioners. Engraved by L BonajutL — GaL du
Pal. Pitti, ii PL 80.
By H Sodoma, Siena Academy ; fresco, H.
3 ft 8 in. x 4 ft 4 in. Christ, crowned with
thorns and bound to the column. Formerly
in cloister of Convent of S. Francesco ; cut
from wall in 1841.
By Lo Spagna, National Gallery, London ;
wood, H. 1 ft 3 in. x 1 ft Christ crowned
with thorns, presented by Pilate to the peo-
ple.— Nat GaL Cat
By Tintoretto, Munich Gallery; copper,
H. 1 ft 3 in. x 1 ft. Christ sitting, crowned
with thorns, holding in his bound hands the
reed sceptre, aided by an officer ; in back-
ground, Pilate.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Bocco, Venice ;
canvas. Christ lies fainting on the ground,
with a soldier standing beside him ; on the
other side, Pilate withdraws the robe from
the scourged body and points it out to the
Jews. In treatment, resembles Titian more
than Tintoretto. — Ruskin, Stones of Venice,
iii 852.
By Titian, Madrid Museum ; slate, H. 2
ft 3 in. x 1 ft 9£ in.; signed. Figure, half-
length, turned to the right ; arms bound in
front of body ; head bent and blood drops
from punctures of the crown of thorns.
Painted in 1647 for Charles V., and carried
by Titian to Augsburg ; at Yuste at time of
Emperor's death. A copy, given by Titian
to Aretino, is perhaps the one of the Averoldi
collection, Brescia, now in gallery of Due
d'Aumale ; exhibited at Leeds in 1868 and
in Paris in 1874— C. & G, Titian, ii. 160.
By Titian, Scuola di S. Bocco, Venice ;
edbyGoOgk
canvas. Christ, with face inclined and arms
folded, sorrowing. Painted before 1500. —
C. & C., Titian, L 58.
By TUian, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H
12 ft. x 8 ft ; signed and dated 1643. Christ
presented to the people from the top of a
flight of steps leading from the palace into
the square below ; the gaoler below looks
on while Pilate (portrait of Aretino) points
to the Captive ; the turbaned Turk in the
crowd below is Saltan Soliman, and the
tauo, Padua, dated 1674 — Vasari, ed. Mil. ,
vii. 429 ; C. & C, Titian, ii 92.
Subject treated also by Hans Holbein,
elder, Donauschingen Gallery ; Lodovico
Carracci, Pal Doha, Borne ; Bartolommeo
Montagna, Louvre ; Fra Bartolommeo, Pal.
Pitti, Florence ; Lodovico Cardi da Cigoli,
ib. ; Mabuse, Antwerp Museum.
ECHENA, JOSE, born in Spain, contem-
porary. Paints chiefly oriental subjects. Hut
picture, The Arrival at Calvary, painted fot
knight is said by tradition to be Charles V.,
but the features are those of Alfonso d'Este.
Painted in Venice for Giovanni d' Anna, who
placed it in his palace, now the Palazzo Mar-
tinengo ; sold in 1620 to Sir Henry Wot ton,
English envoy at Venice, for Duke of Buck-
ingham, who a few years afterward refused
£7,000 for it ; sold by his son for about £700
to Canon Hillewerve of Antwerp, who sold it
to the Archduke Leopold, for his brother,
the Emperor Ferdinand HL; removed from
Prague to Vienna in 1688 by Emperor
Charles VL Copy in sacristy of S Gae-
the high altar of the Cathedral, Madrid, was
exhibited iu London in 1884. Another
work, Snake Charmers, was painted in 1882.
ECHTER, MICHAEL, born in Munich,
March 6, 1812, died there, Feb. 4, 1879. His-
tory painter, pupil of Munich Academy un-
der Heinrich Hess, Clemens Zimmermann,
and Julius Schnorr, then of Olivier ; assisted
Schnorr in the decoration of the Royal Pal-
ace in Munich, and in 1846 Kaulbach, by
whom he was much influenced, in that of
the Berlin Museum. After his return to
Munich, he became member of the Academy
edbyG00gk
in 1862, and professor at the Art School of
Industry in 1868. Order of St Michael,
Belgian Order of Leopold, Bavarian Medal
for Art and Science. Works : St. George,
Peter delivered from Prison ; Walk to Eto-
nians ; Battle in Lech Valley in 956 (1800),
Treaty of Pavia (both in Maximilianeum) ;
Barbarossa's Wedding (1865), Burial of Wal-
ther von der Vogelweide (both in National
Museum, Munich) ; Four Elements (1865) ;
Telegraphy and Railroad Travelling (1862),
Central Railway Station, Munich ; thirty
Scenes from Wagner's Operas (Royal Palace,
Munich) ; Fancy and Poetry (1873) ; Aurora ;
Twelve Months represented by Children's
Figures. — Brockhaus, v. 722 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xiv. 369 ; Regnet, i 104
ECHTLER, ADOLF, born at Goritz,
Austria ; contemporary. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil of Venice Academy un-
der Karl Blaas, of Vienna Academy under
Fuhrich, and of Munich Academy. Lives
in Paris. Gold Medal Berlin, 1876. Works:
Difficult Problem ; Peaceful Company ;
Honi aoit qui mal y pense (1877) ; Souve-
nir of Italy, "Thou whom I have always
Loved . . ."(1879) ; The Eiss (1880) ; Nea-
politans in Normandy, In the Morning
(1881) ; Repentant Sinner (1882) ; Ruin of
a Family, All is Vain (1883) ; Souvenir of
Venice (1881) ; Five Orphans (1885).
ECKABDT, CHRISTEN (FREDERIK
EMIL), born at Copenhagen, July 2, 1832.
Marine painter, pupil of Copenhagen Acad-
emy, but really self-taught ; visited Ger-
many and Italy in 1853-56, and England,
France, and Italy in 1873. Works : View
of Venice ; Fishermen fleeing from Storm
(1862) ; Fishermen boarding Yacht (1866).
— Weilbach, 139.
ECKENBRECHER, (KARL PAUL) THE
MISTOCLES VON, bom in Athens, Nov.
17, 1842. Landscape and marine painter,
pupil in Potsdam of Wegener, then in 1861-
63 in Dusseldorf of Oswald Achenbach;
travelled in Germany and Switzerland, took
part in the campaign of 1870-71, then, after
visiting many parts of Europe, settled in
Dusseldorf, where, since 1880, has painted
panoramic views on a large scale. Works :
Thingvalla Lake, Ahnanadjao, sis Icelandic
views, Square near Mosque in Stambool,
Chan Street in Stambool (1873) ; Voring Fos
in Norway, North Cape, Evening on Bos-
porus (1875) ; Brusa (1876) ; View on
Norwegian Coast (1877) ; Battle of Grave-
lotte (1880) ; Battle of Nieuwpoort (1881),
Entry of Mecca Caravan into Cairo. — Brock-
haus, v. 726 ; Mailer, 163.
ECKERHANN,KARL,bom in Weimar in
1831. Landscape painter, pupil from 1849
of Preller, then spent 1855 in Brussels, and
in 1856 went to Carlsruhe to study under
Schinner. Travelled afterwards through
Germany, Belgium, and Holland. Works :
Rhine Valley and Vosges ; View on Isle of
Rugen ; Landscape in Holstein ; View on
Inn River ; Luneburg Heath ; View on
Rhine ; Landscape in Storm ; series of Still-
Life (Castle Ettersburg, near Weimar). —
Mul ler, 153 .
ECKERSBERG, CHRISTOFFER VJL-
rTELM, born at Varnaes, Jutland, Jan. 2,
1783, died in Copenhagen, July 22, 1853.
History and portrait painter, pupil of Co-
penhagen Academy under Abildgaard ; won
great gold medal in 1809, went in 1810 to
Paris, where he studied under David, and
after his return went to Rome in 1813 ; be-
came in 1817 member of, 1818 professor in,
and in 1827 director of the Copenhagen
Academy. Commander of Order of Danne-
brog. Works : Jacob's Death (1809) ; Loke
and Sygin (1810) ; Women at the Holy Sep-
ulchre (1812) ; Raider's Death (1817) ; Axel
and Walburg, Eight Scenes from History of
Oldenburg (1818-28) ; Christ at Gethsem-
ane (1821) ; Crossing the Bed Sea (1815),
Russian Man-of-War (1828), Danish Ship
under Sail (1835), Sailing Vessels in Sunset,
Ships off Copenhagen Roadstead (1848),
four others, Copenhagen Gallery ; Death of
Balder, Academy, ib.; Calm Sea (1832) ;
Swedish Fisherman's Boat (1833) ; Sermon
on Mount (1834) ; Meeting at Sea ; Pirate
Schooner ; Kronborg ; Portraits of Oehlen-
^byGoOglC
ECKER8BERG
schlager, Thorwaldsen, and of royal family.
— Brockhaus, v. 728 ; Weilbach, 140.
ECKERSBEBG, JOHAN FEEDERIK,
born at Dramnien, Norway, in 1822, died at
Sandwik, July 13, 1870. Landscape painter,
pupil of Dusseldorf Academy under Schir-
mer. At the age of eighteen be had been
placed in a mercantile office in Christiania,
but during a previous sojourn of several
years in Holland having imbibed a taste for
art, relinquished his post and entered the
technical drawing school, where he obtained
a government stipend in 1824, and went to
Dusseldorf. Returned to Christiania in
1848, lived and sketched in Madeira in
1852-54, and founded the Academy of
Painting at Christiania in 1859. Works :
View in Saeter Valley, Christiania Gallery ;
High Plain in Middle Norway; Peak of
Eomsdftlshorn ; View in Sigdal ; Series of
Views in Madeira.
EDP ETJEN , MATTHIAS (HMNRICH
ELIAS), born at Greifswalde, Pomeranta,
Jan. 22, 1803, died Dec. 24, 1852. History
painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy, and
studied in Borne in 1839-44 Executed
paintings for Christian sborg Castle in 1831-
32, and after his return from Borne began
to decorate the Chapel of Christian TV. in
Boskilde Cathedral, but was paralyzed in
1852. Medals, 1827, 1831, 1833, 1887.
Member of Copenhagen Academy in 1845.
Works: David playing the Harp before
Saul (1837) ; Christ blessing the Children
(1840 and 1844) ; Staerkadder awaiting An-
gantyr for Combat ; Young Faun (1830),
Copenhagen Gallery. — Weilbacb, 149.
EDELFELT, ALBERT, born at Helsing-
fors, Finland; contemporary. Genre painter,
pupil of Ger6me. Lives in Paris. Medals :
3d class, 1880; 2d class, 1682. Works:
Blanche de Namur and Prince Hacquin
(1877) ; Duke Charles DX of Sweden insult-
ing the Dead Body of his Enemy Fleming
(1878) ; Episode in Revolt of Finland
Peasants, 1596, The Cherries (1879) ; Child's
Funeral in Finland (1880) ; At the Artist's
(1881) ; Divine Service on Sea-shore (1882) ;
Old Finland Peasant Woman (1883) ; At Sea
(1884) ; The Little Ship (1885) ; Under the
Beeches,Charity(SeneySale,NewYork,1886).
EDEMA, GERARD, born in Friealand in
1652, died at Richmond, England, in 1700.
Dutch School, Landscape painter, pupil
of AUart van Everdingen, whom he imi-
tated, and like whom painted chiefly views
in Norway ; went to England in 1670, and
thence visited Norway and Newfoundland
The figures in his landscapes were generally
supplied by Thomas Wyck. Works : River
Scene, Landscape, Hampton Court Gallery.
EDEN, EXPULSION FROM (Genesis,
iii. 24), Giuseppe Cemri, Louvre ; copper,
H. 1 ft 6 in. x 1 ft. 2 in. Adam and Eve,
nude, fleeing to right ; at left, the angel
with a sword. Collections of Prince de
Carignan, of Prince de Conti, and of Louis
XVI. Engraved by Levassenr in Musee
francais; Villerey in FilhoL — Landon, vii.
10 ; FilhoL u. 134 ; Reveil, vL 386.
By Maaaccio,
Brancacci Chap-
el, Carmine,
Florence ; fresco
on left wall.
Adam and Eve,
their loins cov-
ered with fig-
leaves, are fleeing
before the Angel
with a sword, who
appears above. —
Kugler (East-
lake), i 222.
By Tintoretto,
Venice Academy;
canvas. Adam
and Eve driven
from Paradise.
Companion piece
to Death of Abel;
both formerly in
Scuola di SS.
Trinita. — Zanot-
to, ii. PJ. 69.
EDICT OF WILLIAM THE TESTY,
edbyGoOgk
George H. Boughlon, Corcoran Gallery,
Washington ; canvas, II. 3 ft 6 in. x 5 ft 6
in. Scene from Irving' b " Knickerbocker's
History of New Tori," Chapter VH. Will-
iam the Testy, Governor of New Nether-
lands, having issued an edict prohibiting
the smoking of tobacco, a multitude of citi-
zens, armed with pipes and an immense
supply of ammunition, sat themselves down
in front of his house and fell to smoking
with all their might The Governor, with
cane uplifted, is threatening the rioters,
conspicuous among whom is Antony van
Corker, the Trumpeter, and Brinkerhoff,
hero of the clam-and onion war against
the Yankees. Fainted in 1877. Original
study, Charles S. Smith, New York.
EDMONDS, FRANCIS W., born in Hud-
son, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1806, died in 1863.
Genre painter, self-taught For many
years connected with the American Bank-
Note Company, on whose notes several of
his pictures were engraved. Exhibited
first in 1836, elected an AN.A in 1838, and
N.A. shortly after ; be was trustee and at
one time recording secretary of the National
Academy. Visited Italy in 1810. Works :
Penny Paper (1839) ; Sparking (1840, en-
graved by the Art Union) ; Boy Stealing
Milk (1843), Jonathan Sturges, New York
Florence, Vesuvius (1844) ; Sleepy Student
(1846) i Trial of Patience (1848) ; Speculator
(1862) ; Taking the Census (1854) ; Thirsty
Drover (1866); Bargaining (1868), Image
Pedler, Wind-Still, R L. Stuart, New York ;
Gil Bias and the Archbishop, John Taylor
Johnston, ib. ; Dame in the Kitchen. —
Tuckerman, 414
EDOUARD, ALBERT, bom at Caen (Cal-
vados), April 22, 1846. Historical, genre,
figure, and portrait painter, pupil of Cornu,
Gurdme, Cogniet, and J. E. Delaunay. Medal,
3d class, 1882 ; 2d class, 1885. Works : Don
Juan cast Ashore (1870) ; Meditation (1874);
Apollo and Daphne (1875); Odalisque, In-
discreet (1876); St Leonard and the Pris-
oner, The Toilet (1877); St James led to
a (1878); Dante and Virgil on the
Frozen Lake (1879); Thetis (1880); Caligula
and the Cobbler (1882); On the Norman
Coast in August (1883); Khiomara (1884);
Briseis and her Companions weeping over
the Body of Patroclus (1885).
EDRJDGE, HENRY, born at Paddington,
Aug., 1769, died in London, April 23, 1821.
Miniature, landscape, and architecture paint-
er in water-colours; apprenticed, to W. Pether,
engraver and landscape painter ; student at
Royal Academy in 1784 ; elected an AR A.
in 1820. Was a successful painter of minia-
tures, among his sitters being the royal fam-
ily, William Pitt, Lord Macartney, the Spen-
cer family, Soutbey, Wordsworth, and Ben-
jamin West In 1810 he began painting
landscapes, and in 1819 architectural sub-
jects, the first being the Cathedrals of Beau-
vais and Rouen. Several of his landscapes
are in South Kensington Museum. — Sandby,
a 65 ; Portfolio (1880), 196.
EECKHOUT, GERBRAND VAN DEN,
born in Am-
sterdam, Aug.
19, 1621, died
there, Oct 22,
1674. Dutch
school; por-
trait and his-
tory painter.
Son of a gold-
smith and
after 1635 pu-
pil of Rembrandt, whose manner he adopted.
Works : Christ blessing Little Children, Na-
tional Gallery, London (bought as a Rem-
brandt from Suermoudt Collection); Christ
and the Woman taken in Adultery, Adora-
tion of Magi, Warrior in Repose, National
Museum, Amsterdam ; Dedication of Sam-
uel, Louvre ; Male portrait (1640, Copy of
Rembrandt's Doreur), Solomon sacrificing
to the Idols (1654), Mother and Child (1659),
Sophonisbe receiving the poisoned Cup
(1664), Tobias healing his Father, Female
portrait, Brunswick Museum ; Music Les-
son (1655), Copenhagen Gallery ; Circum-
cision, Jacob's Dream (1669), Cassel Gallery ;
edbyG00gk
Christ and the Doctors (1662), Abraham
casting off Hagar, Isaac blessing Jacob, Old
Piiiakothek, Munich; David and Abigail,
Schleissheim Gallery; Presentation in the
Temple, Mercury killing Argus (1666), Rais-
ing of Jairus' Daughter, Berlin Museum ;
Triumph of Mordecai, Guard House, Lord
Bute, London ; Portrait of the Historian
j Dapper (1669),
/""O 4 /. - Stadel Institute,
W P. QxKohZ Frankfort-
<S Ch. Blanc, Ecole
hollandaise ; Allgem. d. Biogr., t. 653 ; Im-
merzeel, i. 216 ; Kramm, ii. 415 ; Riegel,
Beitr&ge, ii. 273.
EECKHOUT, JACOB JOSEPH VAN
DEN, born in Antwerp, Feb. 6, 1793, died
in Paris in 186L History, genre, and por-
trait painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy;
then practised sculpture, in which he ob-
tained a prize in 1S21 ; took up painting
without a master, and in 1823 obtained the
first prize in Ghent, and soon after a medal
at Douai. In 1831 settled at The Hague,
where in 1839 he became director of the
Academy ; moved to Mechlin in 1844, then
to Brussels, and hi 1859 to Paris. Member
of Amsterdam, Antwerp, Brussels, and Rot-
terdam Academies. Works : St. Nicholas
Festival, Checkmate (1823); Peasant plough-
ing in a Storm (1829); Battle of Bautersum,
Conquest of Tirlemont (1831); Doctor's
Visit, Savoyard with Dog and Monkey,
Nuptials of Jacqueline of Bavaria with Duke
Jan of Brabant (1839), National Museum,
Amsterdam ; Abdication of Jacqueline of
Bavaria, Peter the Great at Zaandam (1840);
Death of William the Silent, Death of Van
Spuyk (together with Wappers), Hambroek
on Isle of Formosa (1841); Orphans coming
from Church, Departure of Scheveningen
Recruits, Domestic Scene at Scheveningen,
Paternal Admonition, Old Woman reading
aloud. The Poor Blind, Rabbit on the Wall
Pay-Day, Return from the Chase, Return
from Fishing ; Collection of portraits of mod-
ern artists bom in the Netherlands (1822).
— Immerzeel, L 217 ; Eramm, ii. 414.
EERTVELT. See Artvelt.
EFFDjJ DEANS, Sir John Everett MO-
laia, Robert Loder, Esq., M.P. ; canvas, H.
4 ft 9 in. x 3 ft 6 in. Scene from Sir
Walter Scott's " Heart of Midlothian ; " one
of the clandestine meetings between Effie
Deans and Geordie Staunton or Robertson.
The outlaw, in a slate-coloured coat with
the deep cuffs of the period and wearing a.
Lowland broad bonnet, is on the further
of a wall in a wood ; Effie, on the side
toward the spectator, attired in a loose pink
costume and holding her blue suood in her
hand, turns her eyes upward with a hope-
less expression as she listens to her betray-
er's words ; at her feet sits a faithful collie,
looking wistfully up into her face. Painted
in 1877 ; Arbuthnot sale (1882), £892.
EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD, born in
London, May 2, 1816, died in Algiers,
March 25, 1863. History and genre painter,
pupil in drawing of Henry Saas, and student
at Royal Academy in 1836 ; became an A.R A.
in 1848, and R.A. in 1860. Won a well-de-
served reputation as a painter of social his-
tory subjects. Works: Spanish Girl (1838);
Laugh when you Can (1839); Scene from
Henry IV. (1840); Scene from Le Diable
Boiteux (1844), National Gallery ; Bucking-
ham Bebuffed (1846); Wooing of Katherine,
Lucentio and Bianca (1847); Peter the Great
and Catherine (1850); Pepys's Introduction
to Nell Gwynne (1851); Life of Bucking-
ham, Death of Buckingham (1855); Knight-
ing of Esmond (1857); Night before Naseby,
Madame de Maintenon and Scan-on (1859);
Katherine and Petruchio (1860), his last
picture.— Cat Nat GaL; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
anglaise ; Redgrave ; Sandby, ii 310,
EGGERS, JOHANN KARL, born at Neu-
strelitz, Mecklenburg, in 1790, died there in
1863. History and portrait painter, pupil
in Dresden of Matth&i At Rome he aided
in the revival of fresco painting, and at Ber-
lin assisted Cornelius in decorating the por-
tico of the new Museum with frescos. Works :
Mater Dolorosa, Sleeping Venus (1819); Cu-
pid (1823), Bellevue Castle near Berlin ;
edbyGoOgk
EGLOFFSTEIN
Christ with Mary and Martha ; Washing
the Lord's Feet ; Choir in Naumburg Cathe-
dral. Fresco : Borne Personified (Vatican).
EGLOFFSTEIN, JULIE VON, Countess,
born at Hildesheim, Sept, 1792, died Jan.
16, 1869. History, genre, and portrait
painter, pupil of Dflsseldorf Academy under
Sohn ; a beautiful and gifted woman at Court
of "Weimar, mentioned by Goethe in his
poems. Became oanoness of Hildesheim.
Works: Shepherds in the Campagna (1835);
Girl braiding her Hair ; Hagar in the Des-
ert ; Exposure of Moses ; portraits of Queen
Teresa of Bavaria and of Grand Duchess of
Sue-Weimar. — Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 683.
EGMOND, JUSTUS (VEBUS) VAN,
born in Leyden, Sept, 22, 1661, died
in Antwerp, Jan. 8, 1674. Flemish school ;
history and portrait painter, pupil of Gas-
par van den Hoeck in 1615, and then of
Rubens, whom he assisted especially in the
execution of the Marie de Medici pictures
at the Louvre. Later was in the service of
Louis XHL and Louis XIV., and was
among the original members of the French
Academy, founded in 1648. He worked
also conjointly with Vouet, and returned to
Antwerp before Nov. 11, 1660. Works:
Portrait of Archduke Leopold William, two
portraits of Philip IV. of Spain, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Maria de' Medici, Schleissheim Gal-
lery. — Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 687 ; Biog. nat.
de Belgique, vi. 512 ; Jal, 528 ; Booses
(Reber), 318 ; Van den Branden, 766.
EGMONT AND HORN, OBSEQUIES
OF, Louis Gallait, Tournay Museum ; can-
vas. The Duke of Alva, who under the
forms of justice had executed his noble
Dutch predecessors, Count Lsmoral of Eg-
mont and Philip of Montmorency, Count
Horn, visits their bodies when arranged
for burial and contemplates them with
savage satisfaction. Painted in 1861 ; pur-
chased by city of Tournay. Replica (1859),
water-colour (14 x 19 in.), W. T. Walters,
Baltimore. — Art Treasures of America, i. 88.
EGOGNL AMBROGIO. See Borgognone,
Ambrogio.
EGUSQUIZA, ROGELIO DE, born at
Santsnder, Spain ; contemporary. Works :
Don Quixote and the Parson ; Bright Look-
out; Boudoir Scene, A. J. DrexeL Phila-
delphia; She laughs at his Folly, W. R
Bement, Philadelphia; Disappointed; Re-
turn from Walk, C. P. Huntington, New
Y ork ; Reading Girl, Borie Collection, Phila-
delphia ; Michelangelo beside the Body of
Vittoria Colonna ; Charles V. at San Yuste
(1868); After a Brawl (1869); Infant Don
Carlos and Infanta Doiia Juana swear to de-
fend the Catholic Faith (1870); The Be-
trothed (1883).
EGYPT, FLIGHT INTO. See Flight.
EGYPT, REPOSE IN. See Repose.
EGYPTIAN FEAST, Edwin Long, Fine
Art Society, London ; canvas, H. 6 ft 2 in.
X 12 ft 4 in. A feast spread in a vast dec-
orated hall of Egyptian architecture, with
massive columns in background ; in the cen-
tre slaves are dragging a mummy upon a
bier, to remind the numerous revellers that
they are mortal ; in foreground, musicians.
Engraved by E. Girardet
EHNINGER, JOHN WHETTON, bom
in New York, July 22, 1827. Landscape
and figure painter ; after graduating at Co-
lumbia College he went to Paris (1847),
where he studied two years under Couture,
and then at Dflsseldorf. He was at one
time employed by a London illustrated
journal to furnish designs for wood-cuts.
Elected N.A. in 1860. Studio at Saratoga
Springs. Works : Peter Stuyvesant (1850);
Eight illustrations of Miles Standish (1858);
Autumnal Landscape (1867); Monk (1871);
Vintage in the Valtellina— Italy (1877); Twi-
light from the Bridge of Pau — Basses-Pyre-
nees (1878); Subject for Thanksgiving (1879);
Lady of the Manor (1882); The Old, Old
Story (1884).— Tuckerman, 461.
EHRENBERG, W ILLE M VAN (Wilhelm
Schubert von Ehrenberg), born at Antwerp,
baptized May 12, 1630 (according to Van
den Branden in Germany In 1637), died
there in 1675 or 1676. Flemish school ;
architecture painter, master of the guild in
edbyGoOgk
1662. Excellent in perspective. Works :
Interior of Palace (1666, figures by H. van
Minderhout), Antwerp Museum ; Architect-
ure in BiBet's William Tell, Brussels Mu-
seum ; do. of Art Gallery (1671), Hague
Museum ; do. (1666), Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Church Interior (1664), Vienna Mu-
seum. — Biog. nat de Belgique, vi. 515 ;
Cat du Muses d'Anvers (1874), 464 ; Tan
den Branden, 875.
EHRHARDT, (KARL LTJDWIG)
ADOLF, born in "Berlin, Nov. 21, 1813.
History painter, pupil in the Dusseldorf
Academy under Schadow (1832); after 1838
assisted Bendemann in decorating the Royal
Palace at Dresden with frescos and became
professor at the Academy in 1846. Works :
Jephthah's Daughter (1836); Christ with
Mary and Martha (1837); Death of the
Troubadour Rudello ; Rinaldo and Armida ;
Dante's Dream ; Charles V. in the Monas-
tery ; Louis the Bavarian with Frederic the
Fair ; Luther as Squire
in Jena (1864),
Leipsic Museum ; Resur-
5EP *\s< rection ; Portrait of Lud-
***« ° ^* wig Richter.— Muller,
155 ; Wiegmann, 152.
EHRMANN, FRANCOIS SMILE, born in
Strasburg, Sept 5, 1833. History painter,
pupil of Gleyre and of the Ecole des B.
Arts, studied two years in Italy, and re-
turned to Paris in 1865. Medals : 1865
and 1868 ; 3d class, 1874 ; L. of Honour,
1879. Works : Siren Fishing (1865, burned
in Strasburg, 1870); A Conqueror (Luxem-
bourg Museum, copied at the Gobelins);
Ariadne abandoned by Theseus (1873),
water-colour, Luxembourg Museum ; Greece,
Rome, The Barbarians, The Middle Ages
(1874), M Girsrd, Paris ; Venus passing be-
fore the Sun (1875); The Muses (1877); Re-
publican France leading the Nations to
Peace and Industry (1879); The Fates ; The
Fountain of Youth ; Wisdom uniting Art
and Industry (1884); The Manuscript (1885).
— L'Art (1876), iii. 297 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xvni 259.
m
ETBNER, FRIEDRICH, born at Hilpot-
stein, Palatinate, Feb. 25, 1835, died in
Munich, Nov. 18, 1877. Architecture and
landscape painter, self-taught, principally by
copying after H. Schoenf eld ; travelled
through Bavaria (1847), Germany and
France (1852), North Italy (1853-56),
and Spain (1860-61), whither he accom-
panied Prince Metschersky, in whose pos-
session is a valuable series of sixty -five great
water-colour views from Spain. Among his
best works are : Cathedrals of Burgos, Se-
ville, and Segovia ; Palace of Inquisition at
Cordova ; Ponte del Paradiso in Venice ;
St Anastasia in Verona; Church of Our
Lady at Esslingen. — Kunst^Chronik, xiiL
17a
FJCHHORN, ALBERT, born at Freien-
walde on the Oder, July 7, 1811, died at
Potsdam, Oct 19, 1851. Architecture and
landscape painter, pupil, in Berlin, of Tem-
peltei and Biermann, travelled through Italy
and Greece, settled in Potsdam, and was
much employed by King Frederick William
TV. Works : Views in and about Boms'
(1842); Taygetus, Temple of Phigalia (1842);
St Peter's in Rome ; Temple of Corinth ;
Temple of Zeus, Road of Patras ; City Views
from Italy ; The Campagna. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., v. 728; Kunstblatt (1853), 2670.
EICHLER, HERMANN, bom in Vienna
in 1842. History painter, pupil of Christian
Ruben, whose studio he entered in 1864.
Works : Charles X meeting Cromwell after
the Sentence ; Peter Hele the Inventor of
Watches; Rudolph LL; Count von Helfen-
stein in the Peasants' War ; Oberon ; In the
Shade of the Bormio ; Picnic (1879).— Mul-
ler, 156 ; N. illustr. Zeitg. (1681), i 339.
EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVEN,
Jean Louis Ernest Meisaonier, Mrs. A. T.
Stewart, New York ; canvas, H. 4 ft 6 in. x
8 ft At first called Friedland, but finally
named after the date of the battle. Scene
—a ceremonial review of the exhausted vic-
torious troops after the nine hours' fight-
ing which made Napoleon dictator of Eu-
rope. The Twelfth Cuirassiers galloping
edbyGoOgk
through the trampled grain are rising in
their stirrups, waving their swords, and
shouting in a frenzy of enthusiasm as the
Emperor, on a white horse at left, sur-
rounded by his Etat-major and Marshals
Besaieres, Duroc, and Berthier, salutes them
by raising his cocked hat. Behind, at Na-
poleon's left, troops axe waiting to fall into
line, and further ou are seen the bearskin
caps of the Old Guard In the foreground,
at Napoleon's right, in yellow breeches and
red dolmans, are the four troopers compos-
ing the avant-garde of the imperial escort
Meissonier's masterpiece. Finished in 1876
after fifteen years' labour. The costumes
and trappings were made by tailors, boot-
makers, and saddlers; the horses were
modelled in wax. Vienna Exposition, 1878.
Mr. Stewart paid $60,000 for it— L'Art
(1876), L 14 ; Art Treasures of America, i.
27.
EILEBSEN, RASMUSSEN, born at Os-
terby, Fiinen, March 1, 1827. landscape
painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy ;
took part in the Schleawig-Holstein cam-
paign of 1848-60, and afterwards studied
under J. P. Moller ; visited France, Switzer-
land, and the Pyrenees in 1858-60, London
in 1862, Holland and Belgium in 1871, Vi-
enna and Salzburg in 1873, and Italy in
1876. Many of his pictures bought in Ger-
many and England. Member of Copenha-
gen Academy, 1871 ; Order of Danebrog,
1876. "Works: Mill near Heden; Land-
scape in Southern Fiinen (1855) ; View of
Himroelbjaerget (1867) ; Gloomy Weather
in the Landes, Two Views in the Pyrenees
(1861) ; Morning at Sorrento, October After-
noon at AmalU (1881) ; View in Frysenborg
Deer-Park (1864), Copenhagen Gallery.—
Sigurd Mtlller, 87 ; Weilbach, 152.
EIN8LE, ANTON, born in Vienna in
1801, died there March 10, 1871. Portrait
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy ; ap-
pointed court-painter in 1867, and decorated
with the Order of Franz Josef. Works :
Count Zichy, The Letter (1842) ; Sculptor
Elieber (1844) ; Negro Slave (1846) ; Count
Chotek, Countess Wickenburg (1846) ; Em-
peror Francis Joseph, Empress Elizabeth,
Field-Marshal Count Radetzky. — Wurzbach,
iv. 15.
EIRENE, painter. See Irene.
EISENMENGER, AUGUST, born in Vi-
enna, Feb. 11, 1830. Decorative painter,
pupil of Leopold Schultz, of the Vienna
Academy, in 1842-48, and in 1856 of RahL
whose indispensable assistant he soon be-
came. Professor at Vienna Academy since
1872. Works : Apollo and the Muses (1869),
Musikverein, Vienna ; Ceiling Paintings,
Grand Hotel, ib.; Twelve Months, Palais
Guttmonn, ib.; The Graces and Peace,
Tietz Mansion, ib.; Scenes from Lives of
Emperor Maximilian L and Duke Leopold,
Castle Hornstein ; Fresco Paintings in the
Museum of Art and Industry. — Graph. E.,
vL 77 ; Mftller, 156.
EISMANN, JOHANN ANTON, born at
Salzburg in 1634, died in Venice in 1698.
German school ; landscape, marine, and
battle painter, self-taught ; went to Venice,
where he studied after the old masters, and
soon attained considerable success. His land-
scapes and seaports embellished with archi-
tecture were especially esteemed. Works :
Landscapes with Ruins (2), Dresden Gal-
lery ; Landscape with Cavalry Skirmish, Vi-
enna Museum.
FJSMANN-BEISEGHELLA, CARLO,
born in Venice in 1679. Landscape, marine,
and battle painter, adopted son and pupil
of preceding, who at Venice had formed a
friendship with bis father, Mattia Brise-
ghella. After Eismann's death he seems to
have settled at Ferrara. Works ; Skirmish
under the Walls of a Fortress, Cavalry Skir-
mishes (2), A Battlefield, Dresden Gallery.
EKELS, JAN, the younger, born at Am-
sterdam in 1759, died there June 4, 1793.
Dutch school ; genre painter, son and pu-
pil of Jan E. the elder (1724-81) ; went to
Paris, and in 1783 up the Rhine to Duesel-
dorf to visit the gallery. Imitated the old
masters, especially J. Molenaer. Works s
Young Man Drawing, Peasant lighting hia
edbyGoOgk
Pipe, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort — Immer-
zeel L 220.
EKWALL, KNUT, born at Saby, Sma-
land, April 3, 1843. Genre painter and
illustrator, pupil of Stockholm Academy ;
devoted himself to illustration in 1870, and
was engaged in it at Munich and Leipsic
until 1875, when he studied genre painting
under Knaus in Berlin, and settled there.
Works : Ten Minutes for Refreshments ;
Family Scene in Dalecarlia ; After Mid-
night ; Sailor's Return ; After the Bath ;
ELECTION, Hogarth, Soane Museum,
London ; four pictures, canvas, H. 3 ft 4
in. x 4 ft 4 in. 1. The Election Entertain-
ment ; 2. Canvassing for Votes ; 3. Polling
at the Hustings ; L The Chairing of the
Successful Candidate. These pictures for-
merly belonged to Garrick ; bought of his
widow in 1823 for £1,732 10s. — Jameson's
Handbook, n. 572.
ELEVATION OF CROSS, Ruben*, Ant-
werp Cathedral ; H. 14 f t x 15 ft In three
parts: centre, the Saviour on the Cross,
Berlin Fire Department ; Sub Rosa (1880) ;
Honeymoon (1882) ; He is Coming (1883) ;
Morning after Wedding, Jolly Morning
Hour (1884).
ELAINE, Toby Rosenthal, Mrs. R. C. John-
son, San Francisco. Illustration of Tenny-
son's "Lancelot and Elaine, "where the "lily
maid of Astolat," stretched upon her bier on
the funeral galley, "Oar'd by thedumb, went
upward with the flood." Painted in 1874
ELASIPPUS, Greek painter, date un-
known. One of many reputed inventors of
encaustic painting. — Pliny, xxxv. 39 [122].
which nine powerful men are elevating ;
left wing, the Virgin, the Holy Women, and
St John, the latter standing by the Virgin ;
right wing, mounted Roman soldiers super-
intending the crucifixion of the two thieves.
The groups on the wings are painted on the
inside of the covers of the middle part. On
the exterior of the covers are : St Cather-
ine on one side, and St Eloi on the other.
Painted in 1610 for S. Walburge, Antwerp ;
retouched in 1627 by Rubens, who then
introduced the Newfoundland dog in the
corner. Carried to Paris in 1796 ; returned
edbyGoOgk
in 1816. Engraved by C. L. Masquelier ;
in three parts by Witdouc SL Catherine
engraved by Bolswert, Mariette. — Smith, ii.
1 ; Jameson, Hist Our Lord, ii. 135 ; Re-
veil, x. 687 ; Landon, Muace, x. 33.
By Anton van Dyck, Notre Dame, Cour-
tray, Belgium ; canvas. The Saviour on
the Cross, which four men are raising into
position ; at left, an assistant, with a spade
in his hand, and two mounted soldiers, one
of whom is giving orders ; in foreground,
right, a basket with implements, and a
spaniel dog. Painted by order of Canon
Boger Braye in 1632 ; carried to Paris, re-
turned in 1815. Etched by A. Boulard.
Sketch in Collection of M. de fieuck, at
Wareghem ; engraved by Bolswert, J. Au-
dran.— Guinrey, 136 ; Smith, iil 11
ELIJAH, Washington Allston, Museum
of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass. ; canvas. Elijah
in the desert fed by ravens. Begun in Eng-
land, finished in Boston ; bought by Hon.
Mr. Labouchere, afterwards Lord Taunton,
and taken to England ; purchased (1870)
after his death by Mrs. Samuel Hooper, of
Boston, and presented to Museum. — Me-
morial Hist Boston, iv. 395.
ELIZABETH, DEATH OF QUEEN, Paul
Ddaroche, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 13 ft.
9 in. x 11 ft 2 in. ; signed, dated 1828. The
Queen, lying upon cushions, assisted by her
women, is surrounded by the grand digni-
taries of her court. Cecil, Secretary of
State, is kneeling beside her. Salon, 1827,
although dated as above. Formerly in
Luxembourg. Engraved by Jazet — An-
nates des B. Arts, Salon de 1827, PL 66.
ELIZABETH OF HUNGABT, ST., or
EL TlROSO (The Scald-Head), Murdlo,
Academia S. Fernando, Madrid ; canvas,
H. 13 ft 9 in. x 10 ft 6 in. The Saint,
dressed as a nun, with a small coronet on
her head, stands in a portico washing the
scald-head of a beggar boy, who bends over
a silver basin on a pedestal ; two ladies and
a duenna supply lotions ; on left, a second
boy, a cripple on crutches, and an old
tod ; in foreground, a half-naked
beggar seated ; in background, the Saint
and her ladies are serving poor persons
seated at a table in a gallery. Companion
to San Juan de Dion. Painted in 1674, one
of eight large pictures, for Hospital de la
Caridad, Seville ; carried to Paris by Marshal
Soult, who gave it to Louis XV ILL at the Res-
toration ; placed in Louvre, hut returned to
Spain in 1815. Original study, with changes,
John L. O'Sullivan, New York. Engraved
by P. Boutrois, D. Martinez ; lithographed
by Flor. de Craene, Lafosse, F. Chevalier,
Ch. Vogt, Defrondat, M. Lavigne, Charpen-
tier, H. Jannin.— Curtis, 229 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole espaguole ; Viardot, Hlust. Hist Paint
ers (London, 1877) ; Becker, Eunst und
Kunstler ; Harper's Mag. (1885). lxsi. 938.
ELLENBJEDER, MABIE, born at Con-
stance, March 20, 1791, died there, June 5,
1863. History and portrait painter, pupil
of the miniature painter Einsle, then from
1813 of Langer in the Munich Academy.
"Worked in 1816-20 in Constance, in 1822-
24 in Borne, where she became a follower
edbyGoOgk
of Overbeck Appointed court-painter at
Baden in 1829 and revisited Bome in 1838-
40. Works : Si Cecilia (1814) ; Praying
Girl, Madonna (1824); Holy Virgin reading,
Madonna in Glory, Si Nicholas, Resurrec-
tion (1825); Si Anatolica (1828); Martyr-
dom of Si Stephen (1827), Catholic
Church, CarlBruhe; St. Cecilia (1829); Ma-
donna in the Rose-Hedge (1834), Carlsruhe
Gallery; Magnificat (1835); Si Charles of
Borromeo (1838); St. Felicitas with her
Sons, Jesus and the Children, St Anthony,
Angel bearing Prayers to Heaven
["J^, (1840); Simeon in the Temple;
Raising of Lazarus ; Baptism of
Livia ; St Jerome ; Gratitude. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., vL 49 ; Andresen, iv. 30.
FJJJGER (FJger), OTTMAR (Ottomar),
the elder, born at Gothenburg, Sept 18, 1633,
died in Berlin in 1G79. Flemish school ;
fruit and flower painter, pupil in Antwerp
of Daniel Seghers, called to Berlin as court-
painter, by the Great Elector, in 1670.
Works: Tulip with Roses and Berries on
a Table (1674), Bouquet on a Table with
Grapes and Apricots, Dresden Gallery ;
others in Brunswick, Frankfort, and Stock-
holm Galleries. — Kramm, ii. 422 ; Michiela,
viii 303.
ELLIGER, OTTMAR, the -younger, born
in Hamburg in 1666, died at Amsterdam in
1732. Dutch school ; history painter, son
and pupil of Ottmar FJliger the elder ; then
pupil in Amsterdam of Michiel van Mus-
Bchert and of Gerard de Lairesse ; painted,
in the style of the latter, wall and easel
pictures in which he loved to introduce
grand architecture. Works : Death of Alex-
ander the Great (1716), Marriage of Peleus
and Thetis (1717), for Elector of Mentz ;
Banquet of Cleopatra, Herodias dancing be-
f* _ fore Herod and his
fOfi'tftOn Cbnests, Cassel Gal-
UOLMf^ lory; Woman with
«_X Goblet and Fruits
(1714), Vienna Museum; Allegory, Bor-
deaux Museum ; others in Brunswick Mu-
seum. — Immersed, L 221 ; Kramm, ii. 422.
ELLIOTT, CHARLES LORTNG, born at
Scipio, N. T., Dee., 1812, died in Albany,
Aug. 25, 1868.
Portrait painter,
pupil of Trum-
bull and of Qui-
dor in New York,
where he spent
the greater part
of his profession-
al life. Elected
anAN.Ainl846
and N.A in 1846.
H's pictures are
to be found in the State Library, Albany,
the Mercantile Library, Baltimore, and in
the New York City Hall. Among his por-
traits are those of: Matthew Vaasar (Vas-
sar College) ; Fletcher Harper ; Fenimore
Cooper ; Fitz-Greene Halleck ; Governors
Hunt and Seymour ; Erastus Coming,
A, B. Durand, N.A, Corcoran Gallery,
Washington ; his own portrait, M. O. Rob-
erts' Collection, New York. Ideal works :
Falstaff (Vassal) ; Don Quixote ; Andrew
van Corlaer the Trumpeter, W. T. Walea,
Baltimore ; Head of Skaneateles Lake, F.
N. D. Horton ; Falstaff, Leonard Jerome,
New York.
ELMORE, ALFRED, born at Clonakilty,
Ireland, June 18,
1815, died in
London, Jan. 24,
1881. Student
in London in
1832 of Royal
Academy, where
he exhibited in
1834 his Subject
from an Old Play.
Made an extend-
ed art tour to
Paris, Municb, Venice, Bologna, Florenoe,
and Rome, where he remained two years.
Returned to England in 1844 ; became an
AR.A in 1845, and R.A. in 1856. Works :
Martyrdom of Thomas * Becket (1840), St
Andrew's Church, Dublin ; The Novice
^byGoOgk
(1843) ; Bienzi 1b the Forum (1844); Inven-
tion of Stockin g Loom (1847) ; Death of Rob-
ert, King of Naples (1848); Griselda(1850);
Charles V. at Yuste (1856), Lee sale, 1883,
£1,412 ; Incident in Life of Dante (1858)-,
Tuileries in 1792 (1860); Marie Antoinette
in the Temple (1861); Lucrezia Borgia (1863);
Louis XTTT. and Louia XIV. (1870); Across
the Fields<1872); Afterthe Emulsion (1873);
Mistress Hettie Lambert (1874); Ophelia
(1875); Mary Queen of Scots and Darnley
(1877); Pompeii, Judith and Holofernes,
Columbus at Porto Santo, John Alden and
Priacilla (1878); Sabina, Greek Ode (1879);
After the Ruin, Lenore. — Art Journal (1857),
113; (1881), 96; Sandby, ii 302; Meyer,
Conv. Lex., xviii. 281.
ELSASSER, FRIEDRICH AUGUST,
born in Berlin, July 24, 1810, died in
Borne, Sept. 1, 1845. Landscape and archi-
tecture painter, pupil of Berlin Academy
under Blechen ; went to Borne in 1831, and
was much influenced by Franz Catel ; mem-
ber of Berlin Academy in 1841. Works:
Outlook from Volsker Mountains towards
the Sea, From the Woods of Calabria ; The-
atre of Taormina; Church Interior of Pa-
lermo ; Convent Yard in Palermo ; Interior
of Si Peter's in Borne ; View of Soman Ru-
ins ; Campo Santo in Pisa by Moonlight ;
Siren Group in Tivoli ; Cloister in Cefalii ;
View of Tivoli ; Views of Peacock Isle near
Potsdam. His brother Julius (born in Ber-
lin in 1615, died in Borne, Dec, 25, 1859),
also made a reputation as a landscape paint-
er. — A 11 gem, d. Biogr., vi 61 ; Brockhaus,
vi8L
ELSHOLTZ, LUDWIG, born in Berlin,
June 2, 1805, died there, Feb. 3, 1850.
Genre and battle painter, pupil of Berlin
Academy and of Franz Kriiger. Works :
Battle of Leipsic (1833); Battle of Denne-
witz ; Farewell on Battlefield ; Scene from
Battle of Bautzen ; Noon-Day Best during
Harvest ; Entry of Allies into Paris ; Civic
Guard ; Beginning of Skirmish (1834), Na-
tional Gallery, Berlin. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
■vi 67 ; Brockhaus, vi 82.
ELSHFJMER (Elzbeimer), ADAM,
born in Frankfort, baptized March 18, 1578,
died in Borne in
1620. German
school; landscape
painter, pupil of
Philip Uffenbach;
called Adam of
Frankfort at
Rome, where he
fixed his resi-
deuce at an early
age. Had numer-
ous pupils, such as T Win an , Jan Pinas,
and Goudt, and founded a new school
which treated biblical subjects in the nat-
ural, anti-classic style afterwards developed
by Rembrandt, of whom he is regarded as
one of the precursors. His biblical and
mythological scenes are represented in land-
scapes suggested by Italian motives, and
the figures are no lay figures, but human in
dress and sentiment. Each one of bis pu-
pils brought back to Holland something of
his master, whose influence was communi-
cated to Rembrandt through Lastman.
Works : Sacrifice at Lystra, Bacchus among
the Nymphs at Nysa, Stadel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; Landscape with Mountain Prospect,
Aurora, Brunswick Museum ; St. Lawrence,
Carlsruhe Gallery ; replica, Montpellier Mu-
seum ; Landscape with St. Jerome, Eunst-
tuule, Hamburg ; Walk to Emmaus, Aschaff-
enburg Gallery ; Martyrdom of St Law-
rence, Contento, an Allegory, Flight into
Egypt, Burning of Troy, Woodland Valley,
St John Preaching!?), Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Six Scenes from Life of Mary,
Syrinx and Pan, St Martin and the Beggar,
Arcadian Wood Landscape, Berlin Museum;
Flight into Egypt^ Joseph put into a Pit by
his Brethren, Jupiter and Mercury visiting
Philemon and Baucis, Judith {?), Dresden
Gallery; Repose in Egypt, Museum, Vienna;
Realm of Venus, Academy, ib. ; Birth of
Christ, Czernin Gallery, ib. ; Flight into
Egypt, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; do., Ferdi-
nandeum, Innsbruck ; Peter denying Christ,
edbyG00gk
Scourging of Christ, Venice Academy ; Ar-
tist's Portrait, Shepherd playing the Shalm,
Aglaia's Daughters led to Temple by Mer-
cury, Hagar consoled by Angel, Uffizi,
Florence; Six Landscapes with Story of
Icarus, Naples Museum ; Scoffing of Ceres,
Madrid Museum ; Flight into Egypt, Good
Samaritan, Louvre, Paris; Martyrdom of
St Lawrence (copy?), National Gallery,
London ; Meeting of Elias and Obadiah,
Marquis of Bute, ib. ; Repose in Egypt,
Duke of Devonshire, Chatsworth ; Fight
small Landscapes with Saints, Earl of Le-
«— i-r confield, Pet-
Hall, near Edinburgh. — AUgem. d. Biogr., vi.
66 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole allemande ; Bode,
Studien, 231 ; Jahrb. der KongL preuss.
Eunstaammlg., i. 61, 246.
ELST, PD3TER TAN. See Verelst.
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION,
Francis B. Carpenter, staircase of House of
Representatives, Capitol, Washington. Presi-
dent Lincoln signing the proclamation of
emancipation of slaves in the United States,
January 1, 1863. Painted in 1861 j pur-
chased for $26,000 in 1877 by Miss Mary
Elizabeth Thompson, and presented to the
Government
EMBDE, AUGUST VON DER, born in
Cassel, Dec. 2, 1780, died there, Aug. 10,
1862. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of
Cassel Academy ; studied the old masters at
Dresden, Dusseldorf, Munich, and Vienna,
painted portraits in Cassel until 1830, and
then began to treat child and peasant life
with much success. Works : Hessian Peas-
ant Girl with Letter ; Children playing on
Ruins of their Burned Home ; Girls at the
Well ; Cinderella ; Children playing at the
Brook.
EMELE, WILHELM, born at Buchen, in
the Odenwald, in 1830. Battle painter, pu-
pil in Munich of Feodor Dietz, studied
afterwards in Antwerp and Paris. Hie pict-
ures are good in colour and show thorough
knowledge of military details. Since 1861
he has resided in Vienna. Works: Battle
of Stockach, Assault on Heidelberg Bridge
(1867) ; Skirmish near Aldenhoven (1869) ;
~ tode in Battle of Aspen (1860) ; Taking
of Camp near Farmars, Park Scene with
Horses, Attack of French Cuirassiers at
Waterloo, Battle of Wflrzburg (1867) ; Bat-
tle of Neerwinden (1872) ; Attack of Divi-
sion Bonnemoin at Elsasshausen ; Battle of
Dijon ; Meeting of Patrols ; Headquarters
of XIV. Army Corps in Battle of Belfort ;
Episode from Battle of Worth ; Victory of
George H. at Dettingen (1879) ; Cavalry
Flight near Langenbruck. — Kunst-Chronik,
ii. 162 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii 292.
EMINENCE GRTSE, Jean Leon Ob-dme,
J. H. Stebbins, New York. His Gray Emi-
nence, the Father Joseph of Bulwer's " Rich-
elieu," is descending a broad flight of stairs;
absorbed in his breviary, he is apparently as
unconscious of the servile bows and genu-
flections of the courtiers before him as of
the defiant and contemptuous glances of
those who have passed him.
EMMET, ROSINA, bom in the United
States, contemporary. Figure pointer, pu-
pil of William Chase. Exhibits at the Na-
tional Academy, New York, and is well
known as an illustrator and designer. Stu-
dio at East Rockaway, L L Works : Portrait
of Boy (1881), Alexander Stevens; Apple
Blossoms, Haymaking, Waiting to see the
Doctor (1882) ; Red Rose Land, Elder
Flowers, La Mescicana (1883).
EMPOLI, JACOPO CHIMENTI DA,
born at Empoli in 1654, died in Florence,
Sept 30, 1640. Florentine school ; pupil
of Tommaso da San Friano, but formed bis
style chiefly by studying the works of An-
^— j drea del Sarto,
*\ /j whose pictures he
* many pictures,
the best of which is Christ in the Garden of
Olives, Madrid Museum. Other works are :
edbyGoOgk
Madonna and Saints (1579), Louvre ; Crea-
tion of Adam, St. Tves (1616), Drunkenness
of Noah, Sacrifice of Abraham, Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; Susanna at the Bath (1600), Vienna
Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole floreatuie ; Va-
sari, ed. Le Mem., vii. 163 ; viii. 261.
ENDER, EDUARD, born in Vienna in
1824. History and genre painter, son and
pupil of Johann E., and student in the Vi-
enna Academy. Works: WaUenstein and
Seni (1844) ; CorheiUe de Mariage (1850) ;
Tasso at Court of Ferrara (1852) ; Francis
I in Cellini's Studio (1854) ; Emperor Ru-
dolph II and Tycho de Brahe (1855);
Philip IV. Painting Order on Portrait of
Velasquez (1856) ; Shakespeare reading
Macbeth at Court of Elizabeth ; Emperor
Joseph IL meeting Mozart; Schiller at
Court of Weimar ; Rembrandt in his Studio ;
Elizabeth and Van Dyck ; Rudolf IV. on
Site of St Stephen's in Vienna ; Pouting
Corner ; Secret Communication ; Drinking
and Brawl ; Game of Chess (1857) ; Puri-
tans on Guard ; Humboldt and Bonplacd on
the Orinoco ; Marie Antoinette's Farewell
of Maria Theresa. — Brockhaus, vi. 124 ;
Land und Meer (1872), Nob. 4, 21 ; Wurz-
bach, iv. 38.
ENDER, JOHANN, born in Vienna, Nov.
8, 1793, died there, March 16, 1854 His-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of Maurer,
Caudg, Fuger, and Lampi in the Vienna
Academy, where he obtained four prizes
and the great gold medal. Visited Italy,
Malta, Corfu, Greece, and Constantinople in
1818-19. Studied and copied the old mas-
ters at Borne in 1820-26, then went to
Paris and Vienna, where he painted chiefly
portraits in the style of Isabey. In 1829-50
was professor at the Academy. Works :
Marcus Aurelius ou his Deathbed (1814),
National Gallery, Pesth ; Orestes pursued
by the Furies (1815) ; Minerva showing
Ithaca to Ulysses (1816) ; Assumption,
Sleeping at Christ's Sepulchre (1817) ;
Judith ; Bacchus finding Ariadne ; Portraits
of Duchess of Coburg, of Princesses Eszter-
hazy, Hohenzollern, Auersperg, Liechten-
stein, and Taxis, and of Emperor Francis ;
Madonna in Landscape, Vienna Museum ;
Crucifixion (fresco, 1850-52), Liechtenstein
Chapel, St Stephen's, Vienna— AUgem. d.
Biogr., vi 105 ; Brockhaus, vi 124 ; Wurz-
bach, iv. 38.
ENDER, THOMAS, born in Vienna, Nov.
4, 1793, died there, Sept 28, 1875. Land-
scape painter, twin brother of Johann, pu-
pil of the Vienna Academy under Mossmer
and Steinfeld. Won the grand prize in
1816. Went in 1817 to the Brazils, and in
1819 accompanied Prince Metternich to
Italy, where he remained four years ; in
1826 he visited Paris, in 1836 became cor-
rector, and later was professor at the Vienna
Academy until 1849. Works : View of Gross-
glockner, High Goll with Berchtesgaden Val-
ley, Castle Tyrol, Nona Valley with Castle
Cles, Coast of Sorrento, all in Vienna Mu-
seum ; View of Rio Janeiro, Vienna Acad-
emy ; Chapel in the Woods, National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Ruin of the Habsburg, Prospect
from the Habsburg (1866). — AUgem. d.
Biogr., vi. 106 ; Brockhans, vi. 124 ; Kunst-
Chronik, i 53 ; xi. 304 ; Wurzbach, iv. 41.
ENDYMION, SLEEP OF, Oirodet de
Boussy, Louvre ; canvas, BL 6 ft 6 in, x 8
ft 6 in. Endymion, nude, lies asleep, on
his mantle and a tiger-skin, under a tree ;
beside him are his bow and his spear, and
at his feet, left, his dog lies sleeping ; in
background, Cupid, in the form of Zephyr,
draws aside the branches that the moon-
beams may fall upon him. Painted in
Rome in 1792 ; acquired, in 1818, with the
Deluge and the Burial of Atala, for 50,000
francs. Engraved by Chatillon (1810). — Re-
veil, ii 137.
By Ouercino, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, H.
2 ft 9 in. x 3 ft 2 in. Endymion, nude,
seated, leaning his head upon his arm;
background, a night landscape, with the
crescent moon. Acquired by gallery in
1795. Engraved by J. B. Maasard pere. —
Molini, Gal. di Firenze, L 19 ; Soc. Ed. and
Paris, Gal. di Firenze, PL 133 ; Wicar, i
Part 7.
edbyGoOgk
ENFANT A L'EPEE, Edouard Manet,
Erwin Davis, New York ; Canvas, H. 4 ft.
3 in. x 3 ft. ; dated 1861. A child walking
to left, dragging a large sword after him.
Hdtel Drouot Sale (Paris, 1881).
ENGELBRECHTSEN, CORNELIS, bom
in Leyden is 1468, died there in 1633.
Dutch school ; bod of the wood-engraver
Engelbert, and himself the earliest known
painter at Leyden. Two altarpieces in the
Town Hall there are attributed to him by
Van Mander. The stiff and formal fig-
ures, painted dryly in a prevailing brown
tone, are treated without any attempt at
aerial perspective. Many of Engelbrecht-
sen's works were destroyed by the Icon-
oclasts during the Reformation. Authentic
Works: Altai-piece with Crucifixion, do.
with Pieta, Town Hall, Leyden. Doubtful
works : St Leonard, Antwerp Museum ;
Crucifixion, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; De-
. . position, Moritz Chapel,
YY Nuremberg ; Madonna
1 t V < and Child, National Gal-
X J lery, London ; 2 pictures,
MKL Hermitage, St Peters-
*""~ burg ; Crucifixion, Venice
Academy. — Allgem. d. Biogr., vi. 136 ;
Dohme, 1L; Michiels, iv. 339; W. & W.,
ii. 530.
ENGELHARDT, GEORG, born atMuhl-
hausen, Thuringia, in 1823. Landscape paint-
er, pupil in Berlin of Eduard Biermann;
travelled repeatedly in the Alpine countries,
whence he draws most of his subjects.
WorkB : Meiring Valley, View in Otz Val-
ley, Tyrol ; View in South Tyrol ; Forest
with tall Trees (1867); Charcoal-Burner on
the Brocken ; The Jungfrau ; Autumn Land-
scape (1872); Mills in Otz Valley.— MuUer,
160.
ENGERTH, EDUARD VON , Ritter, born
at Pless, Silesia, May 13, 1818. History
and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy, where in 1845 he obtained the gold
medal ; went in 1847 to Rome, and then
travelled until 1853 in Italy, France, Eng-
land, and the East After his return in 1854
he became director of the Prague Academy,
and there painted chiefly portraits, and in
1865 professor at
the Vienna Acad-
emy ; was made di-
rector of the Belve-
dere Gallery in 1871,
and rector of the
Academy in 1874.
Commander Order
^of Francis Joseph
in 1867. Works:
Hainan and Esther,
Ladislaus and
Akus (1844); Coronation of Rudolf L; Jo-
seph explaining the Dream (1845); Seizure
of King Manfred's Family (1853), Vienna
Museum ; Victory of Prince Eugene at
Zenta (1865); Marriage of Figaro, Fable of
Orpheus (1868); Coronation of Francis Jo-
seph as King of Hungary (1870); Death of
Eurydice (1877); Group of Prague Ladies ;
Portraits of Emperor and Empress of Aus-
tria. — Brockhaus, vi. 141 ; Kunst-Chronik,
i. 84 ; iv. 174 ; v. 172 ; Wurzbach, iv. 49 ;
xiv. 440 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iii 5.
ENHUBER, EARL VON, born at Hot.
Bavaria, Dec. 16, 1811,
died in Munich, July
6, 1867. Genre and
animal painter, pupil
of Munich Academy
in 1832. His pictures
of Suabian life are
characteristic, hu-
mourous, and both
well drawn and col- /
oured. Honorary ' '
member of Munich Academy in 1858. Order
of St Michael. Works : Poachers sought
by Forester (1835); Tyrolese in Mountain
Pass, Dying Constable (1836); Shoemaker
studying, Watercure (1837); Image Carver
(1839); Smoking Boy (1841); Peering into
Cooking Pot (1843); Shoemaker's Appren-
tice, Civic Guardsman (1844), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Village Painter's Apprentice
(1852); Interrupted Game of Cards (1858);
edbyGoOgk
Stage Coach at the Inn (1859); Conrfc-Daj
in Bavaria (1860), Darmstadt Gallery ; Rain;
Day in the Mountains (1861); Grandfather'!
Delight, "Wood-Carver in his Shop, New
Pinakothek, Munich ; Thir-
teen Illustrations to Melchior K t/ IT"
Meyra Novels. — Allgem. d . i ' '-^
Biogr., vi 146 ; Brockhaus, f\j #, £*
vi 184; Regnet, L 118;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., L 253 ; in. 53.
ENNF.KTNG, JOHN J., born at Minster
0., 1841. Figure and landscape painter
studied art in Cincinnati and Boston, where
he Uvea, and was a pupil in Paris of Bonnal
and of Daubigny. He travelled in Europe
in 1872. Works: Moonlight on the Giu-
decca— Venice (1876); 'Freshly Picked, Drove
of Cattle on a November Day (1878); The
Obersee ; Farm-Yard Scene in France ; No-
vember Twilight (1881); Cloudy Day, T. B.
Clarke, New York ; November (1884).— Ben-
jamin, 196.
ENTOMBMENT, Michelangelo da Cam-
edbyGoOgk
ENTOMBMENT
Christ borne to the tomb by two young men ;
near the body, behind, John, Joseph of Ari-
mathea, and Alary Magdalen ; at right,, the
Virgin swooning, supported by three women;
background, rocky landscape with Calvary
in distance. Painted in Perugia by order of
Atalanta Baglioni, for her chapel in 8. Fran-
cesco, where it remained until 1608, when
it was removed to the Palazzo Borgheee,
a copy made by the Cavaliere di Arpino
being put into its place. Carried in 1797
to Paris ; returned to Vatican in 1816 ; af-
terward removed to Palazzo Borghese. Dis-
figured by splits and patches. Copies by F.
Penni (1518), Turin Gallery ; by Orazio Al-
fani, Perugia Gallery ; by Sassoferrato, S.
Pietro, Perugia ; and others. Three round
monochromes, Faith, Hope, and Charity,
once the predella of the Entombment, are in
the Vatican. The lunette representing God
the Father surrounded by ten cherubs'
heads is in the Perugia Gallery ; designed,
but not painted, by Raphael Studies for En-
tombment in Louvre, L'ffizi, Palazzo Bor-
ghese, etc. Engraved by Seal berg, Collin,
Piroli, Volpato, Amsler, Scheich, and Mas-
quelier. Predella, engraved by Desnoyers
(1811), Landon, Koch.— C. &, G, Raphael,
i 315 ; Passavant, i. 95, ii 57 ; Rumohr,
Italienische Forschungen, ii. 69; Vasari,
cd. Mil, iv. 327 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii 422 ;
Muntz, 233, 247 ; Perkins, Essay, -75.
By IT Bosso, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 f t 1
in. x 6 ft. 3 in. The body of Christ, on a
cushion at the entrance of the tomb, is sus-
tained by Nicodemus ; at left, the Magdalen
holdshisfeet; the Virgin, on her knees, with
arms extended, swoons in the arms of one
of the holy women. Probably the picture
which, according to Vasari, was painted for
Signer di Piombino, or that executed for
the Constable.— Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 168, 171;
Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon, xii PL 61.
By Tintoretto, Parma
Gallery. Christ borne to
the tomb in a desert place,
with a melancholy sky,
against which the three
crosses are seen in the dis-
tance, together with the
ruins of the cattle-shed of
the nativity. In this pict-
ure sublimity of concep-
tion and grandeur of col-
our are seen in the highest
perfection. — Buskin, Mod.
Painters, ii. 168 ; iii. 324.
By Tintoretto, S. Fran-
cesco della Vigna, Venice;
canvas, arched at the top.
In foreground, the Virgin
swooning, attended by two women ; in mid-
dleground, Christ borne to the tomb by the
disciples, above them an angel with a wreath ;
in background, to right, the three crosses
on a hill, with Roman soldiers. Engraved
by L. Eilian. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne.
By Titian, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 10
in. x 6 ft. 8 in. The body of Christ sus-
pended in a cloth, borne by Nicodemus and
Joseph of Arimathea, the latter with one
knee on a stone ; St John Evangelist, be-
hind, holds up one arm ; the Virgin and
Magdalen at left Painted in Mantua in
1523 for Duke Federigo Gonzaga ; in inven-
tory of the Mantuan Palace in 1627 ; passed
thence to collection of Charles L, after
whose death it was sold for £120 to Jabaoh,
edbyGoOgk
EFAMINONDAS
who disposed of it to Louis XlV. One of
the great pictures of the world, in which
the grandest drawing, composition, and ex-
pression are combined with the most effec-
tive chiaroscuro, the most splendid colour,
and the deepest sentiment. An inferior
copy, probably by a disciple of Titian's, was
sold lately from the Palazzo Manfrini, Venice.
Original study in the Venice Academy. En-
graved by G. Bousselet ; Chaperon ; Mas-
son ; Joh. de Marc— C. & C, Titian, L 283;
Vaaari, ed. MiL, rii 458 ; KlhoL ix. PL 619 ;
Miindler, 208 ; Landon, Musee, viL PL 67 ;
Van der Doort's Cat ; Scharf a Old London,
330.
By Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 4
ft 6 in. x 5 ft, 9 in. ; signed. Theme some-
what different from the Louvre example,
and less rich in tints and less engaging in
form. Painted in 1559 for Philip IX and
sent to Madrid, with the Diana and Actseon
and the Diana and Callisto, to take the place
of one despatched in 1657, but lost on the
way. Placed in Royal Chapel at Aranjuez,
and after Philip's death in the Escorial
Original sketch at Oxford University. Copies,'
with variations, of picture in Madrid Mu-
seum, the EflcoriaL Ambrosiana in Milan,
Torrigiani Collection, Florence, and Vienna
Museum.— C. & C, Titian, ii. 289.
EPAMTNONDAS, ancient pictures. See
Arutolaus, Euphranor.
EFHOBUS, painter, of Ephesus, about
346 B.C. First master of Apelles. — Said v.
EPIPHANY. See Magi, Adoration of.
EPP, BUDOLF, bom at Eberbach, Baden,
July, 1834. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Carlsruhe Art School under Des-
ooudres. Since 1865 settled at Munich.
Works : Hide and Seek (1864); Mother and
sleeping Child ; Christmas Eve ; Black For-
est Idyl ; Hop Harvest ; Mother and Child ;
Juggler performing before Peasants ; "Onwel-
oome Guest ; Cat's Breakfast —Mailer, 161.
EBCOLE DA FEBBABA or FEBBAB-
KSE. See Grandi.
EBDMANN, LUDWIG, bom atBodecke,
near Paderbom, in 1820. Genre painter,
pupil of Dtisseldorf Academy. His pictures
show inventive power, humour, and techni-
cal skill Works : Satisfied Artist ; Shoe-
maker teaching a Bird to whistle ; Three
Drunken Men returning from Fair ; Village
Painter admiring his Work; Dismayed
Lover of Flowers ; Morning after Masquer-
ade Ball (1854).— Muller, 161.
EBDMANN, MOBITZ, bom at Aroeburg
near Stend&L April 15, 1845. Landscape
painter, pupil of Berlin Academy and of
Hermann Eschke; travelled through Ger-
many, Holland, Sweden, and, for one year,
visited Italy. Works : Heath on the Begen-
stein in Hartz Mountains ; Morsum Cliffs on
Isle of Sylt ; Moonlight in Gallmars Fjord ;
Green Grotto in Capri ; Villa of Hadrian at
Tivoli ; Aqua Claudia of Campo Santo, Na-
ples ; Roman Campagna. — Muller, 161.
EBDMANN, OTTO, bora in Leipsio in
1834. Genre painter,
pupil of Leipsic Acad-
emy, studied in Dres-
den and Munich, and
in 1858 settled in Diia-
seldorf. Works: Tal-
ented Children ; Suc-
cessful Wooing ; Blind
Man's Buff (1863), '
Leipsic Museum ; Ex-
pectation ; Reception of
Bridegroom; Visit
from the Country ; Secret Message ; He loves
me, he loves me not ; Accepted Suitor ; Re-
jected Suitor; Couple in the Woods; Fort
une-Teller ; Interrupted Piano Lesson ; Con-
versations; Flattering Recommendation;
Journey to the Fiancee ; Betrothal Ring
(1880); Chambermaid in Rococo-time,
Found for Life (1884). Paints also excellent
portraits. — Mttller, 161 ; Blustr. Zeitg.
(1884), L 284
ERHARDT, GEOBG FBIEDBICH, bora
at Winterbach, Wiirtemberg, in 1825, died
in Stuttgart, Sept 20, 1881. Portrait
painter, studied first in Berlin, then in
Stuttgart under Gegenbauer, whom he as-
sisted in the palace frescos ; frequented the
^abyGoOglC
Munich Academy in 1848-49, and then set-
tled in Stuttgart, where he received the
great gold medal, and in 1876 became
court-painter. Works: Portraits of King
Charles of WOrtemberg, Queen Pauline,
King William, Queen Olga, King Frederic
as Prussian Colonel; numerous portraits
and family groups of Stuttgart aristocracy.
— Kunst-Chronik, xviL 42.
ERIGONUS, of Sicyon, about 280 a a,
colour-grinder to Nealoee, and afterwards his
pupiL Erigonua was the master of Pastas.
—Pliny, xxxv. 40 [145].
ERILLUS, Herillus, or Phrylus, painter,
about 420 aa Mentioned by Pliny (xxxv.
60) as an artist of note.
ERMELS, JOHANN FRANZ, born near
Cologne in 1621 or 1641, died in Nurem-
berg, Dec 3, 1699. German school ; his-
tory and landscape painter, pupil in Co-
logne of Johann Hulsman. At Utrecht he
studied the landscapes of Jan Both, and at
Nuremberg associated himself with Willem
van Bemmel in 1660, and painted the fig-
ures in his landscapes. Works : Christ and
Samaritan Woman ; Resurrection, Ascen-
sion (1663), St Sebaldus, Nuremberg ; Land-
scape with approaching Storm, Landscape
in Evening Light, both in St&del Institute,
Frankfort ; Landscape with Animals, Mann-
heim Gallery ; Landscape with ruined Mon-
ument, Vienna Museum ; Waterfall, Cologne
Museum; Rocky Landscape, Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Landscape in Storm, Oldenburg
Gallery.— Allgem. d. Biogr., vi. 231 j Merlo,
Nachrichten, 110.
ES (Essen), JACOB VAN, born in Ant-
werp, Oct. 15, 1606, died there, buried
March 11, 1666. Flemish school ; painter
of animal and still life, especially fish and
other marine uni'mala ; pupil of Omer van
Ommen ; admitted to guild of St Luke in
1646. Works : Fruitpiece, Lille Museum ;
Crabs and Fruit, Oysters and Fish, Nancy
Museum ; Fruit with Dead Game and Ves-
sels, Antwerp Museum ; Fish Market (2),
with figures by Jordaens, Museum, Vienna ;
Breakfast Table, Fruitpiece (1640), Liech-
tenstein Gallery, ib.; 3 pictures in Madrid
Museum; others in Turin, Nancy, Lille,
t Ghent, Frank-
\ \ / 17^ £ *»*. *nd Stock-
I ^^ • {^^ ^J holm Museums.
— A 1 1 g e m . d.
Biogr., vi. 336 ; Biog. nat de Belgique, vi
695 ; Kramm, ii. 442 ; Michiels, x, 420 ; Van
den Branden, 1108.
ESBRATT, NOEL RAYMOND, born in
Paris in 1809, died there in 1856. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Wattelet and Lethiere.
Medals: 3d class, 1844; 2d class, 1847.
Works : Lake of Brienz (1844); Banks of
the Seine near Caudebec (1847), Ministry
of the Interior ; Fountain near Bourbonne
(1842); View in the Park of Eu (1845); Val-
ley of the Nievre (1848); A Watering Place
for Horses (1852); Visit of Napoleon BX to
Sologne (1853), ordered by State ; Pasture,
Mouth of the Somme. — Larous&e.
ESCALANTE, JUAN ANTONIO, born
at Cordova in 1630, died in Madrid in 1670.
Spanish school ; pupil of Francisco Rizi, but
imitated Tintoretto. Painted historical and
religious compositions. Works : Holy Fam-
ily, Child Jesus and St John, Abigail, Tri-
umph of Faith over the Senses, Madrid Mu-
cJca&tct
St Joseph
and Infant Christ,
Hermitage, St Pe-
tersburg ; Fortune-
Teller, Hague Mu-
Stirling, iii. 1026; Viardot 289;
Madrazo, 395.
ESCAIJER, NICOLAS (FELIX), born in
Paris ; contemporary. Architecture, figure,
and portrait painter, pupil of Andr6 and De-
launay. Medal, 2d class, 1884. Works:
Interior of St Mark's, Venice, da of San
Miniato, Florence (1873); The first Model
(1875); Doge Dandolo the Elder (1876);
Decorative Panel (1878); A Surprise for the
Inhabitants of the Rialto, Venice (1881); A
happy Occurrence (1884); Andante (1885).
Frescos in Palazzo Lubia, Venice (1873).
ESCALUER, Mme. ELEONORE, born
at Poligny (Jura); contemporary. Still-life
edbyGoOgk
painter, pupil of Ziegler. Medal, 1868.
Works: The Pond, The Garden (1861)',
Young Girl with Fish (1865); Garden Cor-
ner (1867); Flowers and Birds (1868); Chrys-
anthemums (1869), Luxembourg Museum ;
Autumn Flowers (1870); Spring Flowers
(1872); Peaches and Grapes (1872), Dijon
Museum ; Decorative Panels for the Palais
de la Legion dTionneur (1876).— Be.llicr-
Auvray, i 520.
ESCH, MATHUDE, born at Elattan,
Bohemia, Jan. 18, 1828. Genre, landscape,
and still-life painter, pupil in Vienna of
Waldm (Viler, and in Munich of MoritzMttller ;
studied also in D Usseldorf and Paris, and set-
tled in Vienna in 1856. Works : Farm House
in Moravia, Market Scene in Moravia, Mu-
nich Girls in the Cemetery, Girl with Dog
(1856); Unexpected Beturn (1857); Gate and
Sarkander Pulpit in Brunn Cathedral ; The
Five Senses; Tanered baptizing Clorinda;
Farewell of the Bride.— Wurzbach, iv. 7a
ESCHK.E, (WILHELM BENJAMIN)
HERMANN, born in Berlin, May 6, 1823.
Landscape and marine painter, pupil of Wil-
helm Erause, then hi Paris of Le Poittevin ;
travelled through Europe before completing
his studies in 1850, and then revisited the
coast of the Mediterranean and the Pyre-
nees. Gold medal in 1879. Professor at
the Berlin Academy since 1881. Works :
Montorgueil from the Sea, St. Aubin's Cas-
tle (1860) ; Light-House near L'Etacq ; West-
ern Coast of Helgoland (1861); Elizabeth
Castle on Jersey, Isle of Nenwerk (1863);
Pond in Twilight ; Dutch Landscape ; Storm
in open Sea ; Blue Grotto at Capri ; Isle of
Amrum at Ebb Tide ; Bergen on Bugen ;
St Catherine on Isle of Jersey (1868); Bal-
tic Sea in Winter, Life-Boat to Rescue of
Schooner (1872); Steinbach Valley in the
Haifa ; Storm on Coast of Capri ; Promon-
tory of Arkona on Bugen ; Whatcombe Bay
on Isle of Wight ; Light-House on Isle of
Nenwerk ; Eastern Pier at Swinemtlnde
(1879); Light-House on the Cliff (1879),
National Gallery, Berlin. — Brockhaus, vi.
850 ; Rosenberg, BerL Malersch., 340.
E8COSURA. See Leon y Esoosura.
ESCBIBANO, EL. See Prima, EL
ESKILSSON, PETER, born at Billeber-
ga, Sohonen, in 1820, died at BremO, near
Sigtuna, Jan. 29, 1872. Genre painter ;
sub-officer in a Gotha artillery regiment,
and bookseller at Gothenherg, before he
became the pupil of Tidemand (1853) in
Dusseldorf. In 1859 he settled in Stock-
holm, and became member of the Academy
in 1866. Works: Moll berg's Bowling Party
at Faggens (1868), Stockholm Museum.
ESOP, Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; can-
vas, H 5 ft 10 in. x 3 ft. An old man, full
length, standing, with a parchment folio in
his right hand, his left thrust into the
bosom of his grey dress. Probably painted,
with its companion Menippus, for royal
palace, by command of Philip IV. Copy
by Prevost in Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris.
Engraved by Esquivel ; etched by Goya, C.
Alabern ; Galvan, and others. — Ford, Hand-
book, ii. 689 ; L'Art (1878) ; Curtis, 18 ;
Madrazo, 638.
ESPALIER T BULL, JOAQUIN, born
in Barcelona; contemporary. History paint-
er, pupil of Barcelona Art School, then
studied in Rome and in Germany. Works :
Tobias ; Death of Moses ; Dante's Purga-
tory ; Discovery of America ; The Moor's
Sigh ; Melancholia ; Portrait of Don Buen-
aventura C. Aribau, Barcelona Museum ;
frescos in University and other Buildings
at Madrid.— La Hustracion, 1877.
ESPINAI, JUAN DE, born at Seville,
died there in 1783. Spanish school ; his-
tory painter, sou and pupil of Gregoria E.,
then pupil of Domingo Martinez, whose
daughter he married ; was made director of
the School of Design at Seville. Works:
Scenes from Life of St Jerome, Seville Mu-
seum ; Frescos in Collegiate Church, San
Salvador.
ESPINOS, DON BENITO, born at Va-
lencia, died about 1817. Spanish school ;
flower painter, son of the history painter
and engraver Josef Espinos (1721-1784);
was appointed director of the Valencia Acad-
edbyG00gk
eray in 1787. Works : Nino Flower pieces,
Madrid Museum ; others in the Escorial
and in Valencia Museum.
ESHNOSA, JACINTO JERONIMO DE,
born at Concentaius, Valencia, July 20, 1600,
died in Valencia in 1680. Spanish school ;
history painter, son and pupil of Rodriguez
de EBpinoea (1662-1630), amediocre painter;
probably studied afterward under Francisco
Bibalta, and later in Italy. Painted chiefly
religious compositions, and excelled in por-
traits. Warm colour, resembles the best
Bolognese masters in style. Works : Mary
Magdalen, Christ at the Column, St John
Baptist, Madrid Museum ; St Francis of
Assuo, Christ bearing the Cross, Dresden
Gallery ; Communion of Mary Magdalen,
St. Louis Bertrand, Christ appearing to St
Ignatius Loyola, Valencia Museum. Others
in churches of Valencia He was aided in
many of his works by bis son Miguel Jeron-
imo, who imitated his style with moderate
n.J. h
ipmoja
1(1)0
success. — Stirling, II 768 ; Ch. Blanc, Scale
espagnole ; Viardot, 150 ; Madrazo, 398.
ESSELENS, JACOB, flourished at Am-
sterdam, 17th century. Dutch school ; land-
scape and figure painter, supposed pupil of
Rembrandt ; painted Tillages on the banks
of rivers, buildings with fountains, stag-
hunts, and shipping-pieces. Works : Fig-
ures by a River, Rotterdam Museum ; Fish-
ing Piece, Copenhagen Gallery ; Rendezvous
of a Hunting Party, Corporation Galleries,
Glasgow. — Immerzeel, i. 224 ; Kramm, ii.
443.
ESTE, ALFONSO D', Duke of Ferrara,
portrait, Titian, Madrid Museum ; wood, EL
1 ft 1 in. x 3 ft 3 in. Painted about 1518 ;
acquired in 1533, by Emperor Charles V.
Replica, lately in Kaunitz Collection, by
some later painter. Second portrait of Al-
fonso, painted by Titian in 1536, lost — C. &
0., Titian, L 189, 368, 410.
ESTE GONZAGA, ISABELLA D\ Mar-
chioness of Mantua, portrait Titian, Vienna
Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft 2 in. x 2 ft.
Pointed in 1534, from an older portrait by
some unknown painter. Bought by Arch-
duke Leopold Wilhelm for hie gallery in
Brussels, and thence passed to Vienna. En-
graved by Vorsterman from copy by Ru-
bens ; also engraved by Van der Steen,
Krepp, and others. Replica, with varia-
tions, at Hermitage, attributed to Paris Bor-
done ; others at Verona and Padua. — C. &
C., Titian, i 385.
ESTENSE, BALDASSARE Lombard
school, last half of 15th century. Probably
of Reggio, as he is sometime* called Bal~
dassare da Reggio. Supposed illegitimate
scion of House of Este, as he received un-
usual promotion from the Dukes of Ferrara,
Painted a likeness of Borso L in 1469, and
was sent to Milan to present it in person to
the Duke. His frescos in the Rufini Chapel,
S. Domenico, Ferrara, have perished, but
his portrait of Tito Strozzi, a tempera on
canvas, of good outline and finish, dated
1483, is in the Costabili Collection, Ferrara.
He seems to have followed in the footsteps
of Turn and of
Cosss. Bsldas-
sare's will was
made in 1500. —
C. & G, N. Italy, L 625 ; Vasari, ed. Lb
Mon., iv. 17a
ESTHER AND AHASDERDS, Julius
Schroder, National Gallery, Berlin ; canvas,
H. 6 ft 6 in. x 8 ft 3 in. ; signed, dated
1856. Illustration of Esther, Cb. V. Ahasu-
erus, at left lowering his sceptre graciously,
greets Queen Esther, who swoons in the
arms of her two attendants ; behind him
the anxious Hainan ; at right at entrance of
palace, two soldiers. Figures life size, seen
to knees.
By Tintoretto, Hampton Court Palace,
England ; canvas, H. 6 ft 9 in. x 8 ft 9 in.
Esther fainting, held up by a woman and a
man; the King anxiously descending the
steps of the throne ; other figures crowding
B.Esfaise
MbyGooglc
round. Id collection of Charles I. ; Bold in
1660 for £120 ; returned to royal collection
at Restoration. Original sketch at Madrid.
Engraved in reverse by S. Gribelin. Waagen
save "this is one of the moat admirable
specimens I know of this unequal master."
— Law, Hist Cai Hampton Court, 24 ;
Waagen, Treasures, ii. 369.
By Paolo Veronese, Louvre ; canvas, H. 6
ft. 6 in. x 10 ft. 2 in. Ahasuerua on a throne
at right, with his councillors around him,
looks angrily at Queen Esther, who faints in
the arms of two of her women ; above, two
figures in a balcony ; in the middle, a statue
in a niche. Formerly in Casa Bonaldi, Ven-
ice ; bought by Jabach, who Bold it to
Louis XIV.— Landon, (Euvres, xxi PL 3 ;
Musee, xix. PI. 30 ; Villot, Cat Louvre.
ETEX, ANTOINE, born in Paris, March
SO, 1808. Painter, sculptor, architect, en-
graver, and writer on art subjects. Studied
sculpture under Dupaty and Pradier, paint-
ing under Ingres, and architecture under
Duban. Has worked chiefly as a sculptor.
Medal, 1st class, 1833 ; L. of Honour, 1841.
Works : Woman Bathing (1828) ; St Se-
bastian, Joseph explaining his Dream to his
Brethren (1844) ; Deliverance (1846) ; Woman
of the Roman Campagna, Eurydice (1853),
Luxembourg Museum ; Asia, Daiiae, Isaac
blessing Jacob (1867) ; Christ on Lake Geu-
ezareth, The Seasons, Europe, Africa (1869);
Education of the Medici (1861); Jacob
going to meet Joseph in Egypt, Jacob's Fu-
neral (1863) ; The Sons of Joseph blessed by
Jacob (1866) ; Ancient Slave, Modern Slave
(1866) ; Death of the Child Adeodatus (1875) ;
Portrait of himself (1877) ; Christ, Glory of
the United States (1886).
ETEX, LOUIS JULES, born in Paris,
Sept 20, 1810. History, genre, and por-
trait painter, brother of Antoine E, pupil
of Lethiere and Ingres. Medals : 2d class,
1833, 1838. Works : Adam and Eve (1838);
Woman carrying Fruit (1840); Madonna,
Lost the Way (1846); Woman from Fron-
tier of Naples (1849); Christ raising the
Widow's Son (1851); Stage-Coach during
Storm (1852); Vestal re-entering Temple
swoons at seeing the Sacred Fire extin-
guished (1868); Souvenir de La Varenne,
Vestal dragged out of the Temple (1869);
St Genevieve, Evening (1870); St Philibert,
Notre-Dame de Lorette, Paris ; Portraits of
Henri L, Due de Montmorency, and of
Marquis de Sillery, Versailles Museum. —
Bellier-Auvray, i 524.
ETTT, WILLIAM, born in York, March
10, 1787, died
there, Nov. 13,
1849. History
painter, son of a
miller; appren-
ticed for seven
years with Peck,
a letter-press
printer at Hull ;
went to London
in 1806, in 1807
became a student at the Royal Academy,
and in 1808 of Sir Thomas Lawrence. He
was long unsuccessful but by persevering
drudgery at last won bis reward ; in 1811
his Telemachus rescuing Antiope was hung
in the Royal Academy, and in 1820 his Coral
Finders, and in 1821 his Cleopatra on the
Cydnus, brought him fame. In 1822 he
visited Italy and became an honorary mem-
ber of the Venetian Academy ; and in 1824
he was elected an A.R. A., and ' in 1828 R. A.
Etty delighted in painting the nude, espe-
cially the female form, and as a colourist
had few equals in the English school.
Works: Sappho (1811); The Deluge (1816),
Cupid sheltering Psyche (1823), Head of a
Cardinal (1844), South Kensington Museum ;
Imprudence of Candaules (1830), Window
in Venice during a Festa (1831), Touth on
the Prow and Pleasure at the Helm (1832),
Lute-Player (1833), Dangerous Playmate
(1833), Christ appearing to Magdalen (1834),
II Duetto (1838), Female Bathers surprised
by a Swnn (1841), Magdalen (1842), Bather
(1844), National Gallery, London ; Deliver-
ance of Bethulia by Judith (3 pictures, 1827-
31), Benaiah (1829), The Combat (1825),
edbyG00gk
National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Ulysses Mid
the Sirens (1837), Manchester Gallery ; Or-
igin of Marriage, Bevy of Fair Women (1828),
Stafford House, London ; Venus and Cupid,
Henry Bicknell, Cavendish House, Clapham
Common; Bape of Proserpine (1839), Ve-
nus Anadyomene, Three Graces, J. Gillott
Collection ; Judgment of Paris ; Venus and
her Satellites (1835); Wise and Foolish Vir-
gins ; Hylas and Nymphs ; Prodigal Son ;
Prodigal's Return ; Destruction of Temple
of Vice ; Adam and Eve ; Pandora ; Parting
of Hero and Leander ; Death of da; Diana
and Endymion ; Amore t freed by Britomart ;
Zephyr and Aurora; Robinson Crusoe re-
turning Thanks for Deliverance; Joan of
Arc (3 pictures, 1847).— Gilchrist, Life (Lon-
don, 1855); Redgrave; Art Jour. (1849), 13;
(1858), 233 ; Sandby, a 49; Ch. Blanc, Boole
anglaise; Portfolio (1875), 88, 107, 142, 149,
172, 180 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1862), xiii 208.
ETZDORF. See Ezdorf.
EUCHETR, of Athens, mythic painter,
spoken of as the discoverer of painting in
Greece, and as related to Daadalus. — Pliny,
viL 67 [205].
EUDORUS, scene-painter and statuary,
place and date unknown. — Pliny, zxxv. 40
[Ul],
EUMARTJS, monochrome painter, of Ath-
ens, latter part of 6th century b.c. Said to
have been the first to distinguish men from
women in his pictures by colour, by which
is meant, probably, that he painted the flesh
of the former of a reddish brown and that
of the latter white. Also said to have first
marked the differences in age between the
persons whom he painted. Painting in
Greece, up to his time on a level with that
in Assyria and Egypt, took with him the
first steps in the path of progress. — Pliny,
mv. 34 [65].
EUMELUS, painter, of Csria, probably
about a.d. 190. His picture of Helen was
in the Roman Forum. — Philosi Vita Sophist.,
ii. 5.
EUPHRANOR, one of the greatest of
Greek artists, of Corinth, Thebon-Attic
school, pupil of ArisHdea of Thebes or of
his son and pupil Ariston, about 370-336
B.C. Master of all arts — painter, sculptor,
chaser of metals, and writer on symmetry
and colour (Pliny, xxxiv. 19 ; Quin., xil 10,
6). He united the traditions of his Theban
master with those of the Sicyonic school,
and painted many famous works, both at
Corinth and at Athens. Upon one wall in
the Stoa BasiLeus at Athena he painted
Theseus with personifications of Democracy
and the Demos, and upon the opposite one
the twelve great gods. There also he repre-
sented a fight between the Athenian and
Boeotian cavalry at the battle of Mantinan,
with portraits of Epaminondas and of Gryl-
1ns, son of Xenophon (Paus. L 3. % 3).
With reference to the first-named picture
Euphranor remarked that the Theseus of
Parrhasius had been fed on roses, but his
own on beef (Pliny, zxxv. 40). Some fa-
mous pictures of his at Ephesus are also
mentioned : Ulysses in his feigned Madness,
yoking together an Ox and a Horse ; and a
Warrior sheathing his Sword.
EUPOMFUS, a noted Greek painter, of
Sicyon, founder of the Sicyonic school, con-
temporary and rival of Parrhasvus and Tt-
manthes, about 400 b.c (Pliny, srv. 36 [61,
64, 76]). Before his time only two schools
of painting were recognized in Greece, the
Ionic (Asiatic) and the Attic (Hellenic).
We know the subject of but one of his
works, a winner in the Olympic games car-
rying a palm of victory in his hand. This
picture was so marked in its individuality
that the pain ter was conceded to have founded
a third school, the Sicyonic, at the head of
which stands his scholar Pamphilus, the mas-
ter of Apelles.
EURIPIDES, painter and poet (486-406
b.c). The great tragic poet was a painter
in his youth, and Beveral of his works were
preserved in Megara. — Suidas, v. and Vita
Eurip. in Vitm scriptores Greet minores (ed.
Westerm. 134, 16).
EUROPA, RAPE OF, Claude Lorrain,
Buckingham Palace ; canvas, H. 4 ft x 4 ft.
^byGoOgk
6 in.; signed, dated Borne, 1667. A sea-
coast view in early morning light ; Europa
and the bull in foreground, and group of
trees in middle distance ; in background,
left, hills. Replica of picture painted for
Pope Alexander VII. in 1655. Bought by
George IV. at Lord Gwydyr sale (1829) for
£2,000. Engraved by Radclyffe, and by
Claude himself. Liber Veritatia, No. 136.
Another Europa, Liber Veritatis, 144, was
in collection of Sir Philip Miles, Leigh
I whose hands it passed to the Orleans Collec-
tion ; Bold in 1798 to Lord Berwick for £700
Copy by Rubens in Madrid Museum ; an-
other, probably by Del Mazo, is in collection
of Sir Bichard Wallace ; poor copy in Dul-
wich Gallery.— C. & C, Titian, ii 319 ; Waa-
gen, Treasures, iii. 19.
By Paolo Veronese, Palazzo Ducale, Ven-
ice ; canvas. Jupiter, in the form of a bull,
lying down under trees to receive Europa,
who, aided by attendants, is Beating herself
Rip* of Europa, Piolo Vnror
Court— "Waagen, Treasures, ii. 23 ; Patti-
son, Claude Lorrain, 71, 227.
By Tttian, Cobham Hall, England ; can
Tan, H. 5 ft 10 in. x 6 ft. 8 in.; signed.
Jupiter, in the form of a bull, with Europa
on his back, rushes through the brine, while
Eros, with expanded wings, clings to a dol-
phin following, and two Cupids fly over-
head ; in the distance Europa's companions
on the shore bewail her loss. Painted in
1662 for Philip IL of Spain ; given by Philip
V. in 1704 to Marquis de Grammont, through
on his back; above, two Cupids bring wreaths
of flowers, and a third holds the bull by a
cord attached to a wreath around his horns ;
at right, the hull is seen entering the water
with Europa on his back, with attendants,
and Cupid bearing a torch ; in distance, the
bull swimming, with attendants on shore
taking leave of Europa Left to the Repub-
lic by Bertucci Contarini in 1716. Taken
to Paris in 1798; returned in 1817. Buskin
says : One of the very few pictures which
both possess and deserve a high reputation.
edbyG00gk
Replica in Capitol Gallery, Borne ; another,
small, with changes, National Gallery, Lou
don. Engraved by Rainaldi ; Lefebvre. —
Buskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 297 ; Klas. der
Molerei, PL 76 ; London, Musee, xv. PL 29 ;
Bighetti, Compidoglio, ii. PL 206 ; Bosini,
v. 271 ; Ilcveil, xiL 823.
EUSEBIO tol SAN GIORGIO. See San
Giorgio.
EUTHYMTDES, third-rate painter, place
and date unknown (Pliny, xxxv. 40 [146]).
Perhaps identical with Euthymides of Ha-
dria, son of Polius, vase-painter, whose name
is on a vase found at Vulcl
EUTYCHLDES, painter, place and date
unknown. His picture of a two-horse char-
iot is mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. 40 [141]).
Perhaps identical with the sculptor of the
aame name from Sicyon, mentioned byPau-
saniaa (vi. 2. 6) and Pliny (xxxiv. 78).
ETJXINIDAS, painter, master of Aristides
of Thebes, about 400-380 kc. Works un-
known. — Pliny, mit. 36 [74].
EVANS, DE SCOTT, bora in Boston,
Ind., in 1847. Portrait and genre painter.
Crxtion of Ey», Michdmgilo, SlMlM Ctnptl, Rom«.
pupil of Bougaereau in Paris, 1877-78.
Studio in Cleveland, where he is professor
in the Academy of Fine Arts. Exhibits at
the National Academy, New York. Ideal
works: Mother's Treasure, T. D. Crocker,
Cleveland; In the Studio; Old Tapestry,
The Answer (1881); Old Clock, Taxidermist
(1882); Old Spring House, Morning (1883);
Birthday Card (1884).
EYANTHES, painter, of Egypt, 4th oan.
tury n.c. Painted an Andromeda and a
Prometheus for the Temple of Zeus Kasius
at Pelusium. — Achilles Tatius, iii. 6 (edition
Jacobs).
EVE, CBEATION OP, Michelangelo, Sis-
tine ChapeL Borne ; fresco on ceiling. H
lustration of Genesis ii. 21-23.
EVENOR, painter, of Ephesus, father and
master of Parrhmius, lived about 420 aa
—Pliny, xiiv. 36 [60]; Paus. 1, 28, 2;
Athen. xiL p. 543.
EVEBDINGEN, ALLABT (Aldert) VAN,
born at Alkmaar
in 1621 {?), died
in Amsterdam,
Nov., 1675.
Dutch school ;
landscape paint-
er, pupil at Ut-
recht of Boelandt
Savery, and the
master of Back-
^ h uy sen and Buys-
' dael From
1645 to 1651 lived at Haarlem, and from
1654 to 1675 in Amsterdam. Everdingen's
landscapes are poetic and spirited. His
treatment of rocks and waterfalls, forests and
sea-views, is truthful and vigouroua, both
in his pictures and his numerous etchings.
Many of his studies from nature were made
in Norway, which he visited in 1640-44.
Works: Norwegian Landscapes (2), National
Museum, Amsterdam ; Two Waterfalls, Rot-
terdam Museum ; Bocky Landscape, Vienna
Museum ; Landscapes (2), Louvre ; River
Landscape (1648), Norwegian WaterfaU, Nor-
wegian Landscapes (2), Wooded Slope, Cas-
tle by River, Berlin Museum ; Waterfall with
Alpine Hut, Norwegian Landscape (1647),
Brunswick Museum ; Ravine with Torrent,
Cologne Museum; Landscape with Waterfall
(1650), Storm at Sea, 2 Landscapes, Old Pin-
akothek, Munich; Stag-Hunt (1643), 4 Land-
scapes, Dresden Gallery ; Mountain Torrent
in Norway, Breslau Museum ; Stormy Sea,
Landscape with Mill, Norwegian Landscape,
edbyG00gk
EVEEDraOEN
\AV M
Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; High Tide among
Cliffij (1647), Mountain Landscape (1648),
three others, Copenhagen Gallery. Others
in Cassel, Darmstadt, Gotha, Oldenburg,
Hamburg, and
Si Petersburg
Galleries. — All-
gem, d. Biogr., vi. 435 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
hollandaise ; Forster, iii. 207, 241 ; Immer-
zeek i 225; Eramm, ii. 445 ; Quellenschrift-
en, xiv. 201 ; Van der WiUigen, 127.
EVERDINGEN, CESAB VAN, bora at
Alkmaar in 1606, died there in 1679. Dutch
school, history, genre, and portrait painter ;
brother of Allart van E. ; pupil of Jan Tan
Bronkhorst, entered the Alkmaar guild in
1632 ; went in 1648 to Haarlem, where he
entered the guild in 1651, but returned to
Alkmaar, where most of his pictures are to
be found in Si Lawrence's Church and in
the Town HalL He painted with vivid con-
ception and powerful colouring. Works :
Diogenes in Search of a Man (1652, figures
portraits of the Steijn family), National Mu-
seum, Amsterdam ; Flora, Pomona, Bacchus,
-f£i m , and Cupid, Dresden
(V/f fL /J, Gallery. Hia younger
^L-# w * m brother, Jan (1625-
1656), painted still life.— ImmerzeeL i. 225 j
Eramm, ii. 445 ; Quellenschriften, ziv. 200 ;
Van der WiUigen, 126.
EVERS, ANTON CLEMENS, born on
the Moritzberg, near Hildesheim, in 1802.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of the
Dresden Academy until 1829, after which he
painted portraits in his native town. In
1832 he went to Munich, where he estab-
lished himself as a painter of Bavarian life
and sports. Works : Peter Vischer in Nu-
remberg working on Sebaldua' Monument ;
Guttenberg showing first Trials of Printing ;
iSL N.v.E ]\^
<LT
Luther as Squire George at the Wartburg
Hans Sachs composing Poetry in a Bower.
EWALD, EBNST (DEOD AT PAUL FEE-
DINAND), horn in Berlin, March 17, 1836.
History painter, pupil in Berlin in 1866 of
Steffeck, then studied in Paris in 1856-63,
including one year under Couture. After
visiting Italy, in 1863-64, he returned to
Berlin, and there decorated the new city
hall, and a hall in the National Gallery, with
wall paintings. In 1868 he became in-
structor, and in 1874 director, of the Ger-
man Industrial School, in 1880 also of the
Royal Art School, at Berlin. Works : The
Seven Deadly Sins (1863), Scenes from Nie-
behmgen Saga (1869), National Gallery,
Berlin. — Brockhaus, vi. 463 ; Rosenberg,
Berk Malersch., 230.
EWABD, CHARLES, bora at Nantes
about 1608, died in Borne May 26, 1689.
French school ; history and architecture
painter and engraver. Formed himself in
Italy, where he was member of the Acad-
emy of Si Luke, 1635, and after his return
to France decorated churches and palaces
with second-rate pictures of sacred and pro-
fane history. He was one of the founders
and first director of the French Academy at
Paris and (1665) at Rome.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole
francaise.
EXECUTION IN GRANADA, Henri
RegnauU, formerly in Luxembourg Museum;
canvas, H. 9 fi 10 in. x 4 ft. 10 in. A mar-
ble stairway with two or three steps leads
to a Moorish court in the style of the AJ-
hambra ; in foreground, two figures, the
executioner and his victim, the former
standing wiping his cimeter on his tunic,
the latter a mangled trunk, the head lying
in a pool of blood on the marble pavement
Salon, 1870.— Benjamin, 102.
EXILES OF TIBERIUS, Felix Joseph
Barrios, Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H.
8 ft 3 in. x 13 fi The Emperor Tiberius,
having retired to Caprea (Capri) to pursue
his pleasures, punished all who stood in his
way, including even the wives and children
of the accused, by banishing them to islands
where they could get neither fire nor water
(Suetonius). The picture represents a boat
edbyGoOgk
filled with prisoners going to the island, the
Mis of which are seen in the background ;
at right, a galley from which prisoners are
being transferred to another boat. Salon,
1859.
EXNER, JOHANN JULIUS, born in Co-
penhagen, Nov. 30,
1825. Genre and
portrait painter, pu-
pil of the Copenha-
gen Academy under
Lund and Eckers-
berg. He painted
portraits and scenes
from Danish history,
before devoting
himself entirely to
the representation of
country life in Denmark. Member of Co-
penhagen (1864), and Stockholm ' (1866),
Academies. Professor at Copenhagen Acad-
emy in 1876. Order of Danebrog, 1869.
Works : Old Woman (1852) ; Sunday Visit
at Grandfather's (1853), Feast at Feasant's
on Amager (1854), Grandmother's Greeting,
Game of Black Peter (1863), Little Conva-
lescent (1867), all in Copenhagen Gallery
Peasants' Dance in Hedebo (1855) ; End of
a Bout (1860); Blind Man's Buff (18
Peasant Wedding (1867); Visiting the Sick
(1876) ; Wooing (1877) ; Interrupted Nap
(1881); A Discovery (1882).— Sigurd MiiUer,
95 ; Weilbach, 155.
ETBE, KARL GOTTFRIED, born in
Hamburg, Dec. 17, 1813. History and por-
trait painter, pupil of the Dusseldorf Acad-
emy in 1839-47, under Earl Sohn and
Schadow. lived in Dusseldorf from 1851
to 1853, and afterwards settled in Hamburg.
Works : Hagar and Ishmael (1845) ; Susanna
at the Bath (1853), Kiel Gallery; Charity
(1847), Children Bathing (1858), Hamburg
Gallery.
EYBEL, ADOLF, born in Berlin, Feb.
24, 1808, died there Oct 12, 1882. His-
tory, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of
the Berlin Academy and of Kolbe ; studied
then in Paris (1834-39) under Delaroche,
became afterwards member of, and in 1849
professor at, the Berlin Academy. Works :
Gleaner (1836); Battle of Fehrbellin (1846),
Royal Palace, Berlin ; Twelve Reformers,
Royal Chapel, ib. ; Scene from Scott's Wood-
stock ; Richard Cceur de lion listening to
Blondel's Singing ; Scene from Faust —
Brockhaua, vi. 493; Knnst-Chronik, xviii. 24.
EYBL, FRANZ, born in Vienna, April 1,
1806, died there April 29, 1880. Portrait
and genre painter, pupil of the Vienna
Academy; member in 1843. Works: Smithy
at Gosau (1835) ; Strawberry Seller, Return
of Husbandman (1844) ; Dressing the Bride
(1845) ; Old Woman asleep in Arm Chair ;
Old Woman leaving Church ; Old Woman
Praying (1846) ; Austrian Peasant Woman
(1847), Old Beggar (1856), Vienna Museum.
— Wurzbacb, iv. 119.
EYCK, HUBERT or HUVBRECHT
VAN, born at
Maaseyck after
1366, died in
Ghent Sept 18,
1426. Flemish
school. There are
no authentic rec-
Jords of his life
f until 1424, when
khe was living in
') p> high repute as a
painter in Ghent
The honour of
perfecting oil
painting, long known but hitherto undevel-
oped, belongs to Hubert and bis brother
Jan. They invented a colourless varnish
which could be applied with safety to oil
colours, and thus obviated the only impedi-
ment to their use, namely, their excessive
slowness in drying, which had been before
met by the use of a Tarnish which darkened
many colours and was therefore objection-
able. Their new method was that of paint-
ing with wet upon wet colour. The tints
were mixed with the drying medium upon
the palette, and then applied. Hubert's
one certainly authentic work is that part of
edbyGoOgk
the great altarpiece in the Church of St
Bavon (now St. John), Ghent — the Adoration
of the Lamb, which he painted for Jodocus
Vydt, a rich patrician of Ghent The fol-
lowing portions, as differing in drawing,
colouring, cast of drapery, and treatment
from the style of Jan, as recognized in his
other works, may he safely assigned to Hu-
bert, namely : the Almighty, the Virgin, St
John the Baptist from the upper inner
series, and the great picture of the Adora-
tion of the Lamb, being the central portion
of the lower series, in the Church of St Ba-
von, Ghent ; St Cecilia and Angels playing
on musical instruments, Berlin Museum ;
both the upper outside wings, with Adam
and Eve, Brussels Museum. The side of
the centre picture with the Apostles and
Saints, and the wings with the hermits and
pilgrims, with the exception of the land-
scapes, are also attributed to Hubert Van
Eyck. The altarpiece in its entirety is one
of the most wonderful works of art in the
world. — Biog. nat de Belgique, vi. 775 ;
Carton, Lea trois Frcres Tan Eyck (Brussels,
1848) ; Eastlake, Materials ; Eisenman, The
Brothers Van Eyck, 209 ; Dohme, li. ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole flamande; C. & C, Flemish
Painters, 34; Allgem. d. Biogr., vi. 778;
Fiirster, Denkmale, iii. 15 ; vi. 17 ; da,
Gesch,, ii 64 ; Immerzeel i. 226 ; Kramro,
ii. 448 ; Michiels, ii 83 ; Schnaase, viii 103 ;
W. & W., ii. 8.
EYCK, JAN VAN, born at Maaseyck
about 1381,
died in Bru-
ges July 9,
1440. Flem-
ish school.
Jan and his
elder brother
Hubert are
supposed to
have been
■ court -paint-
era to Philip
deCharoloia,
afterwards Philip the Good, Duke of Bur-
gundy, who, with his wife, Michelle de
France, resided at Ghent between 1418 and
1421. In October, 1422, Jan entered the
service of Duke John of Bavaria as " painter
and varlet," at The Hague, and after his
death (May 19, 1425) re-entered that of
Duke Philip in the same capacities. Dur-
ing the next three years he lived at Lille,
whence he was sent by the Duke, Oct. 19,
1428, to Portugal to paint the portrait of
his affianced bride, the Princess Isabel. At
Christmas, 1429, Jan returned to Flanders
with the Princess, and settled at Ghent to
complete the great altarpiece of the Adora-
tion of the Lamb, left unfinished by his
brother Hubert Having accomplished this
work in 1432, he established himself at Bru-
ges, where, in consideration of his great
merit, the Duke exempted him from taxes,
and in 1434 honoured him by becoming
godfather to his daughter Lyennie. Au-
thorities differ as to what part of the great
altarpiece in the Cathedral of St. Bavon at
Ghent was painted by Jan after bis brother's
death. The question is the more difficult to
decide, as it is Hubert's one authentic work.
Many pictures by Jan exist, and these when
compared with the altarpiece have led Wolt-
mann to conclude that only the paintings
on the outer shutters, Berlin Gallery, are
by him. They consist of the Annunciation
and the Prophets and Sibyls who foretold
the event, and of four figures in niches, two
of which in monochrome represent Gothic
statues of SS. John the Baptist and the
Evangelist, and two in colour, the kneeling
donors, Jodocus Vydt and his wife, Frau
Iasbet Barlut To these as Jan's work are
added in Kugler's Handbook (Crowe) the
wing picture with the singing angels of the
upper series on the inner side, the side of
the centre picture of the Adoration of the
Lamb containing the Patriarchs and Proph-
ets, etc., and the entire landscape, the wing
with the soldiers of Christ and the Righteous
Judges, and the landscapes to the wing with
the hermits and pilgrims. Other works by
Jan are the Consecration of Thomas a Becket
edbyG00gk
(dated Oct 30, 1421), Chataworth, England ;
Seated Madonna (1432), luce Hall, near
Liverpool, England ; Burghley House Ma-
donna, Marquis of Exeter ; Portraits of
John Arnolfini of Lucca and hia wife (1434),
and two half-length male portraits (1432-
33), National Gallery, London ; Virgin and
Donor, Louvre ; Madonna with Donor,
Rothschild Collection, Paris ; Cardinal della
Croce (1430), Canon Jan van der Leeuw
(1436), Vienna Museum ; Paele Madonna
(1436), portrait of Jan's wife (1439), and
Head of Christ (1420), Bruges Academy ;
Lucca Madonna, Stadel Institute, Frank-
fort ; Triptych with Christ blessing, Cassel
Gallery ; Head of Christ (1438), Man with
the Pinks, Berlin Museum ; Altai-piece,
Dresden Gallery ; S. Barbara (1437), and a
Madonna (1439), Antwerp Museum ; Annun-
ciation, Hermitage, St Petersburg ; Triumph
of the Church, Madrid Museum ; The Fount
. of Salvation? Mu-
\ l/ll . . seum of the Santa
VT L, 1440. Trinidad, Madrid.
/ — C. &. C, Flemish
*-^ Painters, 30; Car-
ton, Lea trois Frt'res Van Eyck ; Weale,
Notes sur Jean van Eyck (Brussels, 1861) ;
Schopenhauer, Johann van Eyck und seine
Nachfolger (Frankfort, 1823) ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole flamande ; All gem. d. Biogr., vi. 778 ;
Forster, Denkmale, iii. 15 ; vi 15 ; do.,
Gesch., ii. 64 ; Immerzeel, i 226 ; Kramm,
ii. 448 ; Michiels, ii. 83 ; v. 447 ; Kegel,
Beitrage, i. 3 ; Schnaase, viii. 103 ; W. & W.,
iL 9, 17 ; Zeitechr. £ b. K., viii. (Mittheil-
ungen, i 6).
EYCK, KASPAP. VAN, born at Antwerp,
baptized Feb. 6, 1613, died at Brussels in
1673. Flemish school ; marine painter, pu-
pil of Andries van Artvelt ; master of the
guild at Antwerp in 1633. Works : Vessels
by Fortified Castle, Naval Battle between
Christians and Turks, Men-of-War with
Rocks in View, Madrid Museum. — Van den
Branden, 1044.
EYCK, LAMBERT VAN, 15th century.
Flemish school. Brother of Hubert and Jan
van Eyck ; existence only lately established.
Only work attributed to him, an altarpiece,
consisting of a centre and two wings (1445),
in the Van der Schrick Collection, Loavain.
— C. &. C, Flemish Painters, 133 ; Kramm,
ii. 465.
EYCK, MARGARET VAN, born (?), died
not later than 1430. Flemish school ; sister
of Hubert, Jan, and Lambert Van Eyck. She
is said to have been a skilful painter, but
none of the works assigned to her ore cer-
tainly authentic. She died before Jan, and
was buried, like Hubert, in the Cathedral
at Ghent. A Madonna, National Gallery,
London, is attributed to her. Biog. nat, de
Belgique, vi. 800 ; C. & C, Flemish Paint-
ers, 129 ; Kramm, ii. 464.
EYCK, NICOLAAS VAN, born at Ant-
werp, baptized Feb. 9, 1617, died there in
1679. Flemish school ; military, genre, and
battle painter, brother of Kaspar van Eyck,
pupil of Theodor Kombouts. Probably
several of his works, which were greatly es-
teemed in the 18th century, are attributed to
other masters. Works : Review of Militia
by Mayor of Antwerp (1673), City Hall, Ant-
werp ; Two Episodes in Taking of Mechlin
in 1580 (about 1650), Mechlin Museum ;
Equestrian Portrait, Lille Museum ; Halt of
Soldiers in a Village, Vienna Museum ; Sol-
diers wading through River, Turin Gallery.
—Van den Branden, 1013.
EYCKEN, JEAN BAPTISTE VAN, bom
in Brussels, Sept 16, 1809, died at Schaer-
beck-les-Bruxelles Dec 19, 1853. History
and genre painter, pupil at the Brussels
Academy of Navez ; obtained the great prize
in 1835, visited France and Italy in 1837-39,
and soon after his return took rank with the
foremost artists of his native country. His
works in the chapel of Notre Dame in Brus-
sels were the first examples of monumental
decoration on a grand scale painted in Bel-
gium. Professor at Brussels Academy in
1839, member iu 1848. Gold medals : Brus-
sels, 1839 ; Paris, 1840 ; Order of Leopold,
1847. Works: Holy Women at Christ'*
Tomb (1835); Young Mother with her Dead
edbyGoOgk
Child (1837), Lisieux Museum ; Entomb-
ment (1837), Liege Museum ; Divine Mercy
(1839) ; Banaom of Captive Christians (1840),
St Boniface imploring the Virgin (1841),
Eglise do la Chapelle, Brussels ; Descent
from the Cross (1841), Eglise de Thourout,
lb. ; Entombment, St. Andrew's, ib. ; Christ be-
wailing Jerusalem (1844), Vatican, Borne ;
Prisoner's Wife, St Cecilia's last Song, Abun-
dance, Revery (1848) ; Falling Leaves (1849);
Studio Scene, National Museum, Amster-
dam ; Fourteen Scenes in Christ's Passion
(1851), Eglise de la Chapelle, Brussels. —
Biog. nat de Belgique, vi. 804 ; Immerzeel,
i. 230 ; Kraroni, ii. 466.
EYLAU, BATTLEFIELD OF, Antoine
Jean Oroa, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 17 ft.
6 in. x 26 ft 4 in. ; signed, dated 1808. Na-
poleon visiting the battlefield of Eylau (Feb.
9, 1807), before reviewing his troops. Near
the centre, the Emperor, in a pelisse of gray
satin bordered with fur, raises his hand with
a gesture indicating grief at the sight of the
dead and wounded around him. Among his
staff are, at right, Soult, Davoust, and Hu-
nt ; at left, Berthier, Bessieres, and Cau-
laincourt Kneeling Lithuanians implore
his pity. In background, Eylau in flames,
lines of French troops with prisoners defil-
ing before them, and the dead on the bat-
tlefield partly hidden by snow. Salon, 1808.
Gros received 16,000 fr. Engraved by Val-
lot, Oortman. — Villot, Cat Louvre.
EZDORF (Etzdorf), CHBISTTAN (JO-
HANN CHRISTIAN MICHAEL), born at
Posueck, Meiningen, Feb. 28, 1801, died
in Munich Dec 18, 1851. Landscape
painter, pupil of Munich Academy. Trav-
elled extensively, both on the Continent and
in England. Studied Ruysdael and Ever-
dingen, and loved to paint Nature in her
more sombre aspects. He was appointed
court-painter to the Duke of Saxe-Mein-
ingen, and member of Stockholm Academy.
Works: Waterfall with Milt (1836); Land-
scape with Castle in Park (1837); Iron
Works by Waterfall (1840), New Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Storm (1841); Huntsman by
Beech Trees (1842); Karlssteg in Ziller Val-
ley (1850); Fisherman's Hut on Lake, Land-
scape with Bathing Girls. — Andresen, iv.
249 ; Brockhaus, vi. 407 ; Nagler, Mon., L
1033.
EZEKTEL, Michelangelo, Sistine ChapeL
Borne ; fresco on ceiling.
EZEKTEL, VISION OF, Raphael, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 1 ft 4 in. x 1 ft
Jehovah, in a glory of light and of seraphim,
seated like Olympian Jove upon an eagle,
the symbol of St John, with a winged lion
and bull, symbols of SS. Mark and Luke,
beneath him, and the angel, symbolic of St.
Matthew, beside him, extends his arms, up-
held by two angels, to bless the world, seen
at an immeasurable depth below ; through
the clouds a ray of light falls on Ezekiel and
his steed in the distance. Painted about
1517 for Count Vincenzo Ercolani of Bo-
logna. Carried to Paris ill 1799 ; returned
in 1815. Copy formerly in De Launay, then
in Orleans Collection, sold to Lord Berwick
for £800; nowatStratton, seat of SirThomas
edbyG00gk
EZQUERRA
Baring. Engraved by Marri, Longhi, Cala-
mat.ta, Larmessin, Poillj. — Vaeari, ed. Mil.,
iv. 350 ; Miintz, 519 ; Paaaavant, ii. 151 ;
GaL du Pal Pitti, iL PI. 93 ; FUhoL iil PL
187 ; Cab. Crozat, I PI 28 ; Musee francais,
I. ; London, Musoe, ii. PL 21 ; Malvaeia, i.
44; Perkins, 174.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ;
oval, on ceiling of upper room. Heavy and
dead in colour, but in some measure worthy
of the master, in the wild and horrible en-
ergy with which the skeletons are leaping
up about the prophet — Buskin, Stones of
Venice, UL 347.
EZQUERRA, Don JERONLMO ANTO-
NIO DE, flourished at beginning of 18th
century. Spanish school ; landscape and
history painter, pupil of Antonio Palomino.
Works : Neptune with Tritons and Nereids,
Museum, Madrid ; Series of Saints, San Fe-
lipe Neri, ib.
FABARIUS, WHiHELM, bom at Muhl-
heim, on the Ruhr, Jan. 25, 1815.
Landscape and marine painter, pupil
at Dtisseldorf of A. von Wille, and studied
after the works of Andreas Achenbach, then
in Holland and Belgium from nature and
after the old Dutch masters. Works : Dutch
Herring Fishers; Stranded Three-Master
on Dutch Coast; Launching of Life-Boat;
Fisherman's Bark wrecked on Norwegian
Coast ; Storm in the Shears on Swedish
Coasi— Mailer, 165.
FABER, JOHANN, born in Hamburg,
April 12, 1778, died there Aug. 2, 1846.
Landscape painter ; after treating biblical
subjects went to Italy, and, under the influ-
ence of Koch and Rein hart, turned to land
scape painting. Works : Suffer Little Chil-
dren to come unto Me, St Catharine's,
Hamburg ; Capuchin Monastery near Na-
ples (1830), National Gallery, Berlin.— Cat
Berlin Nat Gal.
FABER DU FAUR, OTTO VON, born at
Lndwigsburg, near Stuttgart, June 3, 1828.
Battle painter, pupil in Munich of Kotze-
bue, in Paris of Yvon, and studied also Ver-
net's battlepieces at Versailles ; served in
the army until 1867. Studio in Munich.
WorkB : Lutzow's Riflemen ; Napoleon's Re-
treat from Russia ; Hungarian Horse Past-
ure ; Battle of Champigoy ; Delivery of
French Cavalry Horses after Sedan (1872);
Death of Ophelia, Departure of Frederic of
the Palatinate from Prague (1874); Attack
of Chasseurs d'Afrique ; Equestrian Portrait
of German Crown Prince (1879); Camping
Arabs ; Joseph sold by his Brethren ; War-
temberg Regiment, "Queen Olga," atCham-
pigny (1883); Ambulance by a Barricade
(1884); Fantasia a la Rencontre de deux
Tribus (1885).— Mailer, 165.
FABIUS, CAIUS PICTOR, of the noble
Roman house of the Fabii, lived about
300 B.c, One of the few Roman painters
known to us. He decorated the Temple of
Salus (dedicated 302 b.c.) with a mural
painting representing a battle won by the
Dictator C Junius Brutus Bubulcus over
the Samnites (Valer. Maximus, viii. 14, 6).
This is the earliest recorded Roman paint-
ing. Fabius's style was marked by simplic-
ity and absence of mannerism. An excel-
lent draughtsman, he combined in his work
the clear outlines of the Old Attic with the
rich colouring of the Theban Attic school.
On account of his eminence in his art his
surname, Pictor (Painter), was given to a
family of the Fabia gens, and borne by his
descendants. — Pliny, xxxv. 19.
FABRE, FRANCOIS XAVLER, Baron,
born at Montpellier, April 1, 1766, died
there March 16, 1837. History painter,
pupil of J. Coustou and of David, won grand
prix de Rome in 1787 ; was at Rome in 1793,
and afterwards in Naples and Flore nee, where
be became a professor in the Academy and
is said to have secretly married the Count-
eBS of Albany, after the death of Alfieri.
He returned in 1826 to Montpellier, and
founded there the Ecole des Beaux Arts,
of which he became director. Medal, 1808 ;
L of Honour, 1827 ; officer, 1829 ; cre-
ated baron, 1830. At his death he be-
^abyGoOglC
queathed to the city the collodion called
after him, the Musee Fabre. Works : Ne-
optolemos and Ulysses taking from Philoc-
tetes the Arrows of Hercules, Louvre ; Death
of Abel, Holy Family, Death of Narcissus,
Musee Fabre, Montpellier ; Portrait of Alfi-
eri, do. of Countess of Albany, TJfflzi, Flor-
ence ; Judgment of Paris ; Death of Milo ;
Family of Kings of Etruria (1804), Madrid
Museum. — Yillot, Cat Louvre.
FABRIANO, GENTILE DA, born at Fab-
riano in 1370 (?), died in Borne in 1450 (?).
Umbrian school. Real name Gentile di Nic-
cold di Giovanni Masai. Pupil probably of
Allegretto Nuzi, who died when Gentile was
fifteen years old ; has been called both master
and pupil of Fra Angelico, but rather on ac-
count of a certain superficial resemblance
between them than from any real affinity.
He left Fabriano some time before 1521 to
become court-painter to Pandolf o Malatesta,
for whom he decorated a chapel at Brescia,
Thence Gentile probably went to Venice to
paint a fresco of the battle between Doge
Ziani and Otho, son of Barbarossa, in the
Hall of the Grand Council, Palazzo Ducale,
destroyed by fire in 1574. Jacopo Bellini
was his pupil there and accompanied him in
1422 to Florence, where Gentile painted,
the next year, his most famous picture, the
Adoration of the Magi, now in the Academy,
a work which entitles him to be called the
Umbrian Fra Angelioo. Lake him, Gentile
paints in the spirit of the old school, with
the gay colouring of the early Umbrian
masters, the profuse use of gilt relief orna-
ment, and the somewhat formal system of
composition peculiar to the Florentines be-
fore Masaccio ; but pleasing and poetical aa
the result is, Gentile shows in it none of the
deep myatical fervour of Angelico, and in
this more nearly resembles Benozzo Gozzoli
than his master. Among his other works
Gentile painted a charming fresco of the
Madonna at Orvieto (1426), being on his
way to Borne. He remained in the latter
city until his death, and executed many mas-
terpieces for Popes Martin V. and Eugenius
IV., which have all perished. Among his
other works are : Coronation of the Virgin
with Saints, and a predella with five sub-
jects, Brera, Milan ; Virgin adoring the In-
fant Jesus, hall of the Pia Casa, and Adora-
tion of the Magi, S. Domenico, Pisa ; Virgin
enthroned with Saints and a Donor, Berlin
Museum.— C. & O, Italy, iii. 95, N. Italy, i
106 ; Vasari, ed. Mil , iii. 5, 15 ; Bernasconi,
Studii, 51 ; Burckhardt, 555, 588 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole ombrienne ; Siret, 858 ; Cibo, Niccolb
Alunno e la Scuola Umbra (Roma, 1872), 20,
53 ; Lubke, Geach. ital. Mai, L 213.
FABRITIUS, BEENABT, born about
1620, died after 1669. Dutch school ; his-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of Rem-
brandt, whom in his portraits he imitated
successfully ; received into guild at Leyden
in 1658. Works : Portrait of Young Man
(1650), Birth of John Baptist (1669), St&del
Gallery, Frankfort ; Goliath (1657), Camber-
lyn Collection, Brussels ; St Peter in House
of Cornelius (1653), Brunswick Museum ;
Presentation in the Temple (1668), Copen-
hagen Gallery ; Herodias receiving the Head
of John the Baptist, Amsterdam Museum
(under Drost); Bust of Shepherd, Vienna
Academy ; Adoration of Shepherds, Birth of
John Baptist, Cassel Gallery ; Portrait of
Young Man (1650), (?) Old Pmakothek,
Munich ; Family Repast (1650), Alchymist
in his Laboratory, Stockholm Museum. —
Biegel, Beitrage, it 284 ; Burger, Musees,
il 166, 170 ; Zeitschr. f. b. KL, iiL 290 ; xvi.
404 ; Gaz. des B. Arte (1860), viii. 186 ;
(1864), xvi 77 ; (1865), xviii. 80 ; (1874), x.
408 j Havard, A. & A. Holl., iv. 53 ; Jour,
des B Arts (1868), 13, 27.
FABRITIUS, KA KEL , born in 1624,
killed Oct 12, 1654, by the explosion of a
powder magazine at Delft, while painting
the portrait of Simon Decker, sacristan of
the old church. Dutch school ; pupil of
Rembrandt and painter of the first order,
especially in portraits. Works : Male Por-
trait, Rotterdam Museum ; do., Berlin Mu-
seum ; do. (attributed), Cologne Museum ;
The Gold Finch (1654), Aremberg Gallery,
ed by Google
FABRITIUS
Brussels ; Portrait (ascribed to Velasquez),
Nantes Museum ; Portrait of Young Man,
Writing Master (?),
S*\ £> CJA+A 01d Piaakothek,
f ) q. *** /fc w Munich.— Gaz. des
\J , I 1 • B. Arts (1864), xvi.
,yj 77; xvii. 103;
(1865), xviii. 80 ; (1866), xii 308 ; (1874),
is. 441 i (1877), xvi. 281 ; Havard, A. & A.
holL, iv. 43 ; Vosmaer (1868), 166.
FABBHTUS, KILIAN, flourished about
1633-80. German school ; landscape painter,
employed at the court of the Elector John
George H. of Saxony in 1633-80. Works :
Expulsion of Hagar (1650), Stockholm Mu-
seum ; Landscape, Darmstadt Museum ; da,
Vienna Museum ; Ruins of Burg Weissenfels
— Saxony, Wiesbaden Gallery.
FABTJLLUS (Famulus, Famulis, Amu-
lius), Roman painter, about 60 a.d. Em-
ployed to decorate the Golden House of
Nero ; also painted a picture of Minerva.
His style was simple and severe. It was his
custom to paint but few hours in the day
and always to wear his toga when at work,
out of respect for the dignity of his profes-
sion.— Pliny, xxxv. 37 [120].
FACCINL PB3TRO, horn at Bologna in
1562, died in 1602.
Bolognese school ;
history painter, pu-
pil of Annibale Car-
racci ; founded a
school in opposi-
tion to that of the
Carracci, which was
successful only a
short time. Works :
Patron Saints of Bo-
logna, Madonna, Bologna Gallery; Virgin
appearing to St. Francis, S. Domenico ;
Martyrdom of St. Lawrence, S. Giovanni in
Monte ; Adoration of the Magi, S. Mattia ;
Madonna and Saints, Marriage of St Cath-
erine, Dresden Gallery. — Lanzi (Roscoe),
iii 124 ; Nagler, iv. 214.
FACTOR, PEDRO NICOLAS, El Beato
Fray, born in Valencia, June 29, 1520, died
there Dec. 23, 1583. Spanish school. Son
of a tailor from Sicily ; became a Franciscan
monk in 1538, and spent his life in religious
duties and in painting frescos in the cloister
of S. Maria at Valencia. Chief work a Ma-
donna there, selected for prize engraving
by Academy of S. Carlos at Valencia. Canon-
ized as a beato or saint of the second order
by Pius VI (1786). None of his works
known to exist. — Stirling, L 368 ; Cean Ber-
mudez.
FADENO, Hi See Aleni, Tommaso.
FAED, JOHN, born at Burley Mill, Kirk-
cudbrightshire, Scotland, in 1820. History
and genre painter ; first painted miniatures
with success, removed to Edinburgh in 1841,
where he turned his attention to genre and
portrait painting. Member of R S. A in
1851. Works: Boyhood (1850); Croel
Sisters (1851) ; Cotter's Saturday Night
(1854) ; Philosopher (1855) ; Household
Gods in Danger (1856); Job and his Friends
(1858) ; Ruth and Boaz (1860) ; Fine Old
English Gentleman (1862) ; Catherine Sey-
ton (1864) ; Old Age, Stirrup Cup (1867) j
John Anderson my Jo (1869) ; Old Mare
Maggie (1870) j After the Victory (1878) ;
Morning before Flodden (1874) ; Blenheim
(1875) ; In Memoriam (1876) ; Goldsmith
in his Study (1877) • Leisure Hour, Old
Basket Maker (1878) ; Poet's Dream (1882).
FAED, THOMAS, born at Burley Mill,
Scotland, in 1826.
Genre painter, broth-
er and pupil of John
Faed, and student of
Edinburgh School of
Design. Became an
A.RS.A. in 1849;
went to London in
1852 ; was elected an
A.RA. in 1861, and
RA in 1864. Ranks
high as a delineator of Scottish life, in the
school of Wilkie ; many of his pictures have
been engraved. Works : Rustic Toilet, Mrs.
O. Roberts, New York ; Shakegpeare and
his Con temporaries, Corcoran Gallery, Wash-
ed byGoogk
ington ; Sir Walter Scott and his Friends
(1849) ; Burns snd Highland Mary (1852) ;
Mitherlest Bairn (1855) ; My Ain Fireside
(1859) ; From Dawn to Sunset (1861) ; New
Wars to an Old Soldier (1862) ; Last of the
Clan (1865) ; Flower o' Dunblane, Jeannie
Deans and the Duke of Argyll (1868) ; High-
land Mother (1870) ; God's Acre (1872) ;
Violets and Primroses (1874) ; She never
told her Love (1876) ; Runaway Horse
(1878) ; Free from Care (1879) ; School
Board in the North (1881) ; The Wakefn'
Heart (1883) ; Keeper's Daughter, Seeing
them off, Of what is the wee Lassie think-
ing? (1884).— Sandby, ii 348.
FAES, PETER VAN DER See Lely.
FAGERLIN, FERDINAND (JULIUS),
born in Stockholm, Feb. 5, 1825. Genre
and portrait painter, pupil of Stockholm
Academy, then in Dusseldorf of Earl Sohn,
and in Paris of Couture ; visited Holland,
and settled in Dusseldorf. Member of
Stockholm Academy and court-painter to
the King of Sweden in 1865. Medal, Paris,
3d class, 1867. Works: Young Smokers,
Jealousy, Stockholm Museum ; Fisherman's
Family (1862) ; Love Declaration ; Wooing ;
Bachelor's Perplexities, Christiania Gallery ;
Sick-Room ; Rejected Suitor; Without Com-
fort ; Old Couple ; One too Many (1879) ;
A Deserter (1882) ; Honeymoon (1884).—
Mnller, 166 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviiL 305 ;
Kunst-Cbronik, xix. 549.
FAHLKRANTZ, KARL JOHANN, born
in diocese of Stora Tuna, Dalecarlia, Nov.
29, 1774, died Jan. 9, 186L Landscape
painter, pupil of P. Ljung. Fond of north-
ern subjects. Professor in 1825. Knight of
the Order of Gustavus Vasa. Works :
Scenes from Frithiof Saga ; Views of Stock-
holm ; Christiania ; Sparreholm and Bonus ;
Hills of Smedjebakken ; Framnas Promon-
tory ; Balestrand ; Donare Waterfall —
Brockhaus, vi 622.
FAHRBACH, KARL LUDWIG, born at
Heidelberg, Dec. 10, 1835. Landscape
painter, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy under
Schirmer; continued his studies, 1853, in
Munich, and afterwards settled in Dussel-
dorf. Works : View in Heidelberg Stadt-
wald (1873) ; Landscape in the Odenwald ;
View near Carlsruhe ; Beech-wood in Au-
tumn ; Evening on Trout Brook near Hei-
delberg ; Moonrise over Castle Seefeld, Ba-
varia. —Muller, 166.
FAHtMAN, JAMES, born in Glasgow,
Scotland, in 1826. Landscape painter ;
settled in the United States in early youth,
and entered the National Academy, New
York. In 1871 visited Europe, and studied
ton years in the art schools of Dusseldorf,
Paris, and London. Studio in Chicago.
Works : Sunset in the Androscoggin Valley
—Maine (1867) ; Pleasant River Valley ;
Stratford on Avon ; Caernarvon Castle —
North Wales ; Adieu to the Land (1881).
FAISTENBERGER (Feistenberger), AN-
TON, born at Innsbruck in 1678, died at
Vienna in 1722. German school ; landscape
painter, pupil of Bouritzsch, an obscure ar-
tist at Salzburg ; painted in the style of Gaa-
pard Poussin, whose works he studied in
Rome. Invited to Vienna by the Emperor,
who employed him several years. Hans
Graf and A. Van Bredael assisted him in
painting his figures. Works : Landscape
with many figures, Travellers attacked by
Robbers, Dresden Gallery ; others in Vi-
enna and Weimar Museums, Liechtenstein
and Vienna Galleries, — Wurzbach, iv.
164.
FAISTENBERGER, JOSEF, born at
Innsbruck in 1684, died at Vienna in 1736.
German school ; landscape painter, brother
and pupil of Anton F., whom he assisted in
some of his works. Was a skilful imitator
of Salvator Rosa. Works : Ravine (under
Rosa), Berlin Museum ; Landscape with
Animals (by Tamm), Weimar Museum ;
Mountainous Landscape with Sheep, Land-
scape with Shepherds and Herds, Museum,
Vienna ; others in Liechtenstein Gallery,
ib.
FAITH, Moretto, Hermitage, St Peters-
burg ; H. 3 ft 4 in. x 2 ft 6 in. A symbolic
female figure, half-length, in red tunic and
edbyGoOgk
yellow mantle, with a transparent veil on
her head, holds ft chalice surmounted by the
wafer in her right hand and embraces a
cross with her left ; bunch of roses and
jessamine in lower part of picture, and a
scroll Formerly attributed to Palma Vec-
chio.— C. A a, N. Italy, ii. 404 ; Cat Her-
mitage, 46.
FAIVRE, TONY, bom at Besanoon, May
24, 1830. Genre, portrait, and decorative
painter, pupil of Picot ; visited Italy and
(1860-62) Russia. Medal, 1864. Works:
Battledore and Shuttlecock (1857) ; Blind-
man's Buff (1864); Idyl (1867); First Hours
of the Day (1869) ; Repose of Venus, Fam-
ily Reunion in a Park (1870) ; The Missive,
Reader (1873) ; On a Visit, Tearing, At the
Bath (1874) ; In the Green-house (1875) ;
The Secret (1877) ; Good Remedy (1878) ;
En Famille (1880) ; Autumn (1884) ; Sum-
mer (1885).— Bellier de la Chavignerie, i.
630.
FAIVRE -DUFFER, LOUIS STANIS-
LAS, born at Nancy, April 17, 1818. Genre
painter, pupil of Orsel ; chiefly known by
his decorative works. He restored Phtti-
bert Delorme's Diana of Poitiers, a ceiling
in the Castle of Anet Studio in Paris.
Medals : 3d class, 1861 and 1861. Works :
Scenes from lives of Henri H., of Due de
Yendome, and of Diana of Poitiers (Castle
of An e t) ; Venus Reposing ; Pomona ; Flora ;
Cupids ; Isabelle and the Vase, Weakness
Survives where Strength Succumbs (1879) ;
Mater Dolorosa, A Study (1881) ; Jacques
(1885).
FALCO, JUAN CONCHILLOS, born at
Valencia in 1641, died there May 14, 1711.
Spanish school ; history painter, pupil of
Esteban March, after whose death he studied
in Madrid. On bis return to his native
city he maintained a school of design in his
own house, and executed many altarpieces
for churches in Valencia and Murcia. In
his later years he was paralyzed and blind.
Works : Two Pictures of life of St. Eloy,
S. Salvador, Madrid ; Two Pictures of Mi-
raculous Image of Christ of Bey rout, S. Sal-
vador, Valencia ; Conception, Franciscan
Nuns, Valencia ; Two Altarpieces of Life of
St. Benedict, Cistercian Monastery, Val-
digna ; Pictures of Life of San Louis Bel-
tram, Dominicans, Murcia. — Stirling, 1071.
FALCONE, ANIELLO, called l'Oraoolo
dalle Bataglie, bom in Naples in 1600, died
there in 1666. Neapolitan school, pupil of
Spagnoletto ; became famous as a painter
of battle scenes, whose subjects were taken
from sacred and profane history, and from
the poets. Daring the insurrection of M&-
saniello, he, with his pupils and partisans,
formed the Compagnia della Morte (Band
of Death), and massacred many Spaniards
in revenge for the death of a relative and
scholar killed by their soldiery. On the
death of Masaniello, Falcone fled to France
and painted in Paris until about 1656, when
he was permitted to return to Italy. In the
Naples Museum are interesting pictures by
him relating to the revolt of Masaniello, and
to the plague of 1656. Other works in the
Madrid Museum, and a Fight between Turks
and Cavalry, in the Louvre. Falcone was
the master of Salvator Rosa. — Lanri, ii 50 ;
Ch. Blanc, £cole napolitainc.
FALCONER, ALGERIAN. Sm Algerian
Falconer.
FALCONNETTO, GIOVANNI MARIA,
bom in Verona in 1458, died in Padua in
1534. Neapolitan school He was more
noted in his time as an architect than as a
painter, and it has been said of him that he
was overrated as an architect and under-
rated as a painter. The figures in some of
Ja%Conx.
his early frescos are correct neither in ac-
tion nor in outline, and without style in
draperies ; but his later pictures, especially
the religious allegories executed in 1509-16
for S. Pietro Martire, Verona, are less de-
edbyGoOgk
formed by mannerism, and show affinity
with Liberate and Piaano. The last of his
life was devoted to architecture, chiefly at
Paria.— C. & C, N. Italy, L 469 ; Burck-
hardt, 606.
FALENS, KAREL VAN, born in Ant.
werp, baptized Nov. 24, 1683, died in Paris,
May 26, 1733. Flemish school ; painter of
hunts and landscapes, pupil of Constantyn
Francken ; imitated Wouwermans with
great success. Went in 1703 to Paris ; made
member of the Academy in 1726. Works :
Rendezvous of Huntsmen, Halt of Hunters,
Louvre ; Departure of Falconers, Dresden
Gallery ; Landscape with Horsemen, Stock-
holm Museum ; Winter Landscapes (2),
Darmstadt Ma- y
Michiels, ix. '•'
846 ; Van den Branden, 1209 ; Ch. Blanc,
licole flamande ; Jal, 561.
FALQUIEBE, JEAN ALEXANDRE
JOSEPH, born in Toulouse, Sept 7, 1831.
Genre painter, pupil of Jouffroy ; began as
a sculptor, won the grand prix de Rome in
1859 kb such, and modelled many fine
works. Medal, 2d class, 1875 ; Mem. of In-
stitute, 1882. Works: The Wrestlers (1874)
Cain carrying away Abel's Body (1876)
Susanna (1879); Slaughter of a Bull (1881)
Fan and Poignard (1882), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; The Sphinx (1883) ; Hylas, Offer-
ing to Diana (1884) ; Acis and Galatea
(1885).
FAT.TERO, MARINO, DEATH OF, Eu-
gene Delacroix, Sir Richard Wallace, Lon-
don ; canvas, H 4 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft 9 in. The
body of the Doge Marino Faliero, condemned
to death for having conspired against the
Republic of Venice, lies decapitated at the
foot of the Staircase of the Giants, in the
Palazzo Dncale, Venice ; beside it stands
the executioner and others, and at the top
of the staircase are many spectators. Painted
in 1826 ; Salon of 1827 ; Exposition TJniver-
selle, 1856. Sold originally for 1,800 francs j
bought for £4,000 at Pereire sale. Etched
by Flameng. — Gaz. dee B Arte (1864), xvi
198; L'cauvre de Delacroix (Paris, 1886),
48.
FALL OF BABEL, Wilhelm von Kaul-
bach, New Museum, Berlin ; mural painting,
staircase hall. The dispersal of the nations
at the fall of Babel. Nimrod, seated on a
golden throne in front of the Tower of Babel,
which is falling in ruins, with his wife and
children and overthrown idols at his feet,
defies Jehovah, who is seen above in clouds,
surrounded by angels, hurling thunderbolts;
at right, bis servants and priests deride the
Almighty ; below, the children of Shem,
Ham, and Japhet dispersing.
FALL OF THE DAMNED, Rubens, Mu-
nich Gallery ; wood, H. 8 ft 11 in. x 6 ft 11
in. St Michael, armed with lightning, ac-
companied by angels, hurling the damned
into the bottomless abyss. Engraved by
Snyderhoef, 1642.— Smith, it 65 j Eastlake,
Notes, 183.
FALL OF MAN, Tintoretto, Scuola di S.
Bocco, Venice; oval, on ceiling of upper
room. The vegetation is rich, but faces
coarse, and composition uninteresting. —
Ruskin, Stones of Venice, Hi. 348 ; Bidolfi,
Marav., ii 197.
FALLEN ANGELS, Tintoretto, Dresden
Gallery ; canvas, H 10 ft 6 in. x 7 ft 3 in.
Sometimes called Overthrow of Babel. Re-
stored and relined in 1838.
FAME, Guido Reni, Turin Gallery ; wood,
H. 1 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft, A winged female figure,
draped, standing on one foot on the globe of
the world, blowing a trumpet. Engraved
by Lasinio.— Gal. di Torino, i. PI. 16.
FAMULUS, painter. See Fabullus.
FANTTN-LATOUR HENRI, born at
Grenoble, Jan. 14, 1836. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil of Lecoq de Boisbaudran ;
famous for his portraits. Medal, 1870 ; 2d
class, 1875 ; L. of Honour, 1879. Works :
Three Studies from Nature (1861); Reading,
Fairy (1863); Delacroix and his Friends
(1864); The Toast (1865); Dead Nature
(1866); The Levfo (1869); A Studio (1870);
edbyG00gk
One End of a Table (1872); Flowers and
other objects (1874); Flowers, Birthday of
Beriioz (1876); Reading (1877); Last Scene
of Rheingold (1880); Woman Embroidering
(1881); Spring Night, The Study (1884);
Around the Piano (1885).
FARINATI BATTISTA, bora at Verona
in 1632, died in 1592. Venetian school ;
history painter, nephew and probably pupil
of Paolo ; was the fellow-Btudent and friend
of Paolo Veronese, whom he assisted in his
works in the Palazzo della Soranza at Castel-
fraiico, and in public buildings in Venice.
Works : Conversion of St PauL Miraculous
Draught of Fishes, Vicenza Cathedral ; The
Virtues, The Studies, Palazzo Ducale, Ven-
ice ; Frescos in Villa Obizzo at Catajo ;
Holy Family, Lochis-Carrara Gallery, Ber-
gamo.
FARINATI, PAOLO, born in Verona in
1524, died in 1606. Venetian school He
belonged to a famous Florentine family, the
Farinati degli Ubevti, who in the 13th cen-
tury were at the bead of the Ghibellinea of
Florence. Dispersed by the Guelphs, a
branch of the family settled in Verona,
where Paolo became its most distinguished
member. His first master was Niccold Giol-
fino, on leaving whom be is said to have gone
to Venice to study Oiorgione and Titian ;
but his style resembles rather that of Giulio
Romano than that of either of those masters,
and it is certain that he spent some time in
Mantua, where be painted a St Martin for
the chapel of the Sacrament in the Duomo.
Ten of his pictures are in the Museum at
Verona. In S. Maria in Organo are four,
of which the Massacre of the Innocents is
dated 1566, and in S. Anastasia two, one of
which, a Christ between SS. Peter and Paul,
is dated 1589. In S. Giorgio Maggiore is
the Multiplication of the Loaves, painted in
1603, when Paolo was seventy-nine years
old. Other examples of -his work are in the
Duomo, in S. Giovanni in Finite, in S. Pi
etro in Monasterio, in S. Tommaso, in S.
Nazzaro e Celso, and in the Palazzi Carlotti,
Serego, and Murari. Farinati painted much
in fresco. His son and pupil, Orazio, was
also a history painter ; works in S. Paolo, 8.
M delParadiso,
and S. Stef ano,
Verona. — Va-
sari, ed. Le
Mon., xL 135, 139, 249 ; xiiL 109 ; Bernas-
coni, Studij, 847 ; Burckhardt, 192, 746 ;
Siret, 308 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole v£ nitienne.
FARNESE, ALESSANDRO, Cardinal,
portrait, Titian, Naples Museum ; canvas,
figure to knees, life-size. Painted in 1543.
Bust of same, attributed to Titian, in Palazzo
Corsini, Rome.— C. & C, Titian, ii. 89 ; Va-
aari, ed. Mil., vii. 446.
FARNE.SE, PIER' LTJIGL portrait, '1K-
tian, Palazzo Reals and Museum, Naples ;
wood, figure to knees, life- size. In silk
doublet and velvet cap Painted in 1543,
when Pier* Luigi was Duke of Castro. A
second portrait in the Museum, painted in
1546, when he was Duke of Parma, repre-
sents him in armour, bareheaded, near a
helmeted soldier, who bears the standard of
Parma.— C. & C, Titian, ii 88, 130.
FARNT, HENRY F., born at RibeauvUle,
Alsace, 1847. Figure and genre painter;
went to America in his seventh year. Pupil
of Munkacsy in Diisseldorf and of Professor
Diez in Munich. Sketched and painted in
different parts of Europe in 1867-70. Stu-
dio in Cincinnati. Works ; Silent Guest ;
IdyL— Am. Art Rev. (1881), 1.
FARRER, HENRY, born in London,
March 23, 1843. Landscape and marine
painter; self-taught. Went to America in
1861. Paints in oil and water-colour, but
is best known by his etchings. Has exhib-
ited in London, Paris, and New York.
Studio in New York. Works in oil : Quiet
Pool (1878) ; Sunset— Gowanus Bay ; Road
to the Landing (1881) ; Winter, Autumn
(1882) ; Now came Still Evening on (1883) ;
Sweet Restful Eve (1884). Water-Colours :
Sunset, When the Silver Habit of Clouds
comes down upon the Autumn Sun (1884).
—Am. Art Rev. (1880), 55.
FARRER, THOMAS C, born in London;
edbyGoOgk
contemporary. Landscape and architecture
painter, younger brother of Henry Farrer ;
lived several years in New York, where he
was one of the early members of the Amer-
ican Society of Painters in Water-Colours.
Studio now in Loudon. Works : Twilight
on the Hudson (1867) ; Beach at Hastings,
English Farm (1871) ; Caernarvon Castle,
Interior of Si Mark's — Venice, Rochester
Castle (1872) ; Early Spring (1874) ; Sunset
(1875) ; The Brook (1877) ; Yorkshire Trout
Stream, Coming through the Lock (1878) ;
Autumn Evening (1879) ; Evening Mists
(1880) ; October Evening, Full Moon (1881);
Land of Windmills, Evening in Holland
(1882) ; II Traghetto— Venice, Venetian
Fishing Boats waiting for Wind, Solitude
(1883) ; Towers amid the Moonlight, Music
and Moonlight — Venice (1884) ; "Soon as
the Evening Shades prevail the Moon takes
up the wondrous Tale," Morning on the
Northern Coast (1885).
FARUFFINL FEDFJUCO, bom at Sesto
San Giovanni in 1833, died in Milan in
1870. History painter. Works : Archi-
tects presenting to Cardinal Sforza a Model
of the Duomo of Favia ; Dante in Youth ;
Evening on the Ticino ; Titian and his
Daughters in a Gondola ; Sala del Cambio ;
Maccbiavelli and Caesar Borgia (1866, gold
medal, Paris), which he also engraved.
FASOLO, GIANANTONIO, horn at Vi-
cenza in 1528, died in 1572. Venetian
school ; history painter, pupil of B. Zelotti
and of Paolo Veronese, whose manner he
followed. Works : Pool of Bethesda, S. Boc-
co, Vicenza ; Mutius Scsevola before Porsen-
na, Horatius defending the Bridge, Marcus
Curtius leaping into the Gulf, Prefect's Resi-
dence, Vicenza. — Nagler, iv. 261.
FASOLO, LORENZO, called Lorenzo da
Pavia and Fasolo da Pavia, born at Pavia (?),
died at Genoa before 1520. Lombard
school, master unknown ; employed by Lo-
dovico Sforza in 1490 in the decoration of
the Porta Giovia Palace at Milan. Works
Deposition from Cross (1508), Church of S.
Chiara, Chiavari; Familyof the Virgin (1513),
Louvre. By his son and pupil, Bernardino
Fasolo, also called Fasola da Pavia, are pict-
ures in the _ .
leries and in ^' J
the Louvre.
FASSETT, C. ADELE, born at Owasco,
N. Y., in 1831. Portrait painter, pupil of
J. B. Wandesforde, English painter in New
York, and of Castiglione, La Tour, and
Matthieu in Paris. Studied in Paris and
Rome two years, has since lived and painted
in Chicago and Washington. Member of
the Chicago Academy, and of the Washing-
ton Art Club. She has painted the portraits
of many distinguished people. Among
them are : Chief Justice Waite ; the sculp-
tor Vela, Corcoran Gallery, Washington ;
Mrs. Lamb (1878) ; and Clara Barton the
Philanthropist Her historical painting of
The Electoral Commission in Open Session
contains two hundred portraits.
FATA MORGANA, George Frederick
Walls, London. Subject from Boiardo's
"Orlando Inamorato." Nude female figure,
representing Opportunity, flitting through
the woodland, preceded by the figure of a
boy, is caught by her floating hair by a hel-
meted and gauntleted knight, seen in back-
ground. Royal Academy, 1870. — Art Jour-
nal (1884), 2.
FATTORE, IL, born in Florence 14S8 (?),
died in Naples
1628(f). Um-
brian school
Real name
Giovanni
Francesco
Penni, but
commonly
' called as above
because he
was Raphael's
journeyman
(fattore). Next to Giulio Romano he was
Raphael's favourite pupil, and they were
joint heirs and executors of bis art property.
edbyGoOgk
Peuni assisted his master in the Vatican and
in the Fornesina frescos, and he painted the
greater part of the celebrated Cartoons from
Raphael's designs. He made copies of Raph-
ael's Transfiguration and Entombment, the
former of which is in the Sciarrn Colon-
na Gallery, Borne. Raphael's Visitation,
Madrid Museum, and Madonna del Pasaeg-
gio, Bridge water Gallery, are attributed to
Penni, after Raphael's designs. His St.
George and the Dragon and St. Michael are
in the Dresden Museum. After Raphael's
death Penni and Giulio Romano worked to-
gether for a while, but they finally separated
and the former settled at Naples. — Vasari,
ed. Le Men., viii. 241 ; ed. Mil, w. 643 ;
Burckhardt, 660, 671, 678, 663 ; Siret, 690 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne ; Lflbke, Gesch.
itaL MaL, ii. 360.
FATTORI, GIOVANNI, Cavaliere, born
at Leghorn, Sept 28, 1828. Landscape,
animal, and battle painter, pupil of Florence
Academy, where be is now a professor.
Medals at Vienna and Philadelphia. Works ;
Brunelleschi's Plan for Construction of Cu-
pola on Florence Cathedral, Battle of Ma-
genta (1859), Florence Academy ; Gleaners
(1866); Wounding of Prince Amadeo at
Custozza, Brers, Milan ; Battle near La Ma-
donna delle Scoperte, Leghorn Town-Hall ;
Horse Market in Piazza Montanara, Rome.
—Muller, 168.
FAURE, EUGENE, born at Seyssinet,
near Grenoble, in 1822, died in Paris, Feb.,
1879. Genre and portrait painter, pupil in
Paris of David d'Angers and of Rude ; went
to Italy in 1849 and studied in Rome, Flor-
ence, and Venice ; settled in Paris in 1851.
Medal in 1864 ; second class, 1872. Works :
Landscape (1847), First Steps in Love
(1861), Grenoble Museum ; Dreams of
Youth (1857); Education of Cupid, Ten-
fold (1859) ; Confidence (1863) ; Eve (1864),
Due de Morny, Paris ; The Source (1878) ;
Venus plucking her Pigeons ; Chlou with
Kid ; Daphnis and Chios leading their
Herds; Male and Female Portrait (1878).—
KunstrChronik, xiv. 525; Meyer, Gesch., 602.
FAUST WITH THE CUP, Ary Scheffer,
Count Kucheleff ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 3 in. x
3 ft 4 in. Faust, hearing the sound of the
church bells, sets upon the table the cup of
poison which he was about to swallow ; in
background, the shadow of Mephistopheles
dimly seen in the smoke of the lamp. Sa-
lon, 1858.
FAUST AND MARGUERITE IN THE
GARDEN, Ary Schefer, Samuel Aahton,
England. The couple, young and hand-
some, stand in a natural attitude, expressive
of their newly awakened love. — Salon,
1846. ,
FAUST AND MEPHISTOPHELES, Al-
fred Louis Jacomin, James H. Stebbins, New
York , canvas. Faust seated behind a table
in his study ; Mephistopheles, standing, at
left, a study of the singer Faure as he ap-
peared in Gounod's Faust at the Grand Op-
era, Paris. Painted in 1869.— Art Treaa. of
Amer., i 101.
FAUST IN HIS STUDY, Ary Sckejfer,
Rothschild Collection, Paris ; canvas, H. 3
ft 8 in. x 2 ft 10 in. Instead of the old al-
chemist of Goethe, the artist has painted a
young and handsome man seated in bis
study before a volume at which he looks
with a melancholy air ; behind him, Meph-
istopheles, smiling sardonically at the tor-
ments of his pupil. Solon, 1831.
Ary Scheffer painted a series of subjects
illustrating the Faust legend. For others,
see Margueriie, Subject also treated by
Eugene Delacroix, Hans Makart, Gabriel
Mas, Alexander Liezen-Mayer, and others.
FAUST, HETNRICH, bom at Reinsdorf,
Oct. 6, 1843. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of George Koch, of Professor Mailer,
and of the Cased Academy. Studied under
van Lerius in Antwerp ; visited Italy, where
he was especially attracted by the old Vene-
tian masters, and then settled in CasseL
Paints in the style of Makart, Works : Por-
trait of a Lady (1868); German Legends ;
Children's Figures ; The Flowers' Revenge ;
Egyptian Princess ; Titania ; Mediaeval Ger-
man Lady.— Mailer, 169.
ed by Google
FAUSTNER, LEONHARD, born in Mu-
nich, Feb. 16, 1815, died there, April 1,
1884 Architecture and landscape painter,
pupil of Munich Academy, and of the ani-
mal painter Moritz Louche ; then studied
glass painting under Ainmiller, who em-
ployed him in the royal manufactory of
stained glass, and after whose death he was
made its director. His highly esteemed oil
paintings are mostly in private collections.
His son Luitpold, bom in Munich, July 10,
1845, is a good landscape painter, pupil of
Munich Academy under Piloty. — Eunst-
Ghronik, xix. 484.
History and genre painter, pupil of the Dils-
seldorf Academy in 1833-41, then studied
three years in Munich, and two years in
Paris under Paul Delaroche. After his re-
turn to Dusseldorf he painted Italian sub-
jects exclusively, though he did not visit
Italy until the latter part of his life. Works :
St Gangolf a Well (1837); Qenovefa (1838);
Samson and Delilah (1839), Cologne Muse-
um ; Cleopatra (1841); Scene from Faust;
Borneo and Juliet (1846); Christmas, Kunst-
halle, Hamburg — Allgem. d. Biogr., vi. 500 ;
Blanckarts, 90 ; KunstOhronik, x. 697 ; W.
Mailer, Dusseldf. K, 71 ; Wiegmann, 300.
FATJVELET, JEAN, born at Bordeaux,
June 19, 1819. Genre and flower painter,
pupil of Lacour the younger. Has not ex-
hibited in Salon since 1869. Medal, 2d class,
1848. Works: Young Man Beading (1845);
Concert, Two Roses (1847) ; Indifference
(1848); Sculptor (1850), Luxembourg Muse-
um;DrawingTeacher(1852);Garden (1853);
Young Mothers, Two Female Musicians
(1855), Luxembourg Museum ; Amateur,
Fireside (1867); Van Loo, Agreeable Doc-
tor (1859); Three Ages, Seamstress, Guitar-
Player (1861); Smoker, Family Meal (1863);
Book of Ruth, Pleaders (1864); Karel Du-
jardin, Flowers (1866); Prodigal Son (1869).
FAY, JOSEF, bom in Cologne, Aug. 10,
1813, died in Dusseldorf, July 27, 1875.
FEARNLEY, THOMAS, born at Fred-
erickshall, Norway, Dec. 27, 1802 (Feb.
1804?), died in Munich, Jan. 16, 1842.
Landscape painter, trained in the art-school
at Christiania (1821), at the Copenhagen
Academy, and under Dahl at Dresden.
Travelled in Italy, England, and Northern
Europe, before settling at Munich in 1841.
Works: View of Copenhagen (1823); The
Marumelf, Justeldas Glacier, Duck-Shoot-
ing on the Konigsee (1828-30); Romsdal-
horn, Babrofall near Kongsberg, Grindel-
wald Glacier (1836-38); Waterfall near
Sawmill, View near Vindhellen, Gudvangen,
Sorrento, View of Babrofall (1839); Ma-
dumsfalL Castellamare, Moonlight (1840);
Gravens Fjord (1839), Norwegian Land-
ed byGoOglC
scape (1840), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; La-
brofoB Waterfall, Christiania Gallery. — All-
gem, d. Biogr., vi 592.
FEAST IN HOUSE OP LEVI (Luke v.
29), Paolo Veronese, Venice Academy ; can-
vas, H. 19 ft. 8 in.x46 ft.; dated 1573.
Table spread in a portico pierced by three
arcades; Christ, seated in middle, facing
the spectator, talks with SS. Peter and John
beside him ; nearly opposite him sits Simon
the Pharisee, master of the house, and at
A palace with lofty halls and colonnades
Christ, at table in middle of a vaulted room,
points to the Magdalen prostrate at his feet ;
a bare-armed servant looks on with surprise,
while another peeps over Christ's shoulder ;
Simon at left in turban and fur pelisse ; in fore-
ground, a dwarf buffoon with an ape on bis
shoulder, and near him a servant with cup
and flask ; at right, two women. Painted
for refectory of Convent of S. Fermo, Mon-
selice ; Moretto's most important work and
the ends of the table, seen through the side j
arcades, are the other guests ; servants wait !
at the table and pass up and down stairs i
at each end. Painted for Convent of SS.
Giovanni e Paolo, Venice, to replace a Last
Supper by Titian, which had been burned ;
carried to Paris in 1797 ; returned in 1815
and placed in Academy. — Felibien, i. 723 ;j
Filhol, iv. PI. 247 ; Landon, Musee, svii. PI.
25 ; Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 28 ; Zanotto, 535. I
FEAST IS HOUSE OF THE PHARISEE \
(Luke vii. 36), MoreUo, S. M. della Pietik, j
Venice ; canvas, life-size ; signed, dated 1544.
the prototype of the style elaborated by Pa-
olo Veronese.— Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i. 848;
C. & C, N. Italy, ii. 408.
By Paolo Veronese, Brera, Milan ; canvas,
H. 9 ft. x 23 ft. The guests seated at two
L-shaped tables on each side of a grand
hall, with an arch in distance leading into a
garden with a landscape beyond ; Christ
seated at left, with Mary Magdalen wiping
his feet, the broken pot of ointment beside
her. Painted in 1570 for S. Sebastinno,
Venice.— Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 28.
By Paolo Veronene, Louvre ; canvas, H
edbyGoOgk
14 ft 11 in. x 32 ft Christ, seated at the
corner of a table, points out to Simon, seated
opposite to him, Mary Magdalen, who, kneel-
ing, is wiping his feet with her hair, after
having anointed them ; Judas, at another
table, is rising and speaking to Christ ; the
two tables, spread in a circular portico
adorned with columns, are filled with the
disciples and others; spectators in balco-
nies ; above, two angels in the air, bearing
a scroll. Painted about 1570-75 for refec-
tory of Convent of the Servites, Venice ; pre-
sented by Republic of Venice in 1665 to
Louis XIV. It was the first
picture allowed by the gov-
ernment to go out of Vene-
tian territory. Engraved
by V. Lefebvre. — Felibien,
i. 723, 730; Ridolfi, Ma-
rav., ii. 29; Landon, Musee,
2d Col, iii. PI. 59 ; Burck-
hardt, 748.
By Paolo Veronese, Turin
Gallery ; canvas, H. 10 ft
4 in. x 14 ft 9 ia The
table spread in the portico
of a house of classic archi-
tecture, from the balcony
of which above three women
and a man look down ; at
the right end of the table
Hits Christ, partly in shad-
ow, conversing with a fe-
male standing beside him, "' s ' '
while Mary Magdalen anoints his feet ; the I
disciples and other guests are grouped
around the table, Judas occupying a central .
place in front next to a column. Painted
about 1566; carried to Paris in 1797, but
returned in 1815. Formerly in Palazzo
Durazzo, Genoa ; sold for 100,000 francs by
the Marquis Durazzo to King Charles Albert,
who placed it in the gallery in 1838. Sketch
at Stourhead House, England. Engraved
by Mitelli— Reale GaU. di Torino, iv. PI.
121 ; Felibien, i. 723 ; Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 28.
FEAST OF ROSEflARLANDS, Albrecht
Diirer, Prague Gallery ; signed, dated 1506.
In centre of a landscape, in front of a dark-
green curtain, the Virgin, enthroned with
the Child, is about to be crowned by two
angels ; on her right Pope Julius EL, with
priests, kneeling ; on her left, Emperor Maxi-
milian L, with knights; various members
of the German Company are also kneel-
ing, and all are being crowned with gar-
lands of roses by the Virgin, the Child, St
Dominic — who stands behind the Virgin —
and by angels. In background, at right
are Dttrer and his friend Pirckheimer,
standing, the former holding an inscribed
tablet Fainted by order of the Guild of
German Merchants in Venice ; purchased
by the Emperor Rudolph IL for his gallery
at Prague ; sold in 1782 by Emperor Joseph
IL; acquired in 1793 by the Premonstraten-
eian Abbey of Strahow at Prague, whence
removed in 1885 to Prague Gallery. It is
injured and much over-painted. Copy,
with changes, Lyons Museum ; do., Ambras
Collection, Vienna — Kugler (Crowe), i. 159;
Kunstblatt (1854), 200; Thausing (Eaton), i.
344 ; Gnz. des B. Arts (1881), ixiv. 97.
FEDDERSEN, HANS PETER, bom at
Wester - Schnatebull, Schleswig - Holstein,
^abyGoOglC
May 29, 1848. Landscape and animal
painter, pupil of DQsaeldorf Academy and
of Oswald Achenbach, then of the Weimar
art-school; visited Poland, Russia, and a
great portion of Germany, Austria, and Italy.
Works : Russian Horse-Herds in the Steppe ;
Roman Ghettos ; View in Roman Campagna ;
Horse-Herd, Brealau Museum ; In a Roman
Park (1883), Munich Ex.— Muller, 170.
FEDE, LA (Faith), Titian, Palazzo Ducale,
Venice ; canvas, figures life-size. Doge
Grimani, attended by a page and soldiers,
kneeling before Faith, who stands on a
U F«d>, Thtan, Palraa Ducdi, Vwilo*
cloud within a glory of angels, supporting
the cross with one hand, and bearing a
chalice in the other ; to left, St. Mark ; be-
neath the cloud in distance the Venetian
fleet at anchor and the Ducal Palace and
Campanile. Begun in 1555, but did not
leave the studio until Titian's death, when
it was finished by his pupils. Deserves to
rank amongst the most magnificent and ef-
fective decorative pieces of Titian's later
years (C. & C.).— C. & C, Titian, ii. 244 ;
Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i. 2G9 ; Vasari, ed. MiL,
vii. 457 ; Landon, Musee, xi. PL 29.
FEL ALESSANDRO DI VICENZIO,
called Alessandro del Barbiere, born at
Florence in 1643, died there in 1592. Flor-
entine school ; history painter, pupil of
Ghirlandajo, of Piero Francis, and of Maso
da San Frediano. He had a bold and fer-
tile genius, adapted to the large historical
frescos he executed, and in which he intro-
duced fine architecture and grotesque fig-
ures. One of his best works is the Flagel-
lation in Santa Croce, Florence.
FEH>, JOSEF, born in Vienna in 1807.
died at Weidling, near Vienna, in 1870,
Landscape painter, studied in Vienna, and
from nature in the Austrian Alps. Works :
Nymphs Bathing (1828), View near the
Schneeberg, Wood Landscape (1841), Ap-
proaching Storm (1847),
Vienna Museum ; Wood
Landscape (1853) ; Forest
Mill (1855) ; Atter Lake
(1866); Lake of Hallstadt,
Gosau Valley, Grinding
Mill, Wood Landscape
(1857).— Allgem.d.Biogr.,
vi. 599 ; Wurzbach, iv. 159.
FEISTENBERGER.
See Fati&enberger.
FEKE, ROBERT, died
in Bermuda, latter half of
18th century, aged about
forty-four. Probably born
on Long Island ; said to
have learned to paint in
Spain, whither he was
taken as a prisoner. Worked in Newport,
New York, and Philadelphia (1746). His
portraits are in Bowdoin Collection, Bruns-
wick, Me., and in the Rhode Island Histor-
ical Society, Providence. One of the best is
the portrait of Lady Wanton, in the Red-
wood Library, Newport, R L
FELIX OF CANTILICIO, ST., Murillo,
Seville, canvas, H9ft8inx6ft.4in.
The Saint kneeling, with infant Jesus in his
is, beholds a vision of the Virgin, who,
on clouds, accompanied by three cherubs,
stretches out her arms to receive her Son.
Painted about 1676 for Capuchin Convent,
Seville.— Curtis, 230.
FELIX, EDGEN, born in Vienna, April
27, 1836. Portrait and genre painter, pu-
edbyGoOgk
pil of Waldm oiler, then in Paris of Cogniet
travelled extensively, and settled in Vienna
in 1868. "Works : The First Friend, Vi-
enna Museum ; Painter's Studio ; Little
Congratulators ; Falconer ; Pan with Bac-
chantes ; Portraits of Professor Rokitansky,
of Anton Rubinstein, and of Duke Philip of
"Wurtemberg. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 310;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, viiL (Mittheilungen, i 43).
FELTRE. See Morto da Feltre.
FELU, CHAELES, born in Belgium in
1820. Born without arms, but learned to
draw with his right foot, and having made a
fine sketch in pen and ink, was admitted hi
1869 to the Antwerp Academy, where
learned to paint Chiefly copies other mas-
ters, but also paints good portraits, among
which that of the actress Victoria Lafontaine
is notable. "Works: Widow Wadman and
Uncle Toby, William Warner, Philadelphia.
FEMME COUCHEE, Jules Joseph Le-
febvre, William Astor, New York ; canvas,
BL 5 ft x 10 ft Female figure, full-length,
node, lying, with back to the spectator,
upon crimson cushions, the head resting
npon the left hand ; only the profile of the
face is seen, as she glances towards a per-
fume-burner near her feet — Art Treasures
of America, ii. 70.
By Jules Joseph Lefebwe, Alexandre Du-
mas, Paris ; canvas. Female figure, full-
length, nude, lying, on right side, front to
spectator, on cushions covered with drapery,
the right hand doubled up under the chin,
the left extended along the back of the
lounge. Painted in 1866. Study in col-
our {12 in. x 18 in.), John Wolfe, New York.
— Art Treasures of America, ii 61, 66.
FEND1 PETER, born in Vienna, Sept
4, 1796, died there, Aug. 28, 1842. History,
genre, and portrait painter, pupil of the Vi-
enna Academy under Fischer, Haubert,
Miiurer, and Lam pi ; visited Venice in 1821,
and received the gold medal for his view of
the Orotto of Gorgnole near Trieste. Works:
Archduke Ferdinand and Philippine Welser;
Eginhard and Emma ; Girl in front of Lot-
tery Shop (1829), Vienna Museum ; Officer's
Widow ; Seizures ; Cloister with Worship-
pers ; Girl at Poet-Office ; Inundation Scene ;
Emperor Francis and the Sentry ; Poor
Fiddler ; Christmas Eve ; Milkmaid ; Morn-
ing Prayer ; Portrait Group of Imperial
Family (1834).— AUgem. d. Biogr., vi. 618.
FERABOSCO (Forabosco), GIROLAMO,
born at Padua, flourished in Venice about
1630-60. Venetian school ; history and
portrait painter, considered one of the best
Venetian artists of his time. Especially ex-
celled in portraits. "Works : Young Woman
seized by the Hand of Death, Dresden
Gallery ; David, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vi-
enna.— Lanzi (Roacoe), ii. 252.
FERG, FRANZ DE PAULA, born in Vi-
enna, May 2, 1689, died in London in 1740.
German school; genre and landscape painter,
pupil of Joseph Orient and Hans Graf. Went
to Dresden in 1718 and to London in 1724.
Works: Two Italian Market Scenes, Vienna
Museum ; Towerlike Buildings with Bridge,
Ruins with Bridge and Figures, Buildings
on Lake with Figures, Landscape with
Bridge, Landscape with Figures, all in
Dresden Gallery; Marine, Cassel Gallery;
Four Seasons, Market Scene, Rural Feast,
Brunswick Museum ; Landscapes with Ruins
and Figures (2), Market Scenes (2), Kunst-
halle, Hamburg.— Allgem. d. Biogr., vi.
711; Ch. Blanc, Ecole allemande; Wurz- .
bach, iv. 184
FERGUSON, HENRY A., born at Glens
Falls, N. Y., Jan. 14, 1842. Landscape and
architecture painter, studied in Paris and
Rome (1876-78), having previously spent
three years in Chili (1870-73), where he
painted local scenery with success. "Went
from Venice to Egypt in 1878, returned to
New York in 1879, visited Mexico in 1881,
and Europe again in 1884. Elected A.N.A.
in 1885. Studio in New York. Works:
Baths of Caucanies (1873), replica. Lake
Aculeo, View on Doule River — Ecuador ;
Morning in Peruvian Andes (1874) ; Street
of Bab-el-Nasr — Cairo, Chimborazo, En-
trance to Rug Bazaar— Cairo (1880) ; Dogana
and Ducal Palace— Venice (1882), Mm T. A.
edbyGoOgk
FERNAOT)EZ
Walker ; Peaks of Eloniza (1882) ; River and
Peak of Orizaba — Mexico, Franconia Val-
ley (1884) ; Interior of St Mark's— Venice,
Mosque of Mohammed Ali — Cairo (1885).
FERNANDEZ, VASCO, commonly known
as Gran or Grao Vasco (Vasco the Great),
born at Vizeu, Portugal, in 1582. History
painter, son of Francisco F. ; flourished dar-
ing the reign of Dom Sebastian, and, ac-
cording to Portuguese testimony, was one
of the greatest painters that ever lived.
Said to have followed the school of Perugi-
no, but seems rather to have formed him-
self under the influence of Albrecbt Durer.
He has been variously cited as Ferdinand
de Vizeu, Fernandez Vasco do Cazal, Gran
Vasco de Vizeu, and Vasco Pereira. Works :
Calvary, Pentecost, St Peter, Baptism of
Christ, Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, Thirteen
Half-figures of Saints, Vizeu Cathedral —
The Christ on the Cross in the Misericordia
at Oporto, attributed to Holbein, is also
probably by him. — Raczynski, Lea Arts en
Portugal, 117-190, 297-308, 365-374, 399,
487, 505.
FERNANDO, DON, brother of Philip
IV., portrait, Velasquez, Madrid Museum ;
canvas, H. 6 ft 3 in. x 3 ft 6 in. About
nineteen years old, full-length, standing, in
hunting costume, holding a gun with both
hands ; a dog seated before him ; landscape
background. Painted about 1635 ; second
manner. Etched by F. Goya ; B. Maura ;
J. J. Martinez ; C. Alabern ; Guentrd ; J,
Burnet — Ch. Blanc, F-cole espagnole ; Gal
Esp. ; Curtis, 60 ; Madrazo, 615.
FERNANDO, SAN, Murillo, Madrid Mu-
seum ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 11 in. x 1 ft 3 in.
About thirty-five years old, three quarters
left, wearing armour and an ermine mantle,
kneels with hands joined in prayer ; above,
two cherubs draw aside a red curtain ; a
crown and sceptre on a red cushion beside
him. Probably painted about the time of
the canonization of King Ferdinand in 1671.
Engraved by M S. Carmona, L. F. Noseret;
lithographed by A. G. VilamiL — Curtis,
232 ; Madrazo, 480.
FERNBACH, FRANZ XAVER, born at
Waldkirch, near Freiburg, Breisgau, in
1793, died in Munich in 1851. History
painter, pupil of the Munich Academy ; in-
ventor of a process of encaustic painting,
used by Julius Schnorr, in decorating the
great hall of the royal palace at Munich. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., vi. 713 ; Meyer, Conv.
Lex., vi. 703.
FERON, FIRMIN ELOI bom in Paris,
Dec. 1, 1802, died at Connans-Sainte-Ho-
norine (Seine-et-Oiae) in 1876. History
painter, pupil of Gros and of Ecole des
Beaux Arts, where in 1823 he obtained the
second and in 1825 the grand prix de Rome ;
returned to Paris in 1833. Medal, 1st class,
1836 ; L. of Honour, 1841. Works : Damon
and Pythias (1825) ; Hannibal crossing the
Alps (1833), Marseilles Museum ; The King's
Promenade at Pienrefonds (1833) ; Raising
of Lazarus (1835) ; Entry of Charles VDX
into Naples in 1495, Skirmish near Gflntere-
dorf, 1805 (1837), Battle at Fornono in
1495 (1838), Conquest of Rhodes in 1310
(1840), Battle of Arsur in 1191 (1844), Bat-
tle of Putaha, 1159, Battle of Hanau, 1813,
Portraits of Bertrand du Guesclin (1835),
of MiraTmlH R&iz, Loheac, Praslin, Noaillea,
of Counts Montgomery and d'Olivarea^ of
Henri de Lorraine H, Due de Guise, Ver-
sailles Museum ; Funeral of General Kleber
(1843), Strassburg Museum; Victorious
Gladiator dying in the Arena, Soldier of
Pompey, Arras Museum. — Bellier de la
Chavignerie, i. 544.
FERRAMOLA, FLORIANO (Fioravante),
born latter half 15th century, died in Bres-
cia, July 3, 1528. Venetian school. While
Brescia was being sacked by Gaston de
Foix (1512) he worked on regardless of the
assault until he was surprised by the plun-
derers at his easel. Gaston compensated
him for his losses and ordered a portrait of
himself. Among Ferramola's few extant
pictures, frescos, dated 1514, and parts of
an organ screen (1518) in S. M. di Lovere,
frescos in Casa Borgondio, Brescia, and a
Christ carrying his Cross in the Tosi Collec-
edbyG00gk
tbn, Brescia, are characteristic specimens.
They show that he was educated under the
influence of Foppa, Costa, and Francis, and
hardly suggest that be was a contemporary
of Titian and Pordenone.— C. & C, N. Italy,
ii. 362 ; Vasari, xi. 263, N. 2. ; Liibke, Oesch.
itaL MaL, ii 607.
FERRARA, ERCOLE DA. See Qrandi.
FERRARA, LODOVICO DA. See Maz-
zotino, Lodovico.
FERRARL DEFENDENTE DE, flour-
ished at Chivasso first half 16th century.
Ijombard school ; history painter, perhaps
pupil of Macrino d'Alba. Works: Altar-
pieces (1519-21), Cathedral of Ivrea ; Christ
in the Temple (1526), Stuttgart Gallery;
Altaxpiece (1530), Marriage of St. Catherine,
Altarpiece in several compartments, Turin
Gallery ; Nativity with Saints (1531), Church
of Ranverso ; Fieta, Cathedral of Chivasso ;
Adoration of Shepherds, Bergamo Gallery ;
St Catherine, Princess Charles of Darm-
stadt— Morelli (Richter), 413 ; Turin Gal.
Cat ; Liibke, Gesch. ital Mai, i. 505.
FERRARI, FRANCESCO BIANCHT,
called B Frari, bom at Modena (?) in 1447,
died there, Feb. 8, 1510. Modenese school ;
history painter, enjoyed great reputation in
Modena, where some excellent works of his
are still to be found. Supposed to have
been Correggio's first master. Works:
Madonna enthroned with Angels and Saints,
Louvre; Annunciation (1510, finished by
Scaccieri in 1512), Modena Gallery. — Oh.
Blanc, Ecole lombarde ; C. A C, N. Italy,
i 373 ; Lanzi (Roscoe), ii 346.
FERRARI GAUDENZIO, bom at Val-
duggia in 1481, died in Milan in 1546 or
1547. Lombard-Milanese school Called
by Vasari Gaudenzio Milanese ; asserted
pupil of Stefano Scotto, Girolamo Giove-
none, and Perugino, whose influence is un-
mistakable in Gaudenzio's fine altarpiece
(1514-15) in S. Gaudenzio, Novara. Af-
fected also by Raphael whose fellow-student
he had been, and by Leonardo da Vinci, his
later style acquired life and energy. He
had considerable power of expression, and
used colour harmoniously, especially in his
frescos, but he was at times capricious
and extravagant, and bis compositions are
often overcrowded and wanting in beauty
of arrangement He painted many works
at Varallo, in 1504, 1513, 1524, and 1531,
the earliest of which are in S. M. di Loreto,
and S. Marco, the best in S. ML delle Grazie,
where he decorated the choir with scenes
from the Passion, and painted the Presen-
tation in the Temple, Christ among the
Doctors, and other subjects in chapels at
the Sacro Monte. In 1516 he went to Rome
and is said to have worked in the Farnesina
with Raphael after whose death he was as-
sociated with Giulio Romano and Perino del
Vaga. Other frescos by Ferrari may be seen
in the Brera, Milan, and in the Pilgrims'
Church at Saronno, where he painted in
1534, as also a Flagellation in S. M. delle
Grazie, Milan. His last fresco (1542) is in
S. Giuliano, on an island in the Logo d'Orta.
Among his pictures are tho Baptism of Christ,
S. Celso, Milan ; Martyrdom of S. Catherine,
Brera, Milan ; Christ bearing the Cross, Ca-
nobbio ; Last Supper (1543, unfinished), S.
M. dolls, Passions, Milan ; S. Peter and Do-
nor, Entombment, Turin Gallery, Madonna,
Oldenburg Gallery ; St George, and St
Anthony of Padua, Historical Society, New
York.— Vasari, ed. MiL, iv. 662 ; vi 618
ed. Le Mon., vi 58; viii. 248; xi 275
Burckhardt, 705 ; Lanzi, i 399 ; ii 496 .
Ch. Blanc, ficole milanaise ; Liibke, Gesch.
ital MaL, ii 461.
FERRARI, GIOVANNI ANDREA DE',
bom in Genoa in 1598, died there in 1669.
Genoese school ; pupil of Bernardo Castello
and of Bernardo StrozzL Won reputation
as an historical and portrait painter ; many
works in the churches and palaces of Genoa.
Became an ecclesiastic in old age. Was an
able teacher and the master of Benedetto
Castiglione, Valerio Castello, and Carbone.
— Lanzi iii- 267 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole genoise ;
Burckhardt, 779.
FERRARI, GIULIO CESARE, bom at
Bologna in 1818. History and portrait
edbyGoOgk
painter, professor at Bologna Academy, won
several medals. Works : Tasso reading his
Poem to Leonora ; Daughter of Jephtha ;
The brazen Serpent
FERRARI, GREGORIO DE', bom at
Porto Maurizio in 1641, died at Genoa in
1726. Genoese school ; history painter,
pupil of II Sarzana; studied in Parma
works of Correggio, whom be imitated suc-
cessfully ; was much employed, in Genoa,
Turin, and Marseilles. Works : Apollo and
the Muses, Plato and Aristotle with their
Scholars, Genoa University ; St Michael, in
Madonna delle Vigne, Genoa ; others in Pa-
lazzo Balbi, Genoa. His son, Lorenzo (1680-
1744), wasa still better imitator of Correggio,
and excelled in fresco ; works in Palazzo
Doria, Palazzo Carega, and in churches,
Genoa. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole genoise ; Lanzi
(Roscoe), hi. 258, 281 ; Nagler, it. 29L
FERRARI LUCA, called Luca da Reg--
gio, born at
Reggio, in
1603, died at
Padua in 1652.
Venetian
school; his-
tory painter,
pupil of Guido
\ Beni;Iivedand
I taught in Pad-
ua, among his
pupils being Minorello and Girello. Works :
Pieta, S. Antonio, Padua ; The Plague (1630),
The Dominicans, Padua; Magdalen, Death
of Cleopatra, Tomyris with the Head of Cy-
rus, Eaten se Gallery, Modena ; Painting
crowned by Fame, Bordeaux Museum. —
Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 267, 363.
FERRETTL GIOVANNI DOMENICO,
called da Imola, born at Florence in 1692.
Florentine school ; history painter, pupil of
Giovanni Gioseffo del Sole; painted mostly for
the churches and palaces of Florence, Pisa,
Leghorn, Siena, Pistoja, and Imola. Among
his best works are a Martyrdom of St. Bar
tholomew in S. Bartolommeo, Pisa, and the
cupola painting in S. FUippo Neri, Pistoja.
FERRL CIKO, born in Rome in 1634,
died there, Sept 13, 1689. Roman school; bin
tory painter,
pupil of Pietro
da Cortona,
whose style he
imitated so
closely that it
is difficult to
distinguish
bis work from
that of his mas
— ter. He fin-
ished Cortona's frescos in the Palazzo
Pitti, Florence, and other uncompleted
works in Rome. His best original works
are the ceiling of the Annunziata, baroque
style, and the cupola of 8. Agnese in the
Piazza Navona, Rome, which he left unfin-
ished at his death. Works : Repose in
Egypt, Madonna with St Martina, Old Pin-
akothek, Munich ; Christ appearing to Mag-
dalen, Vienna Museum ; Marriage of the
Virgin, Amsterdam Museum ; Rape of Helen,
Darmstadt Museum ; St. Theresa, Oldenburg
Gallery ; David and Saul, Copenhagen Gal-
lery ; Christ on the Cross, Alexander reading
Homer, Artist's portrait, Uffizi, Florence ;
Coriolanus and his Family, Roman War-
rior, Estense Gallery, Modena ; Vision of St
Catherine of Siena, Hermitage, St Peters-
burg ; Triumph of Bacchus, Hampton Court
—Lanzi, i. 498 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombri-
enne ; Burckhardt, 149, 768.
FERRIEB, (JOSEPH MARIE AUGTJS-
TK) GABRIEL, born at Nimes, Sept 29,
1847. French school ; history and portrait
painter, pupil of Lecoq de Boisbaudran ;
won grand prix de Rome in 1872. Medals :
2d class, 1876 ; 1st class, 1878 ; L. of Hon-
C.j
FE:^RIEI\-f\OME:-l874-
our, 1884 Works : Greek Lnproviser, rc,
30 (1872); Abduction of Ganymede (1876);
David Conqueror of Goliath, Nimes Museum ;
David and Bathaheba (1876), Martyrdom of
edbyGoOgk
ifiiiou, Be-
igofStBur- * . (f I)
St Agnes (1878), Judith, Roaen Museum ;
Inquisition in Spain (1879) ; Salammbd
(1880); Springtime (1881); "Hail King of
the Jews" (1882); Guardian Angel (1885).
—Mailer, 172.
FESELEN, MELCHIOR, born at Pasaau,
died in Ingolstadt, April 10, 1538. German
school ; history painter, evidently influenced
in his later pictures by Albrecht Altdorfer,
his contemporary. Works : Crucifixion,
Darmstadt Museum ; Pot-senna besieging
Borne (1529), Csesar besieging Alcoa (1533),
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Adoration of the
Magi (1531), Nuremberg Museum ; Mary of
Egypt (1523), Historical Society, Batisbon
Crucifixion, Be-
heading
bara.
Our Lady,
stadt— Allg<
Biogr., ri. 723 ; W. A W., ii. 418.
FEW, DOMENICO, born in Borne in
1589, died in
Venice in 1624.
Roman school ;
pupil of Cigoli
in Florence ;
afterwards went
to Mantua, stud-
ied works of
Giolio Romano,
and was made
court-painter
there by Duke
Ferdinando Gonzaga, whence sometimes
called H Mantovano. Painted many small
pictures, chiefly Bible subjects, vigorous in
colour and good in execution. "Works :
Da-rid with Head of Goliath, Martyrdom of
St. Agnes, Return of the Prodigal, Good
Samaritan, and 7 others, Dresden Gallery ;
Ecce Homo, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Market-Place, Flight into Egypt, Leander,
Moses and the Burning Bush, Marriage of
St Catherine, Triumph of Galatea, St Mar-
garet, Vienna Museum ; David and Goliath,
Dsadelua and Icarus, Adoration of Shepherds,
Tobias healing his Father, Conception, Her-
mitage, St Petersburg ; Visitation, Flight
into Egypt, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Ex-
pulsion of Hagar, Return of Prodigal, Bruns-
wick Museum ; Elijah in Wilderness, Berlin
Museum ; Magdalen Penitent, Oldenburg
Gallery; Sleeping Girl, Buda-Pesth Gal-
lery; Meditation, Venice Academy; Arte-
misia, Uffizi, Florence ; Lost Coin, Labourers
in the Vineyard, Palazzo Pitti, ib.; Christ in
Garden, Christ and Pilate, Crowning with
Thorns, Entombment, Palazzo Corsini, ib.;
Nero, Rural Life, Melancholy, Guardian An-
gel, Louvre, Paris ; Beheading of John Bap-
tist, National / ^-«y -»
Gallery, Edin- n ] rf— '
burgh; David J J <-U +
with Head of I J J TJLAs
Goliath, Hamp- **' • ^
ton Court— Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne;
Burckhardt, 793, 800 ; Seguier, 68.
FEUERBACH, ANSELM, born at Speyer,
Sept 12, 1829, died
in Venice, Jan. 4,
1880. History
painter, pupil of
DuBseldorf Academy
under Schadow, then
in Munich under
Rahl and Genelli;
having frequented
the Antwerp Acad-
emy in 1850, he
studied in Paris
under Couture in 1851-52, went to Carls-
ruho in 1853, to Venice in 1854, and to
Rome in 1856 ; was appointed professor at
the Vienna Academy in 1873 ; decorated the
ceiling of the Museum of Casts with a fresco
of the Titans. Works : Death of Pietro Are-
tino (1853) ; SUenus with Young Bacchus
and two Satyrs, Poetry (1854), Dante with
the Ladies of Ravenna (1857), Carlsruhe
Gallery; Iphigenia (1861); Franceses da
Rimini and Paolo (1861), Pieta (1862), Ari-
osto with Ladies in Ferrara (1863), Petrarch
seeing Laura in Church (1864), Singing Boy
and Girl overheard by Nymph, Madonna
with Angels, Group of Bathing Children
edbyGoOgk
(1865), Hafiz at the Fountain, Idyl from
Tivoli, Roman Family Scene, Portrait of
Nanna, Schack Gallery, Munich ; Medea
preparing for Flight (1870), New Pinako-
thek, ib. ; Medea brooding over Infanticide
(1871) ; Boys and Dryad (1865), Medea
mourning over the Urn (1873) ; Banquet of
Plato (1867); Orpheus and Eurydice (1870);
Iphigenia (1871), Stuttgart Gallery ; Gyp-
sies dancing in the Woods, Judgment of
Paris (1870), Kunsthalle, Hamburg j Battle
of Amazons (1872); Borneo and Juliet ; Mel-
ancholy ; Prometheus ; Banquet of Plato
(1873); Concert of Venetian Girls (1879).
— Brockhaug, vi 751 ; Graph. &, iii. 1 ;
KunsUChronik, xv. 238; xvii. 393, 429,
459 ; UluBtr. Zeitg. (1880), i. 88 ; ii. 564 ;
N. illuetr. Zeitg. (1880), i. 250 ; Schack,
Meine Gemaldesammlung, 95; Zeitechr. f.
D. K., viii 161.
FEYEN, EUGENE, born at Bey-sur-
Seille (Meurthe), Not. 13, 1815. Genre
painter, pupil of P. Delaroche ; paints fish-
ermen in a very attractive way. Medals :
1866 ; 2d class, 1880 ; L. of Honour, 1881.
Works : Street Musicians, Promenade in
the Park (1866) ; Souvenirs, Idyl on a Wall
(1868); Gleaners of the Sea (1872). Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Oyster-Fishing atCancale,
Bull-Head Fish, On the Shore (1874); Res-
cued Child, Fisherman's Return (1879) ; Can-
cale Fishwives returning in a Boat, Nurse
Asleep (1880); Fishing on Foot for Oysters,
Fishermen's Departure (1881); Harvesters
Resting, Low Tide (1882); Fishing, Repair-
ing the Nets (1883); Departure for Fishing,
Fisherman's Wife (1884); Before the Storm,
Bay of Cancale (1885).
FEYEN-PEBRIN, (FRANgOIS NICO-
LAS) AUGUSTIN, born at Bey-sur-Seille in
1829. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of
L. Cogniet and Yvon. Medals : 1865 ; 1867
Sdclass, 1874 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works
Return to the Cottage (1855); Charon's Boat
(1857), Nancy Museum ; Dante's Circle of
the Voluptuous (1859); Venetian Festival
(1861); The Muse of Beranger (1863), Dr.
Velpeau's Lesson in Anatomy, On the Beach
(1864); The Elegy, Finding the Body of
Charles the Bold after the Battle of Nancy
(1865) ; Women
of Batz Island
waiting for the
Ferry (1866) ;
Woman winnow-
ing Grain (1867);
Wreck of the
Evening Star
(1868); Circle of
the Stars (1869);
Melancholy
(1870) j Spring-
Time (1872) ; Cancale Women at the Spring,
Return from Market (1873), Return of the
Oyster-Fishers (1874), Luxembourg Muse-
um ; Cancale Women (1876) ; Parisian
Woman atCancale (1877) ; Death of Orphe-
us (1878) ; Women knitting by the Sea
(1879) ; Return from Fishing at Low Tide
(1880) ; Astarte, Fishing on Foot (1881)
Drunkenness, The Cornicbe Road (1882);
Spring-Time, Dancing by Twilight (1883);
Armorica, The Bath (1884); Remorse, The
Bath (1885).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii 318.
FIACCO (Flacco), ORLANDO, born in
Verona, flourished about 1560. Venetian
school ; history and portrait painter, pupil
of Francesco Torbido, ac- __ __ _,
cording to others, of Badile ; | I H H
praised by Vasari especially *^» ■!■ • *• •
for his portraits. Worka : / £ O 7
Ecce Homo, Crucifixion, S. *
Nazario, Verona. — Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 208 ;
Nagler, iv. 310.
FIALETTI, ODOARDO, born in Bologna
in 1573, died in Venice in 1638. Venetian
school ; history painter, pupil of Gio. Bat-
tista Cremonini at Bologna and of Tinto-
retto in Venice, where most of his paintings
are to be found. Works : Crucifixion, S.
Croce, Venice ; others in S.
/K (r^ Marco, Venice, and S. An-
(*J *Jy drea, Murano ; Senators of
Venice in Senate House,
Hampton Court Palace. — Lanzi (Roscoe),
ii. 195 ; Nagler, iv. 310.
edbyG00gk
FIALKA, OLGA VON, bom in Auatria ;
contemporary. Genre painter and illustra-
tor, pupil of Matejko and of Eisenmenger.
Illustrated the works of Leasing. Girl Gar-
dener (1880).
FIA3E LLA, 1X)MENIC0. See Sarzana.
FICHEL, (KENJAMIN) EUGENE, born
in Paris, Aug. 30, 1826. French school;
genre painter, pupil of P. Delaroche ; paints
small pictures, carefully and skilfully exe-
cuted, somewhat in Btyle of Meissonier.
Medals: 3d class, 1857, 1861, 1869; L. of
Honour,1870. Works: Holy Family (1849);
Harvey proving the Circulation of the Blood
(1851), Paris Medical School; Dressing,
Levee (1853) ; Morning Intimacy (1855) ;
Dramatic Matinee, Game of Chess (1857) ;
Provincial Restaurant, A Smoker (1859) ;
Camacbo's Wedding, Baptism of Mile. Clai-
ron (1861) ; Library Corner, Lively Party,
Arrival at the Iim (1863), bought by State ;
Party of Smokers, Audience at the Minister's
(1864) ; Napoleon L planning Manoeuvres,
General Bonaparte returning his Father's
Sword to Eugene Beauharnais (1865) ; Dide-
rot and Bameau's Nephew (1866) ; Ama-
teur at a Painter's, Open in the King's
Name ; Cabinet of Medals in the Boyal Li-
brary (1867); ChesB Player, Body Guard
(1868) ; Night of August 24, 1572, Fool sell-
ing Wisdom (1869) ; Party of Four (1870) ;
Founding of the French Academy in 1635
(1872) ; Buffon in his Study, Grand Recep-
tion (1873) ; Lacepede writing his History
of Fishes, Daubenton in his Laboratory
(1873), Vienna Exposition ; Louis XVI. 'a
Forge (1874) ; Departure of the Coach
(1875) ; A Foreign Festival (1876) ; Tavern
of Bamponneau (1877) ; Soldiers and Gri-
settes (1878) \ Curate's Nephew, Master's
Last Acquisition (1879) ; Restaurant, Sign- 1
ing the Contract (1880) ; At the Tailor's,
The Bill to Pay (1881) ; End of the Dinner,
Last Throw of Dice (1882) ; Jaurat in the
Tavern, Card Players (1883) ; Before the
Receipt, After the Receipt (1884) ; A Game
of Cards (1885).
FICHERELLI, FELICE, bom at San
Gemignano in 1605, died in 1660. Floren-
tine school ; history painter, pupil of Jacopo
da Erapoli ; called Felice Biposo from his
indolence, but bis few pictures are remark-
able for elegance of design and harmony of
colour. His copies of Perugino, Andrea del
Sarto, and others have been mistaken for
originals. Works : St Anthony, S. Maria
Nuova ; Adam and Eve driven from Para-
dise, Palazzo Rinuccini, Florence ; Tarquin
and Lucretia, Dresden Gallery. — Lanzi (Ros-
coe), i. 219 ; Nagler, iv. 316.
FD3DLER, BERNHARD, born in Berlin,
Nov. 23, 1816. Landscape and architecture
painter, pupil of Berlin Academy, then of
Gerst and of Krause. In 1855 he accom-
panied the present King of the Belgians to
Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor, and revisited
Egypt in 1865-66. Member of Venice
Academy. Lives in Trieste. Works : Am-
phitheatre in Pola (1846), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Cairo (1864), Vienna Museum ;
Tower of Rhodes, Entrance to Mosque in
Cairo, Granite Quarries near Siena, Cologne
Museum ; Ruins of Baalbec (1872) ; Jerusa-
lem (1879).— Brockhaus, vi. 795; Mnller, 174.
FIEDLER, JOHANN CHRISTIAN, bom
at Pima, Saxony, in 1697, died at Darm-
stadt in 1768. French school ; history and
portrait painter, pupil in Paris of Rigaud
and Largilliere ; became court-painter at
Darmstadt Works : Burial of Christ, The
Seasons, Artist's portrait, and others, Darm-
stadt Museum.
FIESOLE, FRA ANGELICO DA. See
FIGINO, AMBROGIO, bom in Milun
about 1548, died after 1595. Lombard
school, pupil of Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo ;
became an excellent historical and portrait
painter, and was a tolerably successful imi-
tator of Michelangelo's designs. Works :
Madonna with Saints and Satan, and por-
trait of the Marshal Foppa, Brera, Milan ;
St Matthew, St Paul, S. Rafaello, ib. ; Vir-
gin crushing Head of Serpent, S. Antonio
Abate, ib.— Lanzi, ii. 503 ; Cn. Blanc, fioole
milanaise ; Burckhardt, 709.
MbyGooglc
JTKENTSCHER
FIKENT9CHER, OTTO, born at Aix-la-
ChapeUe, Feb. 28, 1631, died in DOBseldorf,
Nov. 12, 1880. Battle pointer and illus-
trator, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy under
Theodor Hildebrand ; spent several years in
Stuttgart and Munich, then settled in Dus-
seldorf. Works: Blftcher saved by his
Adjutant at Quatrebras ; Attack of Cuiras-
siers at Mars-la-Tour ; French Dragoons
Repulsed.— Knnst-Chronik, xvi 122.
FILDES, (SAMUEL) LUKE, born in
Liverpool, Oct 14,
1814 Genre painter,
pupil of South Ken-
sington schools and
of Royal Academy.
Made many drawings
on wood for the Lon-
don Graphic, Corn-
hill Magazine, and
other periodicals, and
illustrated the last
works of Dickens (Edwin Drood) and of
Lever. Exhibited his drawing called Night-
fall at Royal Academy in 1868, and his first
oil picture, Fair Quiet and Sweet Rest, in
1872. This was followed by Simpletons
(1873) ; Applicants for Admission to a Cas-
ual Ward (1874) ; Betty (1875) ; The Wid-
ower (1876) ; Marianina, Playmates (1877) ;
Return of a Penitent (1879) ; Doubts, Dolly,
Venetian Girl (1881) ; (Nina 1882) ; Village
Wedding (1883) ; Venetian Life, Venetian
Flower Girl (1884); Venetians (1885). Mr.
Fildes was elected an A.R.A. in 1870. Mrs.
Fildes is also a genre painter. Among her
works are : Cottage Door (1877) ; Peeling
Potatoes (1878).— Meynell, 103; Portfolio
(1878), 65 ; Century, Feb., 1884 ; Meyer,
Conv. Lex., xviii. 319.
ETUFEPL SANDRO. See Botticelli.
FIUPPL SEBASTIANO, called Bastian-
ino, born in Ferrara in 1532, died there,
Aug. 16, 1602. Lombard school Called
also Gratella (Gridiron), from his custom of
covering large pictures with crossed lines to
reduce them to a small scale. Son and pu-
pil of Camillo Filippi, a painter of some
reputation in Ferrara ; went when eighteen
years old to Rome, and became a favourite
disciple of Michelangelo, of whom he was a
weak imitator. His best work is the fresco
of the Last Judgment in the Cathedral of
Ferrara, now greatly damaged by restora-
tion. Works : Raising of the Cross, Cer-
tosa ; Madonna with Saints and Annuncia-
tion, Ferrara Gallery. — Lanzi, iii. 205 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole ferraraise ; Burckhardt, 761.
FILIPPINO, See Lippi, Filippino.
FILIPPO, FRA. See Lippi, Filippo.
FILIPPO NAPOLITANO. See Angeli,
Filippo d\
FINCHLEY, MARCH TO, William Ho-
garth, Foundling Hospital, London. The
march of the Guards to Scotland in 1746.
While the straggling vanguard are winding
away to the horizon, the foreground is filled
with the confusion incident to departure.
The most prominent figure is a young and
handsome Guardsman hopelessly embar-
rassed by the rival adieux of two ladies ; a
drummer is drowning his grief by a vigor-
ous attack on his drum ; an officer kisees a
milkmaid, while a soldier pours her milk
into his hat, and another steals the pieman's
wares while directing his attention to the
episode. Painted in 1750 ; engraved by L.
Sullivan. The picture was dedicated to the
King of Prussia, who made a handsome
acknowledgment of the honour. — Dobson,
Hogarth, 70.
FTNISTERE, EVENING AT, Jules Bre-
ton, John A. Mitchell, Milwaukee, Wis-
consin ; canvas, H. about 3 ft x 4 ft A
party of white-hooded Brittany women near
a hamlet at sunset Painted in 1882 ; Se-
ney sale, New York, 1885.
FTNSONIUS (Finson), LOUIS, born in
Bruges about 1680, drowned in the Rhone
near Aries in 1632. Flemish school, his-
tory and portrait painter ; passed his youth
in Italy and followed the school of Caravsig-
gio. Went to Naples in 1612, returned to
Aix in 1613, and settled at Aries in 1614.
Good colourist, style vehement scrupulous
observer of material effects. Works : Resur-
edbyGoOgk
rectum (1610), St John's Church ; Incredu-
lity of Thomas (1613), Church of the Saviour,
Aii ; Female portrait (1624), Museum, ib. ;
Martyrdom of St. Stephen (1614), Aries Mu-
seum ; Magdalen, Marseilles Museum ; An-
nunciation (1612), Naples Museum. — Biog.
nat. de Belgique, vii. 70 ; Kramm, ii. 487.
FIORE, COLANTONIO DEL. See Cb-
lantonio del Fiore.
FIORE (Flore), JACOBELLO DEL,
flourished 1400-1439. Venetian school.
FIOBENZO DI LORENZO, horn at Pe-
rugia about 1440-50, died after 1521. XJm-
brian school, probably a pupil of Benedetto
Bonfigli. In 1472 he contracted to paint an
Assumption of the Virgin, the principal
parts of which are now in the Perugia
Academy. Though the figures are of com-
mon type and the action is broken and ex-
aggerated, the drawing is good and the ex-
ecution careful The influence of Perugino
upon Fiorenzo shows itself in a fresco (1475)
m Hogarth, Foundling Hoipilnl, London.
Son of Francesco del Fiore, president in
1376 of the guild of painters in Venice, a
position held also by Jacobello 1415-36.
Painted in the method of the earlier Vene-
tians ; work marked by incorrectness of
drawing, harshness of colour, and tawdri-
ness of ornament and of drapery. His Lion
of St Mark (1415) in the Ducal Palace,
Venice, his Madonna (1436) in the Venice
Academy, and a large picture in the Sacristy
of the Duomo at Ceneda, are fair specimens
of his manner. — C. & C, N. Italy, i 2;
Burckhardt, 588 ; Lermolieff, 395.
of the Eternal in a circular glory between
Saints, in S. Francesco of Diruta, one of the
most important wall-paintings recovered in
our day. There are other pictures by him
in the Perugia Academy ; a Madonna on a
gold ground, dated 1481, Berlin Museum ;
Madonna, S. Giacomo, Assiai ; Altarpiece
(1485), S. Francesco, Term" ; Head of Christ
and Saints, Madrid Museum. — C. & C, Italy,
iii. 151 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mod., vi 30, 56 ;
Ch. Blanc, rtcole ombrienne ; Cibo, Niccold
Alunno e La Scuola Umbra, 113 ; Lilbke,
Gesch. ital. MaL, i. 424.
edbyGoOgk
FIOBI DA URBINO. See Baroooi, Fe-
derigo.
FIORINl GIAMBATTISTA. SeeAretusi,
Cesare.
FISCHBACH, JOHANN, born in Cairtle
Grafenegg, Nether Austria, April 5, 1797,
died in Munich, June 15, 1871. Landscape
and genre painter, pupil of Vienna Academy
under Potter and Erafft. Extensively known
by his charcoal drawings. In 1840 he
moved from Vienna to Salzburg, lived there
until 1851, then in the country, and from
1860 in Munich ; was made member of the
Vienna Academy in 1843. Works : Poach-
ers, Bosenlauig Glacier in Switzerland
(1838) ; Peasant Boy quarrelling with Girl
about a Bird (1830), Widow in Graveyard
(1838), Museum, Vienna ; Ideal Landscape
(1830), Huntsmen Besting (1845), Liech-
tenstein Gallery, ib. ; Anxious Expectation
(1844), Children Found (1845), View near
Salzburg (1858), New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Salzach Valley and Watzmann (1851).— All-
gem, d. Biogr., vii 47 ; Andresen, v. 78 ;
Wurzbach, iv. 236.
FISCHER, GOTTLOB, born in Stutt-
gart, June 27, 1829. History and portrait
painter, studied sculpture in Holland, and
painting (1853-55) in Paris under Ary
Scheffer ; returned to Holland, and in 1857
settled in Stuttgart. Works : Bacchante
(1856); Protestant Service in a Barn;
(1859) ; Rembrandt in his Studio (1865) ;
Spinoza and the Spiders (1866) ; King Lear
and Cordelia (1873) ; Tasso in Prison (1876) ;
Portraits of Kin g and Queen of Wurtem-
berg (1875), of Prince Frederic, Baron von
Thumb, Baron von Cotta, Count Taube. —
MUller, 175.
FISCHER, (JOHANN CHRISTIAN)
RICHARD, born in Dantzic in 1826. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Dflsaeldorf Academy
under Earl Sohn, Theodor Hildebrandt, and
Schirmer. From 1854 to 1862 he lived
alternately in Berlin and Dantzic, and then
settled in the latter place. Works : Sultry
Noontide, Early Morning, Noon in the Val-
ley, Dantzic Museum ; Evening in the
Woods, Under the Oak Trees, Solitude in
Eifel Mountains, Vienna Museum ; Wood-
border in Tyrol, Hamburg Gallery ; Hessian
Landscape, Darmstadt Gallery ; On the
Heights in Eifel Mountains ; Heath at Sun-
set (1866); Evening on Baltic Sea.— Miiller,
17a
FISCHER, JOHANN GEORG, born at
Augsburg in 1580, died in Munich in 1643.
German school ; history painter, studied in
Prague and Italy, imitated Albrecht Dflrer.
Works : Taking of Christ, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Twelve Apostles, 11 Battle Scenes,
Schleissheim Gallery ; Ecoe Homo, Horitz
Chapel, Nuremberg ; Trinity (after Dibrer),
Pommersfelden Gallery. — Nagler, iv. 354.
FISCHER, JOSEF, born in Vienna, Jan.
30, 1769, died there, Sept. 5, 1822. Ger-
man school ; landscape painter, pupil of the
Vienna Academy, of which he became a mem-
ber in 1815. In 1802 he was made director
of the Eszterkazy Gallery, Vienna. Works :
View of Vienna and the Danube, Vienna. Mu-
seum ; Landscape, Vienna Academy ; Storm
Landscape, Prague Gallery ; others in Na-
tional Gallery, Pesth. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
vii. 76 ; Wurzbach, iv. 240.
FISCHER, JOSEF ANTON, born at
Obersdorf, Allgau, Feb. 28, 1814. died in
Munich, March 20, 1859. History painter,
pupil of the Munich Academy under Schlott-
hauer. Visited Italy with Forater and Schrau-
dolph in 1832, and studied under Heinrich
Hess in 1834-40. In 1843 he revisited Italy,
studied Fra Angelico, and was influenced by
Overbeck. Works : Flight to Egypt (1841),
Adoration of the Magi (1844), Visitation
(1845), Entombment (1848), New Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Assumption ; Descent from
the Cross ; Nativity ; Birth of Mary ; Adora-
tion of the Magi. — Allgem. d. Biogr., vii 77 ;
Begnet, 133.
FISCHER, THEODOR, born in Schwerin
in 1816, died there, March 30, 1873. His-
tory and portrait painter, pupil in Schwerin
of Schumacher, then in Dresden of Bende-
mann and Richter. Pictures in Schwerin
Gallery and Grand Ducal Palace, in Bos-
edbyGoOgk
lock University, and in many churches and
chap* Is of Mecklenburg. — Kunst-Cbronik,
Till 431.
FISCHER, VINCENZ, born at Schmid-
ham, Bavaria, April 2, 1729, died in Vienna,
Oct 26, 1810. History, architecture, and
landscape painter, first apprenticed with an
obscure painter at Passau, then pupil of Vi-
enna Academy; went to Italy in 1753 to
study under Tiepolo and Cignaroli, and after
bis return in 1760 became member of the
Vienna Academy, and professor in 1764, as
which he enjoyed considerable reputation.
Works: Moses and Pharaoh's Crown (1760),
Academy, Vienna ; Boman Colonnade with
Procession (1762), Similar Subject (1769),
Museum, ib.; in fresco; Agamemnon shoot-
ing Diana's Sacred Doe, Castle Lazenburg,
near Vienna ; others in Royal Palace at Buda-
Peeth, Royal Chapel at Pressburg.— All-
gem, d. Biogr., vii 82 ; Wurzbach, iv. 247.
FISEN, ENGELBERT, born at Liege in
1655, died there, April 15, 1733. Flemish
school; history and portrait painter, pupil
of FlemaeL then in Rome (from 1671) of
Carlo Maratti, whose style he followed close-
ly ; returned to Liege in 1679. Of the 653
pictures and portraits he painted, only a few
have survived. Works: Martyrdom of Si
Bartholomew, Christ on the Cross, St Bar-
tholomew's, liege ; Descent from the Cross,
Chapelle desFemmes incurables, ib. — Bioj
nat de Belgique, vii. 78 ; Michiels, x. 171.
FISH-GIRL, Muritlo, Lady Cranstoun,
London ; canvas, H. 3 ft 4 io. x 2 ft.
Peasant girl, seated, full-length, looking
front, holding up with left hand the end of
the scarf which covers her neck ; right hand
on handle of basket of fruit, beside which,
on ground, is a dish of fish ; background,
landscape. Probably Aguado sale (1843),
6,900 fr.; bought about 1864 from Mr. Bur-
ley. Engraved by Blanchard, in Gallery
Aguado.— Curtis, 283 ; Ch. Blanc, Ernie
espognole ; Art Union, 1846 ; Art Journal,
Sept, 1864 ; Scott, Murillo.
FISHER, KTITX, portrait, Sir Joshua
Reynolds, Lord Crewe. Kitty Fisher, the
Phryne of her day, daughter of a German
itaymaker. She married in 1766 Mr. Nor-
ris, son of the M.P. for Rye, and died in
1771. Half-length, sitting, with a white
dove in her lap and another fluttering from
the back of the sofa to join its mate.
Kitty Flthir, Sir Jothui R>ynslt!», Lord Cow*.
Painted in 1759 ; repetitions in Munro Col-
lection, London, and in Lenox Gallery, New
York. Another portrait, at Petworth House,
represents her half-length, full face, sitting
behind a table on which she rests her arms,
with an open letter before her ; a third de-
picts her as Cleopatra dissolving the pearl
(engraved by Fisher); a fourth, Lord Lans-
downe, in profile, with a parrot on her fin-
ger ; a fifth, Lord Carysfort, an unfinished
head in powder, and a fly-cap, perhaps the
loveliest of all One sold by Chrystie (1874),
114 gs.— Leslie <fc Taylor, Life, L 163 ; Pull-
ing, 22.
FISHER, WILLIAM MARK, born in Mas-
sachusetts, contemporary. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of George Inness, and afterwards
^abyGoOglC
studied in Europe. Opened a studio in
Boston, but, meeting with little success, re-
moved to London. Lived in 1881 at Stoy-
ning, Sussex. Works : Noon (1872); Earl?
Summer (1875) ; Scotch Hillside, On the
Cam (1876) ; The Meadows (1877); Pas-
torals (1878) ; Pevenaey Castle, Spring,
Weaned Calves, Spring Labour (1879) ;
Coast Pastures, Last of Autumn, Normandy
Orchard (1880); Milking Time (1881); Sun-
light and Shade, Melancholy Days, Mar-
guerites (1882); Timber Wagon, Early
Summer (1883); Sussex Pasture, Homewards
(1884); Low Tide, A Sketch in Ireland, A
Kerry Pastoral (1885).
FISHERS OF THE ADRIATIC, Leopold
Robert, Neuchatel Museum ; canvas, dated
1834. Paturle sale (Paris, 1872), £3,320.
FITCH, JOHN L, born in Hartford,
Conn., in 1836. Landscape painter, pupil
in Hartford of George F. Wright ; went to
Europe in 1855 and studied under Albert,
Max, and Richard Zimmerman in Munich
and Milan. Exhibits at the National Acad-
emy, of which he is an Associate. Studio
in New York since 1866. Works : Mountain
Brook (1870); Outlet (1871); In the Canon
Granville (1873); Stray Sunbeam (1875); In
the Woods, Autumn (1876); Twilight
Gill's Brook (1878); Study on Long Island
(1879); On Spruce Creek (1880); Study of
Beeches (1881); Path near Blue Mountain
Lake (1882); Study on the Croton, Pastoral
(1883); Study on the Raymond skill, Neg-
lected Road (1884).
FITGER, ARTHUR, born at Delmen-
horst, Oldenburg, Oct. 4, 1840. History
painter, pupil of Munich Academy, where
he was much influenced by Cornelius and
Genelli In Antwerp he studied Rubens,
and in Italy (1863-65) the old Venetian mas-
ters. Settled in Bremen in 1870. Works :
Fisher-Boat attacked by Mermaids ; German
Saga on Giant's Grave ; Erlking'sDaughters;
Procession of Witches ; Waking of Barba-
rossa ; Night and Dreams ; Prodigal Son,
Good Samaritan, Remberti Church, Bremen ;
Development of German Civilization, Ruten-
hof, Bremen ; Brema with her Children,
Feast of Bacchus, Four Praisers of Wine,
Roland and Rose, Rathskeller, Bremen ;
Five Continents, Four Winds, Bremen's Sea- .
Trade (1880), Exchange, Bremen.— Hollar,
175 ; EunstrChronik, x. 291, 312 ; xiiL 489 ;
xiv. 569.
FLACCO. See Piaoco.
FLAGELLATION (Fr., Christ a la
Colonne ; ItaL, Nostro Signore flagellato
alia Colonna ; Sp., Cristo a la columns ; Gcr.,
Geisselung Christi), the scourging of Christ
previous to crucifixion (Matt, xivii. 26;
Mark xv. 15; Luke xviiL 16 ; John xix. 1).
Sometimes called Christ at the Column.
By Murilkt, Duke of Wellington, London;
canvas, H. 1, ft 4 in. x 10 in. An execu-
tioner scourges the Saviour while another
prepares the crown of thorns ; in back-
ground, a wall and a grated window. Three
figures, full-length. Companion to Pieta,
also in possession of Duke of Wellington.
Subject treated also by Sodoma, Siena
Gallery; Antonello da Messina, Venice
Academy; Paolo Morando, Verona Gallery ;
Murillo, Louvre ; Gaudenzio Ferrari, S. M.
delle Grazie, Milan ; Sebastian del Piorabo,
S. Pietro in Montorio, Rome ; Lodovico-
Carracci, Bologna Gallery ; Alonso Cano,
Madrid Museum ; Zurbaran, Berlin Ha-
seum ; David Teniers, younger, Madrid
Museum ; Pelegrino Tibaldi, ib.; Th. van
Tulden, Brussels Museum ; Fr. Vanni,
Vienna Museum ; Ambrogio Borgognone,
Brera, Milan ; Pedro Ruiz, Dresden Gallery ;
Joseph Heinz, ib.; Earl Lehmann, Church
of St Nicholas, Boulogne-eur-Mer ; Hans
Holbein, elder, Munich Gallery ; Hans Hol-
bein, younger, Basle Museum.
FLAGG, GEORGE WHITING, born at
New Haven, Conn., June 26, 1816. Subject
painter, pupil of his uncle, Washington All-
uton ; later studied three years in Europe.
Painted six years in London before settling
; finally in New York ; elected N.A. in 185L
WorkB : Jacob and Rachel at the Well ; Por-
trait of Mme. Pico as Cenerentola ; Good
Samaritan ; Landing of the Atlantic Cable ;
^byGoOgk
Murder of the Princes in the Tower ; Young
Greek ; Landing of the Pilgrims ; Washing-
ton receiving bis Mother's Blessing (often
engraved) ; Mouse Boy ; Match Girl ; Haidee ;
Scarlet Letter ; Columbus and the Egg (1867);
Tennyson's Maud (1881); Hester Prynne,
Portrait of Dr. Ebeu M. Flagg (1883); Por-
trait of a Lady in Fancy Dress, Mrs. S. P.
Cleveland, Boston. — Tuckerman, 407.
FLAGG, JABED BRADLEY, born at
New Haven, Conn., June 16, 1820. Genre
and portrait painter, pupil of bis brother,
George W. Flagg, and a short time of Wash-
ington Allston. Elected N.A. in 1849, on
exhibiting Angelo and Isabella. Mr. Flagg,
who was instrumental in organizing the
Yale College Art Gallery, became a clergy-
man of the Episcopal Church in 1854, since
which time he has rarely exhibited, though
he still paints. Ideal works : Measure for
Measure (1849) ; Paul before Felix (1860) ;
Grandfather's Pet ; Poet's Captive (1877) ;
Intercepted Letter; Holy Thoughts. Por-
traits : Of his Father (1836) ; Commodore
Vanderbilt (1876) ; Bishop Littlejohn (1880);
Beverdy Johnson ; Henry Stanbery ; Judge
Peckham ; Chief -Justice Church (1884).
His sons, Montague and Charles Noel, both
pupils of the Eeole des Beaux Arts, are
genre painters in New York. — Tuckerman,
408.
FLAHAPT, LEON, born in Paris, Dec.
6, 1831. Landscape painter, pupil of L.
Fleury and of Corot Medal in 1869 ; 2d
class, 1878 ; L of Honour, 1881. Works :
Canal of Briare ; Sheepfold at Salles, The
Biver Loing ; Beach of Berneval ; Land-
scape ; Evening ; Under the Wood, Souve-
nir of the Normandy Coast (1869) ; Farm at
Sunset, The Loing (1874) ; High Sea at
Puys, Environs of Montbouy (1878) ; Even-
ing (1879); Bridge at Mortuaille, The
Croisie (1880) ; Ee turning to the Farm
(1881) ; Solitude (1882); The Biver Loing
(1883); Ferme de la Brosse (1884); October
Morning, On Shore of a Pond (1885).
FLAMENG, FRANCOIS, born in Paris
in 1859. History painter, son of the en-
graver Leopold Flameng; pupil of CabaueL
Edmond Hedouin, and Jean Paul Laurens.
Medal, 2d class,
1879; prix du
Salon, 1879.
Works: Beading
Desk (1875);
Portrait of aBish-
op, BarbaroBsa
visiting Charle-
magne's Tomb
(1876); Portrait
of his Father
(1877); The Gi-
rondins Summoned (1879) ; Capo di Monte
Road at Naples, Conquerors of the Bastile
(1881) ; In the Woods, Camille Desmoulins
(1882) ; A Duel (1883) ; Massacre of Macho-
coul, Behearsal in 18th Century (1884) ;
Bowlers, Marie Antoinette going to Execu-
tion (1885). — LarouBse.
FLAMEN G, MARIE AUGUSTE, born at
Metz (Lorraine), July 17, 1843. Landscape
and marine painter, pupil of Palianti, K Yer-
rier, Dubufe, Mazerolle, E. Delaunay, and
Pavis de Chavannes. Medal, 3d class, 1881.
Works : Village in Lorraine (1870) ; Valley
of Yancotte, Normandy (1872) ; Low Tide at
Cancale (1874); Fishing Boat at Cancale
(1876) ; Oyster Women in the Bay of Mont
Saint Michel (1876); Fishermen at Cancale
(1878) ; Banks of the Seine at Ivry, Yport
(1879) ; A Comer of the Sea at Saint-Vaast-
la-Hougue, Sea-weed at Low Tide in La
Manche (1880) ; Fishing Boat at Dieppe
(1881), Luxembourg Museum ; Three-Mast-
er leaving Havre, Schooner at Wharf (1882) ;
Bassin Vauban at Havre (1883) ; Fishing
Bark (1884) ; Cale de messageries maritimes
at Bordeaux (1885).
FLAMM, ALBERT, born in Cologne in
1823. Landscape painter, pupil in DUssel-
dorf of Andreas Achenbach ; later much in-
fluenced by Oswald Achenbach (1840-41),
with whom be travelled through Italy.
Works : Wood Landscape in Sunset (1845) ;
Morning Landscape (1846) ; View in North
Italy (1850) ; Approaching Storm in the
edbyGoOgk
Campagna (1862) ; Cartel Gandolfo (1867) ;
Pilatus on Lake Luzerne ; Grave-Ruins near
Borne ; Outlook on Bay of Naples ; View
near Norma in Volsker Mountains ; Via Ap-
pia near Rome, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; View
of Cudibb, National Gallery, Berlin ; Siebcn-
gebirge (1880) ; Coast of Sorrento (1884).—
MOller, 177 j Wiegmann, 381.
FLANDIN, EUGENE NAPOLEON, born
in Naples, Aug. 15, 1809, died in 1876.
Landscape and marine painter, studied in
Italy, accompanied the French expedition to
Constantino in 1836, visited Persia in 1840-
41, and Assyria in 1844 ; published, with the
architect Pascal Coste, " Voyage en Perse,"
(Paris, 1843-51), which made him famous,
followed by several other publications on
his travels, notably "L'Orient" (1856-64).
Medal, 2d class, 1837 ; L. of Honour, 1842.
Works : View of Venice, Bridge of Sighs
(1836) ; View of Hotel de Ville in Algiers
(1837) ; Storming of Constantino (1838) ;
View of Golden Horn and of Stamboul, Great
Mosque of Ispahan, View of Constantinople,
Entrance of the Bosporus (1855) ; Interior
of St. Mark's, Venice, View of Tripolis (1857);
Corner of Doge's Palace, Venice (1866). —
Larousse, viit. 431.
FLANDPJN, (JEAN) HIPPOLYTE, bora
in LyonB, March 23,
1809, died in Borne,
March 21, 1864. His-
tory and portrait
painter, son of a poor
miniature painter ;
studied under the
sculptor Legendre
1 and under Revoil in
the Lyons Academy ;
then,withliisyounger
brother, Paul, a pupil
of Ingres in Paris. Won in 1832 the grand
prix de Borne with his Theseus recognizing
his Father, and after living in Rome six
years returned to Paris (1838) and executed
many decorative works, especially in St.
Germain des Pres (1842-61), St Paul,
Nlmea (1847-49), Si Vincent de Paul, Paris
(1850-54), Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers
(1854), and Church of Ainay, near Lyons
(1855). L. of Honour, 1841 ; Officer, 1853 ;
Member of Academy, 1853 ; professor of
painting, 1857. Works: St. Clair healing; the
Blind (1836), Nantes Cathedral ; Reverie,
Nantes Museum ; Euripides (1835), Dan to
and Virgil in Purgatory (1836), Lyons Mu-
seum; Christ blessing Little Children (1837),
Lisieux Museum ; Savonarola preaching in
Florence (1840) ; Mater Dolorosa (1844) ;
Study of Figure (1855), portrait of Young
Girl (1863), Louvre, Paris ; Tower of Babel
(1861), Lille Museum ; portraits of Cheru-
bim after Ingres, Marie Anne de Bourbon,
Marie Francoise de Noaillea, Cardinal de
Tournon, Diana of Poitiers, Versailles Mu-
seum ; and portraits of Napoleon UL, Je-
rome Napoleon, Comte Duchutel, Comtesae
DucMtel, Comte Walewski, and M. Say. — -
Delaborde, Lettreset Pensues (Paris, 1865) ;
Christian Painter of 19th Century (London,
1875) ; Ch. Blanc, Artistes de mon Temps,
263 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1864), xviL 105,
243 ; (1865), xviii. 66, 187 ; (1868), xxiv. 20.
FL ANDRTN, JEAN PAUL, born in Lyons,
May 8, 1811. Landscape painter, brother
of Hippolyte, pupil of Ingres. Medals : 2d
class, 1839 ; 1st class, 1847 ; 2d class, 1848 ;
L. of Honour, 1852. Works: Exile's Fare-
well (1839); Shepherds' Brawl, Lioness Hunt-
ing (1847); Penitents of the Roman Cam-
pagna (1840); Solitude, Sabine Mountains
(1852), Luxembourg Museum ; Nymph's
Grotto, Gorge of Atlas, The Archers (1855);
Jesus and the Canaanite Woman, The Rhone,
(1857); Environs of MaraeDles (1859), Angers
Museum; Flightin to Egypt, Ministry of State;
Park of Vaux-le-Peng (1861); Valley of Mont-
morency (1863) ; Souvenir of Yeres, Souvenir
of Southern France (1865); View in Langue-
doc, Souvenir of Bugey (1866); Solitude
(1867); By the Water, Abandoned Race-
Course (1868); Idyl, During the Harvest
(1869); Grove of Green Oaks, Palace of the
Popes at Avignon (1870) ; Souvenir of Pro-
vence (1873); Souvenir of Provence, Idyl,
Meadow near Nantua (1874); Souvenir of
edbyG00gk
Baa-Breau, Border of a Pine Wood at Por-
nic (1875); Landscape, Id the Woods (1876);
Garden near Nimes (1877); View near Etre-
tat (1878); View in Provence, View at Bogey
(1879); River Alberine, Road of Etroits near
Lyons (1880); Souvenir of Bugey, Provence
(1881); Road near Montmorency, View from
the Heights above Sevres (1882); Landscape,
Autumn near Montmorency (1883); In Au-
tumn, Diggers at Work (1884); Autumn
Reminiscence, Shades (1885). Pictures in
the Museums of Nimes, Lyons, and Langres.
His elder brother, Augusts Rene (1801-43),
pupil of Ingres, was director of Lyons Acad-
emy. — Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 656.
FLATZ, GEBHARD, bom at Wolffurt*
Vorarlberg, June 11, 1800. History painter,
pupil of Vienna Academy ; then studied at
Munich, and went to Rome, where, except-
ing a short stay at Innsbruck, he has since
lived, forming himself after the works of
Fra Angelico and Raphael, allied in close
friendship with Overbook, and, like him,
among the foremost modern painters of re-
ligious subjects. Most of his works have
been bought for England and America.
Works : Paris challenged by Hector (1827),
Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Allegory on In-
carnation of Christ (1842); Madonua (1843);
Transfiguration of St Francis (1845) ; Abra-
ham and the Angels ; Madonna adoring the
Infant ; Fiesole after a Vision painting the
Madonna ; Mary with Martha, John and
Lazarus listening to the Lord ; Christ be-
stowing upon Souls in Purgatory the Boon
of his Sacrifice (1854); Bishop of Lodi,
the Founder of Figlie del sagro Cuvre at
Trent ; Mary and Joseph adoring the new-
born Saviour, Imperial Chapel, Vienna ; St.
Frauds Xavier on his Death-bed ; Cycle of
Five Scenes in Life of Christ (1858). In
fresco : Cycle representing the Teaching of
Christ— Wurzbach, iv. 264 ; xxvi. 379.
FLEMAEL (Flemalle), BARTHOLET,
born at liege, May 23, 1614, died there,
July 10, 1675. Flemish school ; history
and portrait painter, son of Renier Fle-
maeL glass-painter ; pupil of Gerard Douf-
fet and of Jordaens ; went to Italy in 1638,
stayed principally at Rome and Florence,
and on his way homeward painted with
great repute in the Carmelite and Augus-
churches in Paris, where, on a second
visit in 1670, he was made member and pro-
fessor of the Academy. Returned to Liege
in 1647, and two years later took up his
abode temporarily at Brussels. Shows the
influence of Nicolas Poussin. Works : Chas-
tisement of Heliodorus, Brussels Museum ;
Flight of iEneas from Troy, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Alexander leaving for Asia, Death of
Lucretia, Cassel Gallery ; Raising of the
Cross, Crucifixion, Liege Museum ; Nativ-
ity, Caiin Museum ; Mysteries of the Old
and New Testa- ^
ments, Louvre. — |) \~i ' _,„l
Biog. nat de Bel- /) TUUtf^^
gique, vii. 96 ; Hel- '•*•
big, Hist de la peinture a Liege ; Fetis, Lea
Artistes beiges a l'etranger, ii. 374.
FLERS, CAJOLLE, born in Paris, Feb.
15, 1802, died at Annet (Seine-et-Mame),
June 27, 1868. Landscape painter, pupil
of Paris. Bred in the old school of land-
scape painting, but became a leader of the
new in 1831. His best works were painted
before 1855. Medals : 3d class, 1840 ; 2d
class, 1847 ; L. of Honour, 1819. Works :
Cascade of Pissevache (1831); Mill on the
Marne ; View of the Meilleraye ; Road in
Normandy, Environs of Dunkirk ; Animnls
in a Pasture, Castle of Arques ; Environs of
Compiegne ; Mill of Toucque, Island of Sa-
mois (1838); Banks of the Marne (1848);
Four Seasons (1855); eight views and in-
teriors (1857); WUIowb on the Beuvronne ;
Mill of CoUlour (1859); Hazel Trees on
Banks of the Bresle ; Orchard at Aumale ;
Henrietta Island at Annet ; Tuileries duPer-
rey at Havre ; Water- Mill near Qiiilleboeuf ;
Washing-Places on the BreBle ; Mill at An-
net (1861); The Allier at Vichy after an In-
undation ; Mill at Auuay (1863). — Bellier de
la Chavignerie, i. 557.
FLEURY, FRANCOIS ANTOINE LEON,
born in Paris, Dec. 18, 1804, died Oct 19,
edbyG00gk
1858. Landscape and history painter, son
and pupil of Claude Antoine F., history and
portrait painter of beginning of 19th cen-
tury; later pupil of Hersent and Boron.
Subjects usually taken from central France.
Medals : 3d class, 1841 ; 2d class, 1837 ; 1st
class, 1845; L. of Honour, 1851. Works:
Baptism of Christ, Si Marguerite, Paris;
Saint Genevieve, St Etienne du Mont, ib. ;
Ischia (1833); Environs of Maubeuge, View
of Clermont, Hell's Hole, The Bridge of
Arche (1840); Village of Cagnes (1845), for-
merly in Luxembourg Museum ; Monte Calvo,
near Nice, Mill of Coutivert (1847); The
Grove, Pasture in Normandy, Environs of
Tronville (1852), bought by the Emperor ;
View on Coast of Genoa, Orleans Museum ;
Landscape, Nantes Museum. — Gaz. des B.
Arts (1859), i. 302.
FLICKEL, PAUL, born in Berlin, April
8, 1852. Landscape painter, pupil of Wei-
mar Art School under Theodor Hagen, went
in 1874 to Dttsseldorf , and settled in 1876 in
Berlin ; travelled in Germany and Austria,
and in 1877 in Italy. Works : Garden near
Naples ; Villa dTSste ; View of Naples from
Capo di Monte.— Mailer, 178.
FLIGHT INTO EGYPT (Fr., Fuite en
Egypte ; It., Fugs in Egitto ; Sp., Huida a
Egipto ; Ger., Flucht nach Egypten). The
flight of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph into
Egypt to escape the pursuit of Herod.
By Claude Lorrain, Dresden Museum ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft 4 in. The Virgin,
with Jesus in her arms, is mounted upon an
ass, which is preceded by an angel ; behind,
Joseph, leaning on his staff. The landscape,
one of the most beautiful by the painter, has
a cascade in the middleground, which forms
a rivulet crossed by a bridge; in background,
a city and mountains. Other figures, besides
the Holy Family, are two travellers in an
tique costume, and a shepherd and shep-
herdess. From the Mazarin Collection. An-
other Flight into Egypt by Claude, engraved
by Morel, is in the Ashburton Collection,
London.
By Alexandre Decamps, private gallery,
Paris ; canvas, H. 9 in. x I ft, 1 in. The
Holy Family about to cross a torrent at
evening ; an angel leads by the bridle the
upon which the Virgin and Child are
sitting. Salon, 1850 ; Pereire sale (1872),
15,150 francs.
By Edwin Long, London ; canvas, H. 8
ft x 16 ft. Called by the painter Anno
Domini The Holy Family in foreground,
the Virgin and Child seated upon an ass,
beside which walks Joseph ; beyond, issu-
ing from the gate of an Egyptian temple in
background, at the left of which the Pyra-
mids are seen, marches a procession — min-
strels followed by bearers of the golden im-
age of Ms, by priests, by a Roman officer
a chariot, and by the sacred bull Apia.
In the foreground, near the Holy Family,
are a young lover fastening an amulet around
the neck of his betrothed, a negro carrying
for sale a tray of Egyptian gods, and a
mother holding in her arms a sick child,
before whose unconscious face three girls
and a negro girl-slave hold up images of
the gods.
By Holman Hunt See Triumph of the
Innocents.
By MuriUo, Duchesse de Galliera, Paris ;
canvas, H. 7 ft x 5 ft 6 in. The Virgin,
mounted on an ass walking to right, ten-
derly regards the Child, who lies with his
head on her right arm ; St Joseph, in broad-
brimmed hat and mantle, walks leading the
animal : night scene — landscape of arid
country with tree on left First manner.
Painted about 1648 for convent of La Mer-
ced Calzada, now the Seville Museum ; car-
ried off by Soult ; sold at his sale for 51,500
fr. — C. Bermudez, it 59, Carta, 55; Pone,
Viage, ix 107 ; Curtis, 167.
By Rubens, Louvre ; wood, H. 2 ft 6 in.
x 3 ft 3 in. Night scene, the stars and the
moon reflected in the water of a river which
the Holy Family are about to cross. Mary,
holding Jesus in her arms, is seated upon
an ass led by an angel, while a second angel
flies at her right ; Joseph, walking with his
staff, turns and looks with anxiety at two
edbyG00gk
horsemen galloping to right on the river-
bank ; in background, left, under a rock
shaded by trees, shepherds and their flocks
around a fire. Collection of Louis XIV.
Engraved by L C. Marinus ; C. Galle ; R.
Ftiftrt into Egypt, M
Lowry. Same composition with changes,
Caasel Gallery, to which it was returned in
1815 from Paris.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Bocco, Venice ;
canvas. A lovely landscape, with the Ma-
donna and St Joseph pacing along a shady
path on the banks of a river. The Virgin's
bead is very beautiful ; the head of the ass
is wonderfully painted. — Buskin, Stones of
Venice, iii. 328.
By Adrian van der Werff, Hague Museum ;
wood, H. 1 ft. 6 in. x lft. 3 in.; signed, dated
1710. The Virgin, with Jesus in her arms,
is seated upon an ass led by Joseph beside
a stream, near which are trees and the ruins
of a portico. Painted by the artist for his
daughter, who sold it for 4,000 florins to
J. van Schuylenburg, at The Hague, from
whom it passed through several other hands
to the Hague Museum. Carried to Paris
under the empire ; returned in 1815. En-
graved by Avril in Musee francais. — Filhol.
Subject treated also by Guido, Brussels
and Naples Museums; Carlo Maratti, Vi-
enna Museum ; U Scarsellino, Dresden Mu-
seum ; Alessandro Turchi, Madrid Museum ;
Luca Cambiaso, Palazzo Barberini, Borne ;
Oaudenzio Ferrari, Church of Minorites,
Varallo ; Lodovico Card!, Louvre ; L. Bas-
sano, Madrid Museum ; Murillo, Hermit-
age, St Petersburg ; id., Pesth Gallery ;
id., Mrs. Culling Hanbury, Bedwell Park,
Herts ; Adam Elsheimer, Munich and Dres-
den Galleries, Louvre, and Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna; Domenico Feti, Vienna
Museum ; Filippo Latin, ib. ; Herri de Bles,
ib. ; Joachim de Patinir, Munich and Madrid
Museums and London Gallery ; Velvet Brue-
ghel, Besancon Museum ; Frans Francken,
elder, Dresden Museum ; Frans Francken,
younger, TJifizi, Florence ; Francois Boucher,
Hermitage, St Petersburg ; Eugene Deveria
(Salon, 1838); P. A. Jeanron (Exposition
Universe lie, 1856); Joseph Beaume (ib.); J.
J. Bellel (ib.); Paul Flandrin (Salon, 1861).
FLINCK, GOVAEBT, born at Cleves,
Jan. 25, 1615,
died in Amster-
dam, Feb. 2, 1660.
Dutch school;
history and por-
trait painter, pu-
pil of Lambert
Jacobzen at Leeu-
warden, then of
Rembrandt, un-
der whom his
talent developed
so rapidly that after one year his pictures
could scarcely be distinguished from those
of the master. He left Bembrandt in 1638,
and took the freedom of Amsterdam in 1652.
After Eeckhout, he was the scholar who ap-
proached nearest to Bembrandt His best
pictures are of the period 1640-50 ; later,
having studied the old Italian masters, he
aimed at precision of form rather than at
edbyGoOgk
chiaroscuro effects, and lost ground. He
enjoyed the favour of the Elector William
of Brandenburg, and of Prince Maurice of
Nassau, for whom he executed many pict-
ures. Works : Annunciation to the Shep-
herd, Portrait of a Young Girl (1641),
Louvre ; Female portrait (1640), Brussels
Museum ; Loving Couple (attributed), Ant-
werp Museum ; Isaac blessing Jacob (1688),
Fete of the Civic Ghiard (1648), National
Museum, Amsterdam ; Marcus Curius Den-
tatus, Solomon praying for Wisdom, Royal
Palace, lb, ; The Archers (1642), City Hall,
ib. ; Portrait of a Man and his Sister (1646),
Rotterdam Museum ; Solomon and Queen
of Sheba (with Dirk van Delen), Lille Mu-
seum ; Female portrait (1636), Brunswick
Museum ; do., Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Woman and Child, Darmstadt Museum ;
Guard Boom, Old Pinakothek Munich ; 3
male portraits (two dated 1639, 1643), David
and Uriah, Dresden Gallery ; Female por-
trait (1641), Expulsion of Hagar, Berlin Mu-
seum ; 2 portraits, Copenhagen Gallery ; 3
portraits (one dated 1637), Hermitage, St
Petersburg ; Portrait of Old Man (1661),
Vienna Museum ; Portrait of a Lady
(1648), Marquis of Bute, London ; Bath-
sheba's Appeal to David, National Gallery,
Dublin.— Allgem. d. Biogr., viL 122 ; Cb,
Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Havard, A. & A.
hoL, iL 73 ; Bepertorium I K, iv. 108 ;
Riegel, Beitrage, il 269 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
x. 224, 381.
FLORA, See Columbine.
FLORA, Titian, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas,
life-size figure, seen to hip. A woman,
lightly clad, her hair looped with a silken
cord and falling in waves to the bosom,
strives with one hand to hold the muslin
falling from her shoulders while presenting
roses, jessamines, and violets with the other
to Borne unseen person. Painted about
). Once owned by Don Alfonzo Lopez,
who also owned the Ariosto of Cobham
Hall ; first exhibited in Florence in 1793,
when taken from the Duke's Guardaroba. —
C. & C, Titian, i. 270 ; Lavice, 63.
FLORA, TRIUMPH OF, Nicolas Pousein,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 5 ft 5 in. x 7 ft
11 in. At right, Flora, seated upon a char-
iot, drawn by two loves or zephyrs, and pre-
ceded by women and men singing and danc-
ing, is accompanied by nymphs, youths, and
loves bearing Sowers ; two loves, flying, are
about to crown her; a warrior, standing,
offers flowers in a buckler. Painted about
1630 for Cardinal Omodei, whence passed to
collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by E
Fessard (1770), Audran, Marie Horthemels.
— Filhol, iii. PI. 199 ; Villot, Cat Louvre.
FLORE. See Fiare,
edbyGoOgk
FLOKENTIA
FLORENTIA, ANDREA DA. See An-
drea.
FLORENTINE POET, Alexandre Ca-
banel, J. H. Warren, Hooaic Falls, N. Y. A
young poet reading one of his compositions
to youthful listeners, seated on a marble
bench in a garden. Salon, 1861. Engraved bj
A. Huot Replica, Israel Cone, New York.
FLORIGERIO, 8EBASTIANO, of Udine,
bom about beginning of 16th century, died
after 1513, Venetian school ; pupil and
sod -in-law of Pellegrino. In 1525 be painted
an altarpiece for S. M. di Villanuova near
San Daniele, and later the Conception, now
in Venice Academy. The St George and
the Dragon in S. Giorgio of Udine
ordered in 1529. He afterwards painted in
Padua until 1533. In 1539 he killed a man
in a quarrel at Udine and fled to Cividale,
where be remained until 1543, when he re-
turned to Udine.— G & C, N. Italy, ii. 300 ;
Vasari, ix. 30 ; Lubke, Gesch. ital Mai, ii.
603.
FLORIS, FRANS (Frans de Vriendt),
born in Ant-
werp about
1517-18, died
there, Oct. 1,
1570. Flem-
ish school;
history and
portrait paint-
er, son and
pupil of Cor-
nelia de V., a
stone - cutter,
then at liege pupil of Lambert Lombard ;
also studied in Italy under influence of
Michelangelo. In 1540 admitted into the
guild at Antwerp, where he opened a school,
frequented by many scholars, among whom
were several afterwards great masters. Led
a very wild life, which prevented his attain-
ing the fame and fortune that bis great tal-
ent and the patronage of his friends offered
him. His eons, Jean Baptiste and Frans,
were both painters. Works : Fall of the
Angels (1554), Adoration of the Shepherds,
St Luke painting the Virgin, Antwerp Mu-
seum ; Nine Muses, Christ and Little Chil-
dren, Water-Wedding at Middelburg, Am-
sterdam Museum ; Last Judgment (1566),
Adoration of the Magi (finished 1571 by
Hieronymus Francken), Brussels Museum ;
Falcon Hunter (1558), Mars and Venus
surprised by Vulcan, Venus and Cupid,
Brunswick Museum ; Taking of Christ, Cas-
ed Gallery ; Cain and Abel, Copenhagen
Gallery ; Venus and Mars (1547), Lot and
his Daughters, Berlin Museum ; Figure of
a Woman, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Adam
and Eve under the Tree, Adam and Eve
driven from Paradise, Holy Family, Vienna
Museum ; Deluge, portraits (2), Madrid Mu-
seum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Biog.
nat de Belgique, vii. 120 ; Cat. du Musee
d'Anvers (1874), 139 ; Dohme, lii. ; FStis,
Cat du Mua royal, 317 ; Michiels, v. 292 ;
Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 17 ; Booses (Reber), 98;
Van den Branden, 173.
FLORIZEL AND PERDITA, Charles R
Leslie, South Kensington Museum ; canvas,
H. 1 ft 9 in. x 2 ft. 5 in. Scene from Win-
ter's Tale, Act IV., Scene 3. Perdita, stand-
ing, presenting flowers to Polygenes and
Camillo, seated at right in shepherd's cot-
tage ; behind her is Florizel, and at her side,
at left, Dorcas, a true shepherdess. Royal
Academy, 1837. Engraved by L. Stocka—
Art Journal (1867), 4.
FLOWER GIRL, MuriUo, Dulwich Gal-
lery ; canvas, II. 3 ft 11 in. x 3 ft 2 in.; has
been enlarged, original size 3 ft 5g x2 ft
9j. In white turban, yellow robe, white
sleeves, seated on a atone bench, holding
with both hands the end of a brown em-
broidered scarf which falls from her left
shoulder, and smilingly offering to the spec-
tator the four roses it contains ; on left a pi-
laster ; at right a landscape with cloudy sky.
Countess de Verrue sale, 1737 ; Blondel de
Gagny sale, Paris (1776), 12,000 liv.; Ca-
lonne sale, London (1795), £672, to Mr.
Desenfans, whose heir, Sir Francis Bour-
geois, bequeathed it to Dulwich College.
Old copy in Akademie der Bildenden Kunst,
edbyGoOgk
Vienna. Engraved by J. H. Robinson, P.
Lightfoot, a a Hall, R Graves, A. H.
Payne, R Cookburn, C. Cousen. — Curtis,
281 ; Art Journal, 1877 ; Art Union, 1841 ;
Scott, Murillo ; Waagen, ii. 346 ; Ch. Blanc,
Murillo, 16 ; Jameson, Public Galleries, 183;
Richter, Dulwich Cat, 99.
FLOWER MARKET, Pirmin Girard, T.
R. Butler, Now York Scene on the qua;
where the flower-market of Paris is held,
with groups buying and selling; in back-
ground, the Seine and architecture. Salon,
187G. Etched by Guetave Grenx.— L'Art
(1876), ii 300 ; iii. 240.
FLUGGEN, GISBERT, born in Cologne,
Feb, 9, 1811, died in Munich, Sept 3, 1859.
Genre painter, pupil of Ddsseldorf Acad-
emy. In 1835 he settled in Munich. Has
been called the German Wilkie on account
of the similarity in subject and character of
hia works to those of the Scotch master.
Works : Servants Surprised (1839), Hermit-
age, St Petersburg ; Chess Players, Inter-
rupted Marriage Contract (1810); Unlucky
Player (1841), Mentz Museum ; Deciding
the LawBuit (1847); Betrothal, Tasting Wine,
Morning Kiss, Opening of Will, Money
Changers (1850); Seizure for Debt at Young
Musicians (1854); Disappointed Legacy
Hunters (1848), Hanover Gallery ; Specula-
tors ; Last Moments of King Frederic Au-
gustus of Saxony ; Anteroom of a Prince
(1859), Mow Pinakothek, Munich.— AUgem.
d, Biogr., vii 140 ; Brockhaus, iv. 982.
FLUGGEN, JOSEF, born in Munich,
April 3, 1842. History and portrait painter,
son of Gisbert, pupil of Munich Academy
and of Piloty, went in 1866 to Paris, Lon-
don, Brussels, and Antwerp, where he was
influenced by Leys. Now professor in Mu-
nich Academy. Works : Elizabeth of Thu-
ringia(1867); The Hostess' Daughter (1869);
Family Happiness ; On Coast of Genoa ;
Pouting Love-Couple ; Milton dictating
Paradise Lost ; Landgravine Margaret tak-
ing Leave of her Children ; Regina Imhof
(1877); Baptism of Emperor Maximilian L
(1879); First Booty (1881); Last Jewel
(1884); King Earl's Sea-trip (1885), Royal
Palace, Bucharest — Brockhaus, vi. 929 ;
Ulustr. Zeitg. (1882), L 9 ; N. illuetr. Zeitg.
(1880), ii 503 ; Land und Meer (1870), L
212 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, six. 136.
FOGOLINO, MARCELLO, of Vicenza,
first half of 16th century. Venetian school ;
a native of the district of Friuli, he was ap-
prenticed at Vicenza, and spent some of his
later years in San Vito ; painted also in Por-
denone and in Trent His early work is in
the manner of Verlas and Speranza, but his
later pictures show the influence of Raph-
aelesque models. Among the latter are the
Virgin crowned by Angela in the Santissima
Trinita, Trent, and the Madonna and Saints
in the church of Bovo, near Trent. — C. &
C, N. Italy, i. 443.
FOHR, DANIEL, born at Heidelberg,
May 13, 1801, died at Baden-Baden, June
25, 1862. Landscape painter, brother of
Earl Ph. F, self-taught, came in 1829 to
Munich, where he rapidly gained reputation.
Works: Wood Landscape with Mazeppa,
View of Konigsee (1836); The Steinberg
near Berchteagarten (1837), Four Seasons
Four Epochs of German History, Carls-
ruhe Gallery.
FOHR, EARL PHHIPP, born at Heidel-
berg, Nov. 26, 1795, died in Rome, June 29,
1818. Landscape painter, pupil of Munich
Academy. Influenced by Josef Anton Koch
at Rome, where he was drowned while bath*
ing in the Tiber. Works : In Carlaruhe
and Darmstadt Museums, and Stadel Gal-
lery, Frankfort — Allgem. d. Biogr., vii.
147 ; Dieflenbach, Leben des Malers K F.
(Darmstadt, 1823).
FOLTZ, PHUJPP, born at Bingen, May
11, 1805, died in Munich, August 5, 1877.
History and genre painter, pupil of DQssel-
dorf and Munich Academies under Corne-
lius, whom he assisted in the decoration of
the Glyptothek. After painting some fres-
cos in the new Royal Palace, he went to
Rome in 1835, and on his return became
professor at the Munich Academy in 1839,
and director of the Central Gallery in 1855.
^abyGoOgiC
Works : Suliote Woman keeping Watch for
her Father, Huntsman on Rocky Cliff, Fiah-
ermaiden on Strand, Fisherman's Family
expecting Father, Fisherwoman on Aohen
Lake, Two Chamois Hunters, Hunter and
Shepherdess, Knight and his Sweetheart,
Greek Women on Battlefield all in (1826-
35); Two Madonnas, Holy Family, The
Diver, The Princess, Count of Hapsburg
(1836-38); Minstrel's Curse (1838), Cologne
Museum ; Scene on the Isar near Munich,
Darmstadt Museum ; Madonna (1839); Em-
peror • Sigismund, Romersaal, Frankfort ;
Frederic Barbarossa kneeling before Henry
the lion (1852); Age of Pericles, Maximili-
aneum, Munich ; Italian Mother with Chil-
dren by the Sea, Pilgrimage in the Moun-
tains, Peasant Woman and Child ; Scene
from Defence of Tyrol, Brera Gallery, Mi-
lan ; two great Hunting Scenes ; Rhine Le-
gends, Schonborn Palace, Munich ; Gotz
Ton Berlichingen and the Monk, Vienna
Museum ; King Louis I and Family look-
ing at Painting, Madonna, Frauenlob. Fres-
cos : Foundation of Academy of Science,
and four Allegorical Figures, Arcades, royal
garden, Munich ; twenty-three scenes from
Schiller's and nineteen from Burger's Bal-
lads, Royal Palace, Munich ; Times of Day,
Gods of Greece instructing Man, Schonborn
Palace, Munich. — AUgem. d. Biogr., vii.
150 ; Brockhaus, vi. 943 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xii. 771 ; Dlustr. Zeitg. (1881), L 333.
FONTAINE, EDMfi ADOLPHE, born at
Noisy-le-Grand ( Seine- et^Oise), May 8, 1814
Portrait, genre, and landscape painter, pu-
pil of Leon Cogniet Medal, 3d class, 1852.
Works: Ibrahim Pasha at the Military School
of Saint Cyr (1847-85); Supreme Courtat
Versailles (1850-55) ; Visit of Napoleon DX
to School of Saint-Cyr (1853) ; The Let-
ter (1857) ; Attack of Selinghinsk Earth-
work, February 23, 1855 (1859) j Mass at
Pont l'Abbe, Studio Interior (1861) ; Cesar
and his Fortune (1863) ; Bay of Audierne,
Finistire, Villa of Quintilian on the Via Ap-
pia (1875) ; Studio Interior (1878). -BeUier
de la Chavignerie, i 561.
FONTAINEBLEAU, FOREST OF, Nar-
ciso Diaz de la Pona, T. W. Walters, Balti-
more ; canvas, H. 2 ft 6 in. x 2 ft 1 in. ;
dated 1871. Autumn scene. Diaz painted
many views of the Forest of Fontainebleau,
some of which are in the following collec-
tions : W. H. Vanderbilt, New York ; Sam-
uel Hawk, ib.; M Graham, ib.; J. W. Drexel,
ib.; J. T. Martin, Brooklyn; R, C. Taft,
Providence ; H. P. Kidder, Boston ; Mrs.
W. P. Wilstach, Philadelphia.
By Theodore Rousseau, Louvre; canvas,
H. 4 ft. 7 in. x 6 ft. 5 in.; signed. Sunset
scene on the border of the forest Salon of
1855 ; formerly in Luxembourg. Rousseau
spent many years in the Forest of Fontaine-
bleau, which supplied him with numerous
subjects.
FONTANA, LAVINIA, born in Bologna,
Aug. 26, 1552,
died in Rome
in 1614. Bo-
lognese school ;
daughter and
pupil of Pros-
pero Fontana;
married Paolo
Zappi, son of a
rich merchant
of Iniola, who
aspired to be a
painter, but without success. Lavinia went
to Rome about 1592, and won considerable
reputation as a portrait painter. She also
executed several altarpieces like her father's
in colour, but inferior in design and execu-
tion. Works at Bologna : Virgin and Saints,
S. Giacomo Maggiore ; do., La Madonna del
/OiJ./'OH . Hiv*.,
UvirihPKOsPElU
$ontaNa£ Vac
Baracano ; Miracle of Loaves and Fishes,
Chiesa dei Mendicanti ; Crucifixion, S. Lu-
edbyGoOgk
cia ; Birth of Virgin, S. Trinita ; Madonna,
Asceoaion, Pieve di Cento. — Malvasia, i. 173;
Lansd, iii 42 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ;
Gualandi, Guida, 138, 140, 166.
FONTANA, PBOSPERO, born in Bo-
logna in 1512, died in Borne in 1697. Bo-
lognese school, pupil of Innocenzo da Ira
ola ; went to France to aid Primaticcio at
Font&inebleau, but was taken ill and had to
return. Painted chiefly in Bologna and in
Rome. He was devoted to pleasure, and
his many (chiefly historical) works are exe-
cuted with little care. His best pictures are
his portraits. Among his works are : Dec-
orations in Vigna di Papa Giulio near
Borne ; Altarpiece, S. Salvatore, Bologna ;
Entombment, Bologna Gallery ; Charity of
8. Alexis, S. Giacomo Maggiore, Bologna ;
Holy Family, Dresden Gallery ; Annuncia-
tion, Bt era, Milan ; Visitation, Estense Gal-
lery, Modena, — Malvasia, L 173 ; Lanzi, iii.
42 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole bolonaise ; Vaaari, ed.
Le Mon., ix. 95 ; xii. Ill ; xiil 6, 183.
FONTANA, ROBERTO, bom in Milan in
1844. Genre painter, pupil of Milan Acad-
emy. Medal Milan, 1876. Works : Scene
in Robert le Diablo ; Wooing ; Meop relat-
ing bis Fables (1876).
FONTENAV, AT.TJTYTS DALIGE DE,
born in Paris, April 29, 1813. Landscape
painter, pupil of Watelet and Heraent Has
won a good reputation as a faithful deline-
ator of nature. Medals : 3d class, 1841 ;
2d class, 1844, 1861, and 1863. Works:
View on the Grimsel Road (1811) ; View on
Road to the Maladetta, Pyrenees (1843),
Marseilles Museum ; Environs of Luz (1844);
Great Sulphur Mine (1846); Fort Royal
(1847) ; Bernese Oberland (1848) ; Road
from Bastia to Ajaccio (1852) ; Isle of Elba
(1852), Montanban Museum; Farm and
Castle (1855), Nantes Museum ; Valley of
Lauterbrunnen (1857), Montpellier Museum ;
Gulf of Ajaccio (1859), Straasburg Museum ;
Wetterfaorn and Grindelwald (1861) ; Castle
of TJnspuonen (1863), Saint-Quentin Muse-
am ; View in Bernese Oberland, Gallery at
Monaye (1863) ; View near TJnterseen, Cas-
tle of Gaillard (1864), Lisieux Museum ;
Seine near Ruins of the Castle of Tancsr-
ville, Top of the Sulphur Mine in Guade-
loupe (1865) ; Village of TJnterseen, Church
of St Bernard de Comminges (1866) ; Vil-
lage of Vezillon, High Tide between Havre
and Honfleur (1868), Laval Museum ; Seine
between Rouen and Havre (1869) ; View in
Valley of the Touque (1870) ; Road from
Meyringen to Goutan (1872) ; Farm near
Rouen (1874) ; Seine at Les Andelys (1875) ;
Ruins of Castle in Valley of Lauterbrunnen
(1876); Farm on Heights of Avranches (1877);
Villiers (1878) ; Farm near Pontorson, Pic
du Midi near Pan (1879) ; Coast of Honfleur,
Farm in Normandy (1880) ; Farm in Pi-
cardy, View near Villiers -sur-Mer (1882) ;
Squall on the Coast of Normandy, Cliffs at
Puy (1883) ; Cliffs near Chateau of Dieppe
(1884); Last Judgment, Entrance to Dieppe
(1885).
FONVDLLE, HORACE, bom at Lyons in
1832. Landscape painter, pupil of his
father and of Appian. Works : Chateau de
la Pape near Lyons (1833) ; View of Lyons
(1840); Landscape intheHaut-Bugey (1864);
At Rossillon, Am (1870) ; Road in Moun-
tains of Haut-Bngey (1874), Luxembourg
Museum ; Ain River at Neuville (1876) ;
Souvenir of Virieux-le-Grand (1877) ; Land-
scape in Bogey (1879).
FOPPA, VfflCENZO, the elder, bom at
Foppa, province of Pavia, died in Brescia in
1492. Lombard school ; a disciple probably
of Squarcione, but nothing known of Mm
before his engagement in Milan in 1456,
when he called himself a citizen of Brescia.
In 1461 he was in Pavia, where he painted
in 1462 frescos in the Carmine, and in 1465
a chapel in the Certosa. At a later date be
worked in Savona and in Brescia. His
earlier pictures show the prominent charac-
teristics of the Paduan school, but in the
course of years he shook off Mantegnesque
peculiarities and gained the mastery which
comes from long practice. Among his best
extant works are the St Sebastian, Brera,
Milan, and the altarpiece in six panels in S.
^abyGoOglC
M. di Castello, Savona, dated 1489. Other
examples are : Adoration of the Magi, Na-
tional Gallery, London, ascribed to Barto-
lommeo Suardi, and frescos in the Carmine,
Brescia, also St Jerome, Crucifixion, Ber-
gamo Gallery.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii 2 ; Va-
aari, ed. Le Mon., iii. 285 ; vL 84 ; Siret,
323 ; Calvi, Notizie, etc., 65 ; Ch. Blanc,
£cole milanaise ; Burckhardt, 607 ; Lubke,
Geach. ital. Mai., i 487.
FOPPA, VTNCENZO, the younger, of
Brescia, 16th century. Lombard school ;
probably son and pupil of above, in hia fres-
cos in S. Giulia, S. Salvatore, and S. M.
in Solario, Brescia. In his later works, in
8. M. delle Grazie and S. Nazzaro e Celso,
Brescia, he shows himself a follower of Mo-
retto and Bomanino. — C. &, C, N. Italy, ii.
432 ; Burckhardt, 610.
FORABOSCO. See Feraboaco.
FORBES, EDWIN, born in New York in
1839. Landscape and genre painter, pupil
of A. F. 'fait in 1869. During the American
civil war he acted as special artist for Frank
Leslie's illustrated paper, and subsequently
painted his Lull in the Fight His life
Studies of the Great Army, etchings ou cop-
per, were presented to the United States
Government by General Sherman, and are
preserved in the "War Office at Washington.
In 1877 he was elected an honorary member
of the London Etching Club. Studio in
Brooklyn. Works : Early Morning in an
Orange County Pasture (1879); On the Skir-
mish Line, Stormy March, Houghing, On
the Meadows (1880); Evening in the Sheep
Pasture (1881).
FORBES, LOUIS NICOLAS PTTTT.TPPE
AUGUSTS, Comte de, born at Chateau de
la Boque d'Antheron (Bouches-du-Rh6ne),
Aug. 19, 1777, died in Paris, Feb. 23, 1841.
Landscape and interior painter, pupil in
Lyons of Boissieu and in Paris of David ;
took part in the several campaigns between
1795 and 1809, when he resigned, and in
Rome devoted himself to art ; returned to
Paris in 1814, and after the restoration was
made member of the Institute and director
of the royal museums. He reorganized the
Louvre, and founded the Luxembourg Mu-
seum. In 1817-18 he visited Syria, Greece,
and Egypt, and in 1819 published a splen-
did work, "Voyage dans le Levant" The fig-
ures in his pictures were supplied by Granet
Chamberlain ; L. of Honour, 1809 ; Officer,
1817 ; Commander, 1822 ; Order of St Mi.
chad; member of many Academiea. Works:
Interior of Ancient Monument (1800) ; Death
of Pliny at Eruption of Vesuvius (1806);
Nun in Prison of Inquisition (1817); Death
of King Andrew of Hungary, Inez de Castro
(1819); Interior of Monastery (1824); Pro-
cession of the League (1831); Vestibule of
Monastery (1830), Chapel in Coliseum (1834),
with Granet, Louvre ; Moor accused of aid-
ing Flight of a Nun. — Larousse, viii. 586 ;
Villot, Cat Louvre ; Meyer, Gesch., 148.
FOBEST, JEAN BAPTISTE, born in
Paris in 1636,
died there,
March 17, 1712.
French school ;
landscape paint-
er, son and pupil
of Pierre Forest,
then in Borne
pupil of Pietro
Francesco Mola;
having also
formed himself after Titian and Giorgione,
he returned from Italy after a sojourn of
seven years, and was received into the Acad-
emy in 1674. Visited Italy a second time,
commissioned by M. de Seignelay, Minister
of State, to buy pictures by old masters, of
which he was a great connoisseur. Some of
his worka are in the Museum at Tours, but
most of his pictures have become blackened
from his use of perishable pigments. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole francaise, i; D'Argenvflle, v.
185.
FORESTIER, HENRI JOSEPH, born in
Santo Domingo in 1787, died in Paris, Dec
23,1874. Historyand genre painter, pupil of
Vincent and David, then of Ecole des Beaux
Arts ; won grand prix de Rome in 1813 and
edbyGoOgk
went to Borne ; after his return also painted
genre scenes. L. of Honour, 1832. Works:
Anacreon and Cupid; Ecce Homo (1819);
Christ healing a Young Man Possessed {182 7),
Louvre ; Calling of St Fronto (1831), Min-
istry of Public Works; Good Samaritan
(1835), Prefecture de la Seine ; Funeral of
William the Conqueror (1855). — Larouase.
FORMANN, HELENA, Rubma, Blen-
heim Palace ; canvas, H. 6 ft, 6 in. x 4 ft
6 in. Rubens' Becond wife, full-length, in
a black silk dress, with white satin sleeves
adorned with pearls, and a black velvet cap,
walking in the open air, followed by a page
with his hat in his hand. Engraved by
Earlom. Other portraits of her by Bubens
at Windsor Castle, and in Dresden, Munich,
Berlin (St Cecilia), Vienna, The Hague,
Louvre, and Hermitage Galleries. — Waagen,
Art Treasures, iii. 126 ; Smith, ii 242.
FOKNARINA, LA, Sebastian del Piombo,
Blenheim, England ; wood, life-size. A beau-
tiful woman sitting, turned to left, her head
almost facing the spectator ; her hair, bound
in a mass at the back of the neck, set off by
a striped cloth tied over the crown of the
head ; low white dress showing neck ; right
hand supporting the for collar of s red vel-
vet mantle, the left holding a basket of fruit
.* Fumirina, Riphnii Paluio Burimrtni, Ron*.
and Sowers. Called also Dorothea. Attrib-
uted to Raphael ; engraved as a Raphael by
Bernardi, T. Chambers, and others. Infe-
rior replica in Casa Parsioo CittedeUa, Ve-
rona.— C. & C, N. Italy, ii 820 ; Waagen,
Treasures, iii. 125.
By Sebastian del Pumibo (attributed to
Raphael), Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, H. 2 ft
2 in. x 1 ft 10 in-; dated 1512. The bast
of a young and beautiful lady of rank, nearly
full face, with a wreath of gold leaves on
her head ; dress, a blue velvet bodice with
muslin chemisette, and a green velvet man-
tle with panther-skin collar. The gold chain
on her neck is by some restorer. In posses-
sion of the Medici, Florence, since 1689.
Kugler thinks it a portrait of Vittoria Co-
lonna ; others, of the Improvisatrice Beatrice
da Ferrara. Copy attributed to Giulio Ro-
mano in Palazzo Corsini, Borne. Engraved
edbyGoOgk
as it Raphael by R. Morghen and others. —
Vasari, ed. Mil, iv. 367 ; t. 567 ; C. A C, N.
Italy, ii. 319 ; Pa&savant ; Kugler (Eaatlake),
ii 166; Roflini, iv. 241; Burckhardt, 660,
722.
By Raphael, Palazzo Barberiui, Borne ;
figure to the knees. A half-nude woman,
seated in a myrtle and laurel wood, with a
striped yellow cloth about her head and her
hah* bound with a circlet of gold with leaves
and flowers, garnished with precious stones ;
her right hand holds light gauze against her
breast, her left lies carelessly on the red gar-
ment over her kneea. On a bracelet on her
left arm is inscribed Baphael TJrbinas. Com-
monly called Raphael's Mistress ; name For-
narina (bakeress), given about middle of last
century. Many copies. Painted about 1509 ;
in 1696 was in the Casa Santa Fiora, Borne ;
acquired about 1612 by Barberiui family.
.Engraved by Cunego, Deanoyers, Godefroy,
Aubert — Vasari, ed. MiL, iv. 356 ; Rumohr,
Ital. Forsch., iii 113 ; Posaavant, ii 99 ;
Mllntz, 387, 606 ; Grayer, Portraits de la
Fornarina ; Arcnivio della Societa Romans
di Storia Patria, ii (1878) 46 ; iii (1879)
234 ; Eugler (Eaatlake), ii 465 ; Springer,
251, 509.
FORNASO, IL. See Oiverehio.
FORSTER, ERNST JOACHIM, horn at
Hiinchengosserstadt,
near Altenburg, April
«, 1800, died in Mu-
nich, April 29, 1885.
History and portrait
painter and art writ-
er, pupil in Berlin
of K. Zimmermann '
and W. Schadow,
studied then in Dres-
den, and from 1632
in Munich under Cornelius. In 1824-25
he painted frescos in the Hall of Bonn
University. He twice visited Italy, and in
1837-40 discovered and restored Altichieri s
wall paintings in the Chapel of St George
in S. Antonio, Padua. Lives in Munich.
Works : Hellas Liberated ; -Giotto and Cim-
s&
abue ; Portraits of Duke and Duchess of
Altenburg and Children. Frescos : The-
ology (1624-25), Aula, Bonn University;
Liberation of German Army
through Otto von Wittelsbach,
sear Verona, Arcades, Royal
Garden, Munich ; Scenes from
Goethe's Poems and Scenes from §t. Jx
Wieland's Musarion and Grazien
(1833), Royal Palace, Munich.— KunatChro-
nik, xx. 603 ; Meyer, Cony. Lex., vi 948.
FORSTEBLTNG, OTTO, born in Berlin,
June 16, 1843. Genre and landscape paint-
er, pupil of Berlin Academy and of Julius
Schroder, settled in 1867 at Klein Zschach-
witz, near Dresden, whence he visited Ger-
many, Austria, and Italy. Works: Morning
Dew; Nymph of the Spring; Woodland
Tale ; Snow-Drop ; Water-Sprite in Grotto ;
Fight between Centaurs and Tigers ; Judas
in the Storm during the Crucifixion (1885).
— Mailer, 180.
FORT, JEAN ANTOINE SIMEON, also
called Simeon-Fort, born at Valence (Drdme),
Aug. 28, 1793, died in Paris, Dec. 24, 1861.
Landscape painter in water-colour, pupil of
C. Bruno, Was employed with Morel and
Puissant to continue Bagetti's water-colours
in Versailles. Medals : 2d class, 1831 ; 1st
class, 1836; L of Honour, 1842. Works:
Study near Marly ; Falls of the Doubs ; Mill
of Dugny ; Convent of the Virgin del Sasso;
Town and Palace of St Cloud (Comte Pozzo
di Borgo) ; Wolf's Gorge ; Bottoms of Bo-
chat ; Slopes of Bellevue ; Banks of the
Meuse ; Manufactory in Dauphinu ; Banks
of Lake Maggiore ; Chateau d'Eu ; views in
Africa ; Oaks of the Doubs ; Simplon Boad ;
Maritime Alps ; Hollow Road, Valley of the
Meudon ; Smugglers ; Young Woman of
Nivernois, Portrait of a Child (1824 to 1853).
— Lorousse.
FORTTN, CHARLES, born in Paris, June
12, 1815, died there, Oct 19, 1865. Land-
scape and genre painter, pupil of Beaume
and Camille Roqueplan ; painted chiefly
subjects of peasant life in Brittany. Medals :
1st class, 1849, 1857, 1859, and 1861 ; L
edbyG00gk
of Honour, 1861. Works : Sailors making
Merry, Bag-Dealer, Return to the Cottage,
Cobbler's Shop, Corner of the Hearth, Vil-
lage Barber (1835 to 1847) j Cottage in
Morbihan, Butcher's Shop, At the Castle of
Baz (1849) ; The Country Tailor (1850) ;
Chouans (1853), Lille Museum ; The Bless-
ing (1855), Luxembourg Museum ; During
Vespers (1855), Grenoble Museum ; Hut in
Morbihan, Music Lesson, Smoker (1855) ;
Grandfather's Festival, Whip-Lash, Cancans,
Country Interior (1859) ; Storm, Country
Tailor, Old Story, Interior, Pap (1861) ; Be-
tween two Dilemmas (1864).— Larousse.
FORTUNE, Guido Reni, Acoademia di S.
Luca, Rome ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 11 in. x 4 ft 3
in. Fortune personified by a female figure,
nude, with light drapery floating from her
shoulders ; she holds in her left hand a kind
of purse from which gold pieces drop, and
in her right a sceptre and palms. Under
her feet is the world, and from behind a
winged boy grasps her hair, which floats in
the wind. In some copies Fortune bears
instead of a purse a crown. Carried to
Paris in 1796 ; returned in 1815, and in Vat-
ican until 1826.— Filhol, vL PI 397, Muses
francais, i. ; London, viii. PL 32.
FORTUNE CHASE (Jagd nach dem
Gluck), Rudolf Friedrich Henneberg, Na-
tional Gallery, Berlin ; canvas, H. 6 ft 3 in.
x 12 ft 6 in. A youth, in the costume of
a German nobleman of the 16th century,
chases on horseback the phantom of Fort-
une, who flees before him strewing gold in
the path and holding up a crown ; the Devil,
who accompanies him, changes into Death,
and with a scornful grin unfolds his flag ;
at a bridge leading over a ravine lies the
youth's guardian angel, over whom he has
ridden, hiding her face on the ground ; in
background, beyond the ravine, the battle-
ments of a mediaeval town.
FORTUNE-TELLER, Michelangelo da
Carauaggio, Capitol Gallery, Rome. One
of his earliest works. — Meyer, Kiinst Lei.,
L 614.
By Michelangelo da Garavaggio, Louvre ;
canvas, H. 3 ft 3 in. x 4 ft 3 in. A gypsy
holding the right hand of a young man ele-
gantly clad, who appears to listen atten-
tively. Bellori says that Caravaggio painted
this picture to prove that one can be a good
painter without having studied the antique
and Raphael, his theory being that the ex-
act imitation of nature should be the sole
aim of art Collection of Louis XIV. En-
graved by E Audran. — Yillot, Cat. Louvre ;
Filhol. viii. PL 537 ; Cab. Crozat, ii. PL 93.
By Sir Joshua Reynolds, Duke of Marl-
borough, Blenheim ; canvas. Lady Char-
lotte Spencer, as a little gypsy girl, telling
the fortune of her brother, Lord Henry
By Sir Joshua Reynolds, Earl Amherst,
Knowle Park, near Sevenoaks, Sent. Young
girl seated, with her right hand held out,
by a young man with a red cap, to a gypsy,
who is telling her fortune ; background,
landscape. Painted in 1776 ; sold to Duke
of Dorset for 300 guineas. Engraved by
Sherwin. Copy by J. B. Powell at Somerby,
seat of Earl of Normantou, mistaken by
^byGoOgk
Waagen for an original — Waagen, Art Trea-
sures, iv. 340, 370 ; Athenaeum (1863), 539.
FORTUNE, WHEEL OF, Burne-Jones,
Arthur Balfour, Esq., MP., London ; large
upright picture. The goddess Fortune, a
tall, sad figure, clad in grayish-blue, stands
at left, turning round in a listless way the
terrible wheel, on which are bound three
nude figures, the laurel-crowned poet, the
sceptred king, and the slave,. alike cowed
and wretched, the victims of a cruel and all-
powerful chance. Grosvenor Gallery, 1883.
FOBTUNY Y CARB6, MARIANO, horn
at Bens in Catalonia,
June 11, 1838, died
in Rome, Nov. 21,
1874. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Palau, of
Claudio Lorenzalez,
and of the Barcelona
Academy, where he
won the prixde Rome .
in 1856. At Rome,
which became thence-
forth his principal residence, he studied
Raphael and made sketches of Roman life.
In 1869 he was sent to Morocco by the gov-
ernment to paint the incidents of General
Prim's campaign, and during this and a
second visit painted a large picture of the
Battle of Tetuan, besides making many
sketches of Moorish life. In 1866 he went
to Paris, where through Zamacols he entered
into business relations with Goupil ; and
then to Madrid, where (1867) he married the
daughter of Madrazo, director of the Madrid
Museum, and studied the works of Velas-
quez, Ribera, and Goya. With the excep-
tion of a year in Paris (1869-70) and three
years in Spain, he spent the rest of his life
in Rome. His vigorous and original style,
correct drawing, and fine colour gained him
a great reputation, and the auction sale of
the contents of his studio after his death
brought 800,000 fr. ($160,000). Works : A
Glory (1854), original destroyed, sketch be-
longs to Mr. Galceran, Barcelona ; Virgin of
Pity (1855), Mr. Soberano, Reus ; St. Paul
before the Areopagus (1865), Charles of An-
jou on the Shore of Naples, Beronger HL
nailing the ArmB of Barcelona to the Cas-
tle of Foix (1857, won the prix de Rome),
Odalisque, The Little Count, 17 faces from
Nature, Studies in Morocco (1862), Battle
of Tetuan, Barcelona Museum ; View of the
Tiber, Nereids on a Lake (1858) ; St Mari-
ano, Church of Reus ; Bacchantes (1859) ;
studies in Morocco (oil and water-colour,
1860) ; Arabs Dancing, Mr. Chartrand,
Cuba ; Head of a Negro (1861), the Col-
lector of Engravings (1863), The Masks,
Roman Countrywoman, Old Roman Peasant,
Fruit Shop in Granada, Study of Chickens,
Academicians of St Luke choosing a Model,
Street in Morocco, Arab Reclining (18G9),
Stairs of Casa de Pilatos in Seville, The
Drunkard, Arquebusier, Tribunal of the Al-
hambra, Returning to the Convent, Cafe des
Hirondelles (1866), Arab Fantasia, The An-
tiquaries, Mr. W. Stewart, Paris ; Arab Sen-
tinel, Mr. d'Arthez, Tarragona ; Three Oda-
lisques, Arab shoeing a Donkey, Mr. Sanz,
Madrid ; Pond near Tangiers (1865), Man
with Helmet, Mr. Goupil, Paris ; Collectors
of Engravings, Woman in a Garden, Roman
Peasant Woman, Departure of the Proces-
sion, The Library, Carpet Merchant (1870),
Arab on a Rug, Mr. Murrieta, London ; The
Masks, The Butterfly (1867), Arab Seated,
A Concert, Mr. de Goyena, Seville ; Stand-
ard Bearer, Mr. Hazeltine, Rome ; Faust
dand Marguerite, Persian, Idyl, Old Man,
Arab on Horseback, Mr. Ramon Errazu,
Paris ; An Arab, Mr. Cusino, Peru ; De-
parture of the Procession, Arabs feeding a
Vulture, A Fan, The Butterfly (1868), Mr.
Gargollo, Madrid ; Bull Ring at Seville,
Bull-Fighter's Salute, the Butterfly, Door of
the Church of San Gines, Mr. F. De Ma-
drazo, Madrid ; The Carnival, Mr. Ayala ;
Spanish Marriage (1869), Mme. de Cnaain,
Paris ; Snake Charmers, Mr. Ed. Andr6,
Paris ; Bull-Fighter, Mr. Le Roy, Paris ;
Arquebusier, Mr. d'Epinay, Rome; Court
of the House of Chapiz in Granada (1871) ;
Arab Praying (1872), Mr. Oppenheim, Paris ;
edbyGoOgk
Via Giulia in Borne (1873) ; Recitation in a
Garden, Mr. Hoeren, Paris ; Shore of Por-
tici, Two Children in a Japanese Boom,
The Butcher, water-colour portraits of Mme.
Fortuny and of Mine. Agrasot (1874). Works
in United States : Camels at Best, Miss C.
F. Wolfe, New Tort ; portrait of Mme. Gar-
cia, Pifferari, J. H. Stebbins, New York. ;
Santa Lucia — Naples, Seney sale, New York,
(1885) ; Dead Donkey, A. J. Antelo, Phila-
delphia ; Mandolin Player, C. S. Smith,
New York ; Tfite-4-Tete, Court of the Myr-
tles, Horsemen of Morocco, Arab and Dogs,
R L. Cutting, ib. ; Arab Fantasia at Tan-
gier*, Court Fool, W. H. Tanderbilt Collec-
tion, ib. ; Snake Charmers, Mrs. A. T. Stew-
art, ib. ; Breakfast in Garden of Alhambra,
Arabs hunting Frogs, La Manola, Seraglio
Sentinel, Borie Collection, Philadelphia ;
Council House in Granada, H. C. Gibson,
» ib. ; An Ecclesi-
Vl astic, Don Quix-
ta ote (1869), The
\4t\*I\\\ Mendicant W.
A|*H T. Walters, Bal-
™ timore. — Davil-
lier, Fortuny, Vie et (Euvrea (Paris, 1875);
Gaz. des B. Arts (1875), xii. 267, 351;
L'Art (1875), i. 361, 385 ; Kunst-Chrcnik,
x. 120, 219 ; Zeitschr. I b. &, ix 341 ; Old
and New, xi 357.
FOSCARL TWO, Eugene Delacroix, Due
d'Aumale, Chantilly ; canvas, H. 3 ftx4
ft 3 in.; signed, dated 1855. The Doge
Foscari, obliged to be present at the execu-
tion of the sentence of torture and banish-
ment of his son, Jacopo Foscari, falsely con-
victed of treason to the Republic, is seated
on his throne at left, clad in his splendid
robes of office, while the executioners do
their duty at the right, before many spec-
tators. Jacopo, writhing with torture, holds
up his wounded hands for the kisses of his
wife. Salon, 1855 ; Faure sale (1873), 79,-
500 fr.; Oppenheim sale (1877), 70,500 fr.
Engraved by Charles Courtry. — L'GSuvre de
Delacroix (Paris, 1885), 340 ; Gas. des B.
Arts (1881), xxiv. 324, 331.
FOSSANO. See Borgognone.
FOSTER, BIBKET, bora at North
Shields, Feb. 4, 1825. Landscape and genre
painter, pupil of E. Landells, engraver,
from whom he learned to draw on wood ;
after illustrating many books, began about
1859 to draw in water-colours. He was
elected an associate of the Water Colour So-
ciety in 1860, and a member in 1861. Later
has painted somewhat in oil-colours. Many
works engraved and lithographed. Water-
colours: Holmwood Common, Race down
Hill, Feeding the Ducks, Arundel Mill, The
Beach — Hastings, Weald of Surrey, Prim-
rose Gatherers, Race up Hill, Castle of Rhein-
f els, Sailing the Boat Works in oil : Thames
near Eton, Bass Rock, A Brook (1877).— Art
Journal (1871), 157; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii.
335.
FOUBERT, fiMTLF, LOUIS, born in
Paris ; contemporary. History painter, pu-
pil of the ]£cole municipale at Bayonne, then
of Bonnat, Busson, and H. Levy. Medals :
3d class, 1880 ; 2d class, 1885. Works :
St John in the Desert (1875) ; Chastise-
ment of Caiphas (1876) ; Heaiod and the
Muse (1877); Christ at the Pillar (1878);
Nymphs and Faun (1879); Satyr teased by
Nymphs (1880); The Spring (1881); Satyr
and Traveller (1882); Eclogue (1883); Start
for the Chase (1884); Temptation (1885).
FOUCQUET, JEHAN, born at Tount
about 1415-20, died about 1177 or 1480.
French school. At Rome, about 1443, be
painted the portrait of Pope Eugenius IV.,
and in 1461' in Paris be painted a life-size
portrait of the deceased Charles V1L He
was afterwards in the service of Louis XL
Payments were made to him for large paint-
ings as well as miniatures as late as 1475.
Eoucquet stands at the head of the Italo-
Flemish school of miniature painting in
France. Works : Madonna, Antwerp Mu-
seum ; St Stephen (the other half of the
Antwerp altarpiece), Forty Miniatures in
Prayer-Book (1641), Brentano Collection,
Frankfort; male bust portrait, Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna; portraits of Charles VH.
^byGoOgk
FOULONGNE
and Chancellor Guillaume Juvenal, Louvre ;
miniatures in Josephus' History of the Jewa,
Bibliotheque nationals, Paris ; miniatures
in Boccaccio, Court library, Munich. —
PattUon, Renaissance of Art in France, i.
254 ; Schnaase, viil 300 ; W. & W., ii. 77 ;
Revue de Paris, Aug. and Nov. (1857); Gaz.
des B. Aria (1867), xxhi. 97 ; (1868), xxiv.
187.
FOOLONGNE, CHARLES ALFRED,
born at Rouen, March 26, 1821. History,
genre, landscape, and portrait painter, pupil
of Delaroche and of Gleyro. Medal, 1869.
Works : Sermon on the Mount (1855); Bu-
rial at La Trappe (1857); Victims sacrificed
by the Druids in Gaul (1859); Violet Seller
(1863); Harvest Evening (1866); Last Mes-
sage (1867); At a Spring (1869); Erigone
(1870); Naiads (1872); Daphnis and Chlo6
(1874); Mowers, The Toilet (1875); Morn-
ing in the Meadows (1876); Souvenir du
Trieux (1878).— Bellier de la Chavignerie, i
572.
FOUQUIERES (Foequier), JACQUES,
born in Ant-
werp about
1600, died in
Paris in 1659.
Flemish
school ; laud-
scape painter,
pupil of Joost
de Momper
and of Velvet i \
Brueghel, and
perhaps also of Rubens, for whom he painted
backgrounds ; master of the guild at Ant-
werp in 1614. Invited by the Elector Pala-
tine Frederick V., he went about 1616 or
1618 to Heidelberg to decorate the castle,
and in 1621 to Paris, where his art found
much favour in the eyes of Louis XDX, who
employed him to paint views of the chief
French cities. Jealous of the favour shown
to this painter, Poussin left France. After-
wards Fouquicres fell into disgrace, and died
in great misery. He was the master of Phi-
lippe de Champaigne. Works : Stag Hunt,
Berlin Museum; Wood Landscape with
Horseman, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; A Hunt,
Copenhagen Gallery ; Landscape (1620),
Valenciennes Museum ; do. in Bordeaux,
Grenoble, Nantes, Darmstadt Museums, and
Historical Society, New York. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole flamande ; Biog. nat. de Belgique, vii
210 ; Fetis, Les Artistes beiges a l'6tran-
ger, i. 335 ; Michiels, viii. 198.
FOURMOIS, THEODORE, born at Pres-
les, Hainaut, Oct. 14, 1814, died in Brussels,
Oct. 16,1871. Landscape painter and illustra-
tor, self-taught ; took his subjects chiefly from
environs of Brussels and the Ardennes. Or-
der of Leopold, 1851 ; Officer, 1863. Works:
Hut in the Campine ; Old Mill ; View in
Baden (1848); Pool, Road across Heath
(1860), Brussels Museum ; Views in Park of
Count d'Outremont (1862). — Brockhaus, vii
47 ; Larousse, viii. 680.
FODRNTER, EDOTJARD, bora in Paris ;
contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Ca-
banel ; now at the French Academy in
Rome. MedaL 3d class, 1885. Works:
Djanileh, Son of the Gaul (1885).
FOWLER, FRANK, bora in New York ;
contemporary. Portrait and figure painter,
pupil of E. White in Florence and of Caro-
lina Duran in Paris ; in 1878 he assisted the
latter in painting the fresco of the Apothe-
osis of Marie de M&dicis in the Luxembourg
Museum. Studio in New York. Exhibited
Young Bacchus in 1878 ; portraits in 1878,
1883, 1884 ; Fatima (1885).
FRAGONARD, ALEXANDRE EVAB-
ISTE, born at Grasse, Provence, Oct.,
1780, died in Paris, Nov. 10, 1850. French
school ; history painter, son of Jean Hon-
ored pupil of David, and for a long time one
of the most distinguished adherents of the
classical school. Also a sculptor. Medals :
4 ; L. of Honour, 1819. Works : Citizens
of Calais before Edward ; Entry of Maid of
Orleans (1822), Orleans Museum ; Maria
Theresa showing her Son to the Hungarians
(1822), formerly in Luxembourg Museum ;
Queen Blanche liberating the Prisoners of
Chatenay (1824), Blois Museum ; Francis I.
^abyGoOglC
FliAGONAUD
knighted by Bayard (1819), Francis I. and
bis Sister looking at Pictures brought by
Primaticcio, Fine Arts crowned by Genius
(1827), ceilings in Louvre ; Battle atMarig-
nano. Wall paintings in the Luxembourg,
and at Versailles and Orleans. — Larousse,
viii. 700 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1881).
FRAGONARD, JEAN HONORE, bom
at Grasse,
Provence,
April 5,
1732, died in
Paris, Aug.
22, 1806.
Genre and
decorative
painter and
engraver,
v pupil of
Chardin and
Boucher. In 1752 obtained the grand prix
de Borne for his Jeroboam, now in the Ecole
deB Beaux Arts. In Italy studied especially
Tiepolo ; after his return, received into the
Academy in 1765. He treated the same class
of subjects as his master, Boucher, with sur-
prising fidelity and unbridled license. His
step-sister, Marguerite Gerard (born 1751),
assisted him in many works. Works : The
High-Priest Coresus sacrificing himself to
save Callirrhoe (1765), Landscape, Music
Lesson, Nymphs at their Bath, The Shep-
herd's Hour, Storm, Bacchante Asleep,
Young Woman and Cupid, Guitar Player
(1769), Study, Inspiration, Fancy Figure of
Young Man, Woman and Child, Louvre,
Paris ; Portrait of a Boy, Nantes Museum ;
Plutarch's Dream, Rouen Museum ; Portrait
of Bayard, Versailles Museum ; Adoration
of Shepherds, Lille Museum ; The Dinner
on the Grass, Amiens Museum ; Young Girl
at Fountain, Grenoble Museum ; Young
Boy, Nancy Museum ; The Woes of Love,
Orleans Museum ; City of Marseilles pro-
tected by Mercury, Marseilles Museum; The
Swing, Fountain of Pleasure, Garden of
Fontai neb lean, Hertford House, London ;
Fanners Children, Hermitage, St Peters-
burg ; Sacrifice of CaUirrhoo, Aoademia S.
Fernando, Madrid ; The Kiss, Larienski
Gallery, Warsaw ; family portraits, Due
d'Aumale ; Oath of Love, Narischkine sale
(1883), 42,000 fr.; Return to Lodgings, do.,
17,000 fr.— Gaz. des B. Arts (1865), xviii.
32, 132 ; (1885), xxxii 481; Portfolio (1873),
iv. 2 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole f rancais ; Dohme,
3 ; Goncourt, L 'art du xviii. Siecle, ii. 311 ;
Jfcjujonarv iftf
Houssaye, Hist, de l'Art francais, 325 ; JaL,
605 ; Wurzbach, Fr. Maler dea xviii. Jahrh.,
36.
FRANCAIS, FRANCOIS LOUIS, born at
Plombicres (Vos-
gea), Nov. 17,
1814. Landscape
painter, pupil of
Gigoux and Co-
rot. Paints
_ French and Ital-
ian scenes. Med-
als : 3d class,
1841; 1st class,
1848,1855,1867;
medal of honour, 1878 ; L. of Honour,
1853 ; Officer, 1867. Works : Song under
the Willows (1837) ; Old Garden (1841),
View near Paris (1844), Plombicres Museum;
Under the Willows (1852), Tours Museum ;
End of Winter (1853), Orpheus (1863),
Daphnia and Chloe (1872), Setting Sun, Lux-
embourg Museum ; Ravine of Nepi, View
near Rome (1853) ; Path through the Wheat
(1855) ; Brook of Neuf-Prc (1857) ; River
Gapeau, Beech Trees on Coast of Grace
(1859), Bordeaux Museum ; View at Lower
Meudon, Prince Napoleon ; Evening (1861),
Epinal Museum; By the Water (1861),
Nantes Museum ; Sacred Woods, Italian
edbyG00gk
Villa (1864) ; New Ruins of Pompeii (1865)
Environs of Rome, Environs of Paris (1866)
Country-House (1867) ; Harvest, Valley of
Munster (1868) ; ML Blanc from St Cergues
(1869) ; View at Vaux de Cernay (1872) ;
Souvenir of Nice (1873) ; Spring, Terrace at
Nice (1874) ; Ravine of Puita-Noir (1875) ;
Mirror of Scey (1876) j Mont Cervin, Lake
Nemi (1878) ; Valley of HossiUon, Morning
(1879) ; Highway at Combs- la- Villa, Evening
(1880); Castle of Oandolfo on Lake of
Albano, 'Washing-Place near Pierrefonds
(1881); Villafelipa, Villefrancho (1882);
Beach at Capri, Part of a Villa at Nice
(1883) ; Morning at Clisson, Last Days of
Autumn (1884); Lake of Nemi, Shady River
(1885).
FRANCES Y PASCOAL, Don PLA-
CXDO, born at Valencia ; contemporary.
Genre painter, pupil of Valencia art school.
Medals : 1st class, Saragossa ; 3d class, Ma-
drid. Works : The King's Order, What is
she thinking of? (1879) ; Proclamation of
Boabdil (1884).— La Bustracion (1879), ii.
69; (1884), 1362.
FBANCESCA DA RIMINI, Alexandre
Cabanel. See Paolo and Franoesca.
Ry Dominique Ingres, Angers Museum ;
canvas. Illustration of the mediseval story
of Francesca da Rimini, as related by Dante
and Boccaccio. Francesca, the wife of Gio-
vanni Malatesta, called from his lameness
from birth Gianciotto (commonly made into
Lancelotto), fell in love with her handsome
brother-in-law, Paolo Malatesta, a liaison
which ended in the death of the two at the
hands of the enraged Gianciotto. In the
picture the couple are represented as just
having finished reading the story of Lancelot
and Guinevere. The book has fallen from
Francesca' s hands ; Paolo, bending forward,
gives her the fatal kiss, and Lanciotto, lifting
the drapery, advances with drawn sword to
take his revenge. Painted in Rome in 1819 ;
bought by M Turpin de Crissee, who be-
queathed it to Angers Museum. Original
sketch, Mme. Montett-Gilibert Litho-
graphed by A Lecomte, 1834. Replica
painted by Ingres for Prince Salerno, Naples
- -larousse, ziii 1218.
By Ary Sckeffer, Sir Richard Wallace,
Manchester House; canvas (Dante, Inferno).
Salon of 1835, under title : Dante and Virgil
encountering in Hell the Spirits of Fran-
cesca da Rimini and Paolo. Francesca, her
eyes closed, her hair dishevelled, hangs ten-
derly on the neck of Paolo as they float
through the air, while the two poets con-
template the touching scene in silence.
Painted for Due d'Orleans ; bought in 1853
by Prince Demidoff for 48,000 fr.; DemidofT
sale (1870) to Lord Hertford for 100,000 fr.
Engraved by Calamatta; etched by Vey-
rassei Replica, painted 1855, exhibited
1859, owned by Mme. Marjolin, the artist's
daughter. — Larousse, xiii. 1218.
By George Frederick Walts, London;
canvas, H. 5 ft x 4 ft. 1 in. Francesca and
Paolo, phantoms pale and death-like, clasped
in a loving embrace, are swept onward be-
fore the wind against a background of clouds
and fiery rain. Painted in 1879. Exhibited
in New York in 1884.
FRANCESCA, PD3RO DELLA, born at
Rorgo San Sepolcro
in 1416 (?), died
there, Oct 12, 1492.
TJmbrian school.
Real name Pietro di
Benedetto degli
Franceschi ; first
master unknown. In
1439 he assisted Do- ,
menico Veneziano
in painting the fres-
cos in S, M. Nuova,
Florence, where he was brought into con-
tact with many eminent painters, and laid
the foundation of his great scientific knowl-
edge of linear and aerial perspective. In
the projection of shadows, the perfecting of
mediums for oil painting, the delineation
of architecture in backgrounds, and the
correct balance of light and shade, he had
few rivals. So perfect was his rendering
of nature, that had he been guided by a
edbyGoOgk
FHANCESCHI
principle of selection in form, he would
have ranked with the greatest Italian paint-
ers. Between 1447 and 1452 Hero worked
at Loreto, and at Rimini for Sigismond Pan
dolfo Malatesta, for whom he painted, In the
Chapel of the Relics, S. Francesco kneeling
before his patron saint, with two couchant
greyhounds at his heels. The fresco, dated
1451, is an admirable piece of quattrocento
work. Wo next find Fiero at Arezzo paint-
ing the Legend of the Cross around the
choir of S. Francesco, between 1453 and
1454, and then at Borgo San Sepolcro, em-
ployed upon an altarpiece on panel for the
Confraternity of the Miaericordia, which
still exists in the Church of the Hospital,
formerly occupied by the Brothers. Other
works by this painter in his native town are
a fresco of the Resurrection, in the Monte
Pio, and another of St Louis (1460), in the
Municipal Palace. His Baptism of Christ,
National Gallery, London, is pure in outline,
and, like all his works, most carefully elab-
orated in every detail. In same gallery are
a Nativity, portrait of Isotta da Rimini, and
portrait of a Lady. In 1469 Piero went to
Urbino, ■ where he painted a Flagellation,
now in the Cathedral, and an Apotheosis,
with portraits of the Duke and his wife,
Battista Sforza. The well-known profile
portraits of this same ducal pair, in the
TJfnzi Gallery, are masterpieces of their
kind, painted about 1472. Piero was the
author of a highly esteemed Treatise on
Perspective, the MS. of which belongs to the
Saibanti Library, Verona. — Vasari, ed. Mil.,
ii. 487 ; C. & C, Italy, ii. 526 ; Burckhardt,
657 ; Cibo, Scuola Umbra, 26, 66 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole ombrienne ; Lubke, Gesch. itaL MaL,
L392.
FRANCESCHL PAOLO (PaulFranchoys,
Francesco Paolo de' Frescki, Paolo Fiam-
ruingo), born at Antwerp in 1540, died in
Venice in 1596. Flemish- Venetian school ;
landscape, animal, history, and portrait
painter, pupil and assistant of Tintoretto in
Venice, whither he went when very young,
and where he acquired reputation as one
of the best landscape painters of the time.
By order of the Venetian Senate he painted
the large picture in the Ducal Palace, and
for the Emperor Rudolph H. two Alle-
gories. Works: Pope Alexander HI. bless-
ing the Doge Ziani, Ducal Palace, Venice ;
Descent from the Cross, St John preaching,
Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, S. Maria dei
Frari, ib.; Landscape with Prodigal Son,
Academy, ib. ; Pieta, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich. — Fetis, Lea Artistes beiges a l'etran-
ger, i. 377.
FRANCBSCHINI, MABCANTONIO, Ca-
valiere, born at Bolog-
na in 1648, died there
in 1729. Bolognese
school ; history paint-
er, pupil of Gio. Maria
Galli, and of Cignani,
whose assistant he be-
came. Called to Ge-
noa, in 1702, to deco-
' rate the Hall of Public
Counsel with pictures
on the history of the
Republic (destroyed by fire in 1777) ; invited
to Rome by Pope Clement XI, in 1711, to
Genoa in 1714, and to Crema in 1716, to
execute fresco paintings. He was the head
of a school in Northern Italy similar to that
of Cortona in Lower Italy ; adhered at first
to manner of Cignani, but later developed a
remarkable style of his own. Works : Mag-
dalen, Birth of Adonis, Dresden Gallery ;
Charity, Magdalen, St Borromeo during the
Plague in Milan, Museum, Vienna ; Venus
and Cupid, Czemin Gallery, ib. ; Jacob and
Rachel, and others, Liechtenstein Gallery,
ib. ; Joseph and Potiphars Wife, Brunswick
Museum ; Diana at the Chase, Copenhagen
Gallery ; S. Tommaso da Villanova dispens-
ing Alms, Agostiniani of Rimini ; Pieta,
Agostiuiani of Imola ; BB. Fondatori, Ser-
viti of Bologna. Frescos: Recess in Palazzo
Rannzzi, Cupola and Ceiling in Church of
Corpus Domini, Tribune of S. Bartolommeo,
Bologna ; Corbels of Cupola, Piacenza Ca-
thedral — Brockhaus, vii. 61; Lanzi (Bos-
edbyGoOgk
FRANCESCO
ooe), iii. 167 ; L&rouBse, yiiL 752 ; Burck
hardt, 773, 785 ; Seguier, 70.
FRANCESCO DA COTIGNOLA See
Zaganelh, Francesco.
FRANCESCO DA SANTA CROCE
(FranceBCO Rizo), born about 1480, at
Santa Crooe, near Bergamo, flourished there
and in Venice in 1504-1511. Venetian
school ; history painter, pupil of Giovanni
Bellini ; developed probably under the in-
fluence of Carpaccio and Bellini's followers.
Works : Adoration of Magi, Berlin Museum ;
replica, Hermitage, St Petersburg ; Ma-
donna with Saints, Count Paul Stroganoff,
ib. ; Annunciation (1504), Madonna and
Saints, Bergamo Gallery ; Adoration of the
Magi, Muaeo Civico, Verona ; Madonna with
Saints (1507), S. Pietro Martire, Murano ;
Christ appearing to Magdalen (1513), Ven-
ice Academy. — Lubke, Geach. ital. Mai, ii.
623.
FRANCHOYS (Francois), LUCAS, the
elder, born at Mechlin, Jan. 23, 1574, died
there, Sept 16, 1643. Flemish school ; his-
tory and portrait painter, master of the guild
in 1599, and elected dean six times ; went
to Paris and Madrid, in both of which places
he was made painter to the king, and re-
turned to Mechlin in 1605. Worts: De-
scent of the Holy Ghost, St John's, Mech-
lin ; Male Portrait (1619), Museum, ib. ;
Dead Christ on his Mother's Lap, St Sa-
von's, Ghent — Biog. nat. de Belgique, vii.
235 ; Michiels, viii. 223.
FRANCHOYS, LUCAS, the younger,
born at Mechlin, June 28, 1616, died there,
April 3, 1681. Flemish school ; history and
portrait painter, son and pupil of Lucas
Franchoys, the elder ; then pupil of Ru-
bens at Antwerp, where he remained some
years after his master's death; spent several
years in France, in favour at court, before
returning to Mechlin, where he became
master of the guild in 1655, and dean in
1663. Works : Pope Honorius sanctioning
the Rule of the Carmelites, St OnophriuB
fed by Angels in the Desert, Prophet Eli-
jah, St Paul the Hermit, St Andrew heal-
ing the Blind, The Virgin followed by
Carmelites, Christ in his Mother's Lap,
Museum, Mechlin ; St Roch healing the
Plague stricken, St John's, ib. ; Martyrdom
of St Lawrence and of St, John, Holy Fam-
ily, St Catharine's, ib. ; Decapitation of
St John (1660), St Quentin's, Tournay ;
Resurrection (1657), Cathedral, ib. ; Educa-
tion of the Virgin, The Virgin appearing to
St. Simon Stock (both attributed to Lucas
the elder), Antwerp Museum. — Biog. nat
de Belgique, vii. 236 ; Kramm, it 610 ; Mi-
chiels, viii. 227 ; is. 239 ; Neefs, Hist de la
peint a Malines, i. 347 ; Van den Branden,
809.
FRANCHOYS, PAUL. See FranceschL
FRANCHOYS, PEETER, born at Mech-
lin, Oct 20, 1606, died there, Aug. 11,
1654. Flemish school ; portrait painter,
son and pupil of Lucas the elder, and stu-
dent at Antwerp of Geeraard Zegers ; re-
turned to Mechlin in 1635, then painted at
the court of France, spending four years in
Paris, and was in great favour with Arch-
duke Leopold at Brussels ; settled at Mech-
lin in 1646, where he became master of the
guild in 1649. His works on a small scale
were compared to those of Gonzales Coques,
and his large portraits valued equally highly.
Works : Portrait of a Prior, Tongerloo Ab-
bey ; do. of Luc Fay d'herbe, Mechlin Mu-
seum ; do. of Gilbert Mutaaerts (1645), Lille
Museum; Male Portrait (1650), Cologne
Museum ; Man with Pistol, Dresden Muse-
um. — Biog. nat de Belgique, vii. 238 ; Im-
merzeel, i. 252 ; Kramm, ii 511 ; Michiels,
viii 226.
FRANCIA, or FRANCIABIGIO. See
Bigio.
FRANCIA, ALEXANDRE, born in 1813,
died in Brussels, Aug. 24, 1884. Marine
painter ; took his subjects from Holland,
Ireland, and Italy. Gold medal, Brussels,
1855 ; Orders of Leopold, Christ, Mauritius,
Lazarus, Oak Crown, and Medjidie. Works
On the Meuse ; Strand of Scheveningen
Riva dei Schiavoni ; Lake of Eillarney
Harbour of Calais; Wreck of the Amphitrite.
edbyGoOgk
FRANCIA, FRANCESCO, bom in Bo-
logna in 1450, died there, Jan. 5, 1517.
Bolo gn e s e
school. Real
name Frances'
co di Marco di
Giacomo Rai-
bolini ; son of
poor parents,
apprenticed to a
goldsmith, ma-
triculated in
, 1482, became
steward of the
guild in 1483, and afterwards Master of the
Mint under Bentivoglio. He was painter, en-
graver, and medallist, as well as goldsmith.
His master was Lorenzo Costa, but he may
have studied under Marco Zoppo. His
Madonna, Berlin Museum, and his St
Stephen, Palazzo Borghese, Rome, are ex-
amples of his pre-Peruginesque manner,
which show the hand of the goldsmith
trained to careful finish and precision. In
1490 Francia had become the ablest draughts-
man and master of composition in North
Italy. An Umbrian character, derived from
the study of Perugino's works, shows itself
from this time ; aa in his fine Madonna
with Saints, Nativity (1499), Madonna oi St
George, Annunciation (1500), Bologna Gal-
lery; Madonna with Angels and Saints (1499),
S. Jacopo Maggiore, Bologna ; Madonna
with St Joseph, Dudley Gallery, London ;
The Deposition, Parma Gallery ; Madonna
with Angels (doubtful), Madonna in Adora-
tion, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Madonna
with Saints (1502), Holy Family, Berlin Mu-
seum ; Madonna, do. with Saints and An-
gels, Hermitage, St Petersburg. Francia's
third manner, uniting Umbrian softness
with Florentine energy and power, was in-
fluenced by Raphael, whom he may have
seen in 1505 or 1506 at Bologna, with whom
he corresponded, and for whom he had
a deep admiration. His portraits show a
gradual change from the style of Perugino
to that of Raphael, and the frescos by Fran-
cia (1509) in S. Cecilia, Bologna, are Raph-
oelesque. Other works are: Coronation
of the Virgin, Duomo, Ferrara ; Annuncia-
tion, Brora, Milan ; da, Gallery Eatense,
Modena ; Assumption, 3. Frediano, Lucca ;
Pieti, Virgin enthroned with Saints, and
Madonna with Saints, National Gallery, Lon-
^^ don; Baptism of
/(U*-t/c(JueV* sari, ed. Ma, hi
s ywKJ N Iuly> t 566;
Burckhardt, 112, 387, 583 ; Baldinucci, i
598 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ; Lflbke,
Gesch. ital. Mai, i. 447.
FRANCIA, GIACOMO DI FRANCESCO,
born before 1486, died in 1557. Bolognese
school. Was the most noted, aa a painter,
of Francesco Francia's sons. In the fresco
of the Baptism of St Valerian, Oratory of
S. Cecilia, Bologna, by Giacomo, the figures
are lifeless, coarse in outline, and of short
proportions. His Martyrdom of St Cecilia,
ib., was probably painted after his father's
design. Other works by Giacomo are :
Christ on the Cross adored by Saints, Ma-
donna with Saints (1526), Saints and the
Painter, Bologna Gallery; Angels, S. Pe-
tronius, Bo- »
throned, -w« »
Florence Academy; Virgin and Saints (1544),
Brero, Milan.— C. & C, N. Italy, L 574 ; Va-
sari, ed. Mil., iii. 658 ; La vice, 12, 150.
FRANCIA, GIOVAMBATTISTA, bora
June 13, 1533, died May 13, 1575. Bologn-
ese school. Son of Giulio and grandson of
Francesco Francia ; a poor painter, though
a rich man, none of whose works can be
authenticated. Many inferior pictures which
pass under the name of his grandfather,
Francesco Francia, may safely be attributed
to him.— C. & C, N. Italy, L 574; Vasari,
ed. Mil, iii. 558.
FRANCIA, GIULIO DI FRANCESCO,
born in Bologna (?), Aug. 20, 1487, diedf?)
edbyGoOgk
Bolognese school, Bon of Francesco Francis.
The St Margaret and the Dragon, signed
and dated July 10, 1518, in the church of
the Almo Collegio di Spagna, Bologna, is a
joint work of Giulio and Qiacomo. The
only picture by Giulio alone is a Descent of
the Holy Ghost, Bologna Gallery.— C. & C,
N. Italy, i. 574 ; Vasari, ed. Mil, iii. 558 ;
Gualandi, 64.
FRANCIS I, portrait, Titian, Louvre ;
canvas, H. 3 ft 6$ in. x 2 ft. 11 in. Painted
in 1533 from a medal, for Titian probably
never saw the king. Original in Palazzo
Giustiniani, Padua. Titian painted a third,
which Vasari saw in the palace of TJrbino.
Engraved by G. E. Petit ; J. B. Massard ;
M. Leroux.— Vasari, ed. Mil, viL 437 ; C.
& C, Titian, i. 383 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglio, i.
262 ; Cab. Crozat, ii PL 142 ; Filhol, vi PL
431 ; Musee francais, ii ; Mflndler, 209 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole venitienne.
FRANCIS OF ASSIS1 ST., Muriilo, Se-
ville Museum ; canvas, H. 9 ft. x 6 ft The
Saint, standing with Ms right foot on a
globe, embraces the crucified Saviour, who
has released his right hand from the cross
to place it on the shoulders of the Saint ;
at right, two cherubs in clouds hold an
open folio. In his vaporoso (vaporous) or
last manner. Painted about 1676 for Cap-
uchin Convent, Seville. Engraved by M
Gutierrez, Mme. Soyer (outline) ; litho-
graphed by Jacott ; etched by L. Flameng.
Repetition, George Salting, London; sketch,
Henry G. Bohn, Twickenham, Middlesex. —
Curtis, 234.
FRANCIS OF ASSISL ST., or LA POR-
CrONCULA, Muriilo, Madrid Museum ; can-
vas, H 6 ft 9 in.x4 ft 9 in.; figures a little
less' than life-size. The Saint, kneeling on
right before an altar placed on left, looks up
to the Saviour who is seated on clouds, one
hand in benediction, the other supporting a
cross ; the Virgin is seated on the right, with
the left hand extended; above, heads and
cherubs; beneath the Saviour, three cher-
ubs ; all showering roses on St Francis.
In the painter's second or calido (warm)
manner. Appraised in 1831 at 70,000 reals.
—Curtis, 234 ; Madrazo, 471.
By Muriilo, Heirs of the Infant Don Se-
bastian, Pau, France ; canvas, H. 14 ft 1
in. x 9 ft. 8 in. The Saint, kneeling at left
at an altar placed in centre, with out-
stretched arms, looks up to the Saviour,
seated on clouds above the altar, who sup-
ports with his left hand a cross and extends
his right in benediction ; on the left, the
Virgin, kneeling on clouds, intercedes with
her Son for the grace of Jubilee of the Por-
ciuncula, whence called also La Porciuncula ;
above the altar, a group of cherubs scatter
on the Saint rosea which have sprung from
the thorns he has used as a scourge ; a lay-
brother faintly seen on the left of the altar ;
above, many angels and cherubs. Painted
about 1676 for Capuchin Convent, Seville.
Given to D. Joaquin Bejarano for restoring
church and its pictures after French occu-
pation ; sold for 18,000 reals to D. Jose de
Madrazo, from whom Infant Don Sebastian
bought it for 90,000 reals. Lithographed by
V.Camaron. — Palomino, iii. 422;G. deLeon,
ii. 260 ; Ford, Handbook, 708 ; Curtis, 233.
FRANCIS BORGIA, ST., VeUwquez, Staf-
ford House, London ; about 5 ft 10 in. x 4
ft 2 in. ; eight figures, life-size. St Francis,
in white dress, with plumed hat in hand,
presents himself to St Ignatius Loyola, who,
in black dress, advances to receive him ; be-
hind former, two attendants and head of a
black horse ; behind latter, three priests in
a doorway. Captured in Spain by Soult,
who sold it (1835), with Murillo's Abraham
and Angels and Prodigal Son, to Duke of
Sutherland for 500,000 francs. Copy in
Chapel of S, Francisco Borgia, Church of
Logrono. — Stirling, iL 678 ; Curtis, 11.
FRANCIS DE PAUL, ST., Muriilo,
George Perkins, Chipstead Place, Kent,
England ; a large picture. The Saint, kneel-
ing in prayer, looks up at the word Caritas
in the sky above ; cherubs hover over him.
Perhaps picture sold at Ajshburaham sale
(1850) for £1,050. Repetition, without the
cherubs, Madrid Museum. — Curtis, 239.
edbyG00gk
FRANCIS XAVD3R, ST., Murilh, John
S. W. Erle-Drax, Olantigh Towers, Kent,
England ; canvas, figures full-length, life-
size. The Saint kneeling with eyes upraised ;
a stream -of light falls on his breast, from
which issues a flame ; in background, group
of Indiana in a landscape. Belonged to D.
Francisco Artier, from whom purchased
about 1809 by Mr. Campbell, Buchanan's
agent in Spain ; passed to Mrs. Grant, who
sold it to C. 0"NeiL whence purchased by
Mr. Dras. — Palomino, iii. 421 ; Davies, Mu-
rillo, lxiii,; Passavant, Tour in England, ii
20 ; Curtis, 241.
By Rubens, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H.
17 ft x 12 ft 6 in. St Francis Xavier,
standing upon a high pedestal, habited in
the black robes of hie Order, is healing the
sick and the dying, who are grouped in va-
rious positions around ; behind the multi-
tude rises a splendid temple with idols, one
of which is falling upon ita affrighted wor-
shippers ; above, in clouds, the Virgin with
a chalice, surrounded by angels bearing a
cross, in a stream of celestial light Painted
for Jesuits' Church, Antwerp ; bought in
1774 by Empress Maria Theresa for 18,000
florins. Original sketch also in Vienna Mu-
seum. Engraved by Marinus ; J-
Blaschke.— Smith, ii. 18 ; GaL de
Vienne, iii. PL 136.
FRANCISCA, daughter of Ve-
lasquez (?), Velasquez, Madrid Mu-
seum ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 11 in. x 1 ft
6 in. About seven years old, half-
length, standing, in grayish dress
with slashed sleeves and bow of
red-and-whito ribbon on breast;
holds a bunch of flowers on a white
cloth, her hands touching each
other. Etched by B. Maura. An-
other portrait, resembling this,
except that the hands do not touch
and bow of ribbon is red, also in
Madrid Museum. — Curtis, 103 ;
Madrazo, 622.
FRANCISQUE. See Millet.
FRANCE, FRANZ FRIED-
RTCH, born at Augsburg in 1627,
died there in 1687. German
school ; history painter, son and
pupil of Hans UlrichF. (1603-80).
Works: Jacob and Esau, St Ann's,
Augsburg ; Job and the Orphans,
Esther, David (all of 1674), Or-
phan Asylum, ib. ; St Francis Dy-
ing, Obermunster Stift, Ratisbon ;
Arrival of Jacob at Joseph's in Egypt, St
Ann's, ib. ; Table with Musical Instruments
'<i8S
683
(2), Gotha Museum ; Portraits of Han and
Wife (1674), Nuremberg Museum ; Mats
edbyGoOgk
FRANCKEN
Portrait, Vienna Museum. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., vii 211.
FRANCKEN (Franck), AMBROSTUS, the
elder, born at Herentbals in 1644, died in
Antwerp, Oct 16, 1618. Flemish school ;
history and portrait painter. Son of Nico-
las (died 1596), a mediocre painter ; pupil
of Frans Floris ; when twenty-five years old
went to Fontaine bleau to study the great
frescos of II Rosso and of Primaticcio. In
1573 free master of St Luke's Guild at Ant-
werp, and in 1581-82 its dean. Works :
Madonna with Angels (wreath of flowers by
Jcronimus van Kessel), Dresden Gallery ;
Martyrdom of St Crispinus, Miracle of the
Loaves (1598), Last Supper, Martyrdom of
8t George, four episodes from life of St
Sebastian, twelve others, Antwerp Museum ;
Christ and the Adulteress, Raising of Jairus's
Daughter, Christ on Mount of Olives (1600,
masterpieces), The Trinity (1608), several
Portraits, St Jacob's Church, Antwerp ; Exit
from the Ark, Valenciennes Museum. Am-
brosius, the younger (died 1632), who was
a master in the Antwerp guild n~%
in 1624, was son and pupil of ~^rj*
Frans the elder. — Biog. nat.
de Belgique, vii. 243 ; Cat du Musee d'An-
vers (1874), 159 ; Michiels, vL 318 ; Booses
(Beber), 110 ; Tan den Branden, 351.
FRANCKEN, CONSTANTTN, born at
Antwerp, baptized April 5, 1661, died there,
Jan. 12, 1717. Battle painter, grandson of
Frans Francken, the younger ; went to
France at an early age, worked for years in
Paris and Versailles, and after his return to
Antwerp entered the guild in 1695. Works :
Battle of Eekeren, Retreat of General Mar-
ten van Rossum, City Hall, Antwerp. — Van
den Branden, 97a
FRANCKEN, FRANS, the elder, born at
Herentbals about 1540, died in Antwerp,
Oct 6, 1616. Flemish school ; history paint-
er, brother of Ambrosius the elder ; pupil of
Frans Floris; obtained the citizenship of
Antwerp in 1667, and in the same year was
admitted as free master to the guild of St
Luke, of which in 1588-89 he was the dean.
Works: Eteocles and Polynices, Museum,
Antwerp ; Triptych, with Jesus among Doc-
tors (1587), Cathedral, ib.; Burial of Christ,
Jesus appearing to Mary Magdalen, St Ja-
cob's Church, ib. ; Destruction of Pharaoh's
Army, Blenheim, England ; History of Es-
ther, Louvre ; Flight into Egypt, Christ led
to Golgotha (1597), An Allegory, Creation
of Eve, Creation of Animate (landscape of
last two by J. Brueghel), Dresden Gallery ;
Banquet with Music, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich; Curiosity Shop, Assembly of Ladies
and Gentlemen, Ecce Homo, Vienna Mu-
seum. — Biog. nat de Belgique, vii 242 ;
Cat du Mus. d'Auvers (1874), 166 ; Mi-
chiels, vi 315 ; Biege!, Beitrage, ii. 74 ; Van
den Branden, 342.
FRANCKEN, FRANS, the younger, called
Don Francisco,
born in Ant-
werp, May 6,
1581, died
there, May 6,
1642. Flemish
school; history,
landscape, and
interior painter,
son and pupil of >
Frans Francken,
the elder ; went at an early age to Italy, and
studied after the old masters in Venice, where
he is said to have acquired his surname.
Master of the guild at Antwerp in 1605, dean
in 1616. Painted the foreground figures in
pictures of Velvet Brueghel, Neefs the elder,
and Josse de Momper. His various modes
of signature have caused the greatest diffi-
culties in attributing certain works to him
or to bis father, but it seems now sufficiently
certain that in his father's lifetime he signed
" den jon. F. F.," after the death of the elder
Frans (1616) signed his name without ad-
dition, occasionally prefixed "Do., D*." (Doo,
Dominus?), but also still "Den jon.," and
after 1630, " D, Do.," or " D'ouden" (the
elder), as then his son, Frans HL, may have
begun to work independently. He is the
most famous of this numerous family of ar-
MbyGooglc
FRANCKEN
tiste ; bis works are distinguished for grace-
ful treatment, remarkable harmony, spirited
touch, and capital drawing. "Works ; Christ
Sentenced, St. John Preaching, Ecce Homo,
Taking of Christ, Neptune and Amphi trite,
Interior of Church in Flanders, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Passion of Christ, Prodigal Son,
Prince visiting Treasury of a Church, Lou-
vre, Paris ; Christ bearing the Cross, Lille
Museum ; Magdalen washing Christ's Feet
(1628), Notre Dame, Bruges; Croesus and
Solon, Brussels Museum ; Martyrdom of the
Crowned (1624), Works of Mercy (1608),
Miracle of St Bruno's Grave, Interior of Art
Cabinet, Antwerp Museum ; Ball at Court of
Albert and Isabella (1611), Parable of Prod-
igal Son, Adoration of Christ and Virgin
(1616), National Museum, Amsterdam ; Mu-
sical Company in a great Hall, Botterdam
Museum ; Galatea, Adoration of the Magi,
Joseph's Coffin and Destruction of the Egyp-
tians (2), King Midas, The Royal Banquet,
Brunswick Museum ; Homage to Flora, Cas-
sel Gallery ; Destruction of the Egyptians
(1621), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; do., Mann-
heim Gallery ; da, and Parable of Prodigal
Son, Carlsruhe Gallery ; the World doing
Homage to Apollo (1629), Oldenburg Gal-
lery ; Apelles pointing Campaspe, The Five
Senses, Copenhagen Gallery ; Rape of Hel-
en, Stockholm Museum; Feeding of the
Five Thousand (1631), Dessau Gallery;
Neptune and Amphitrite, Belshazzar'a
Feast, Triumph of David, Solomon and the
Queen of Sheba, Solomon showing his
Treasures to the Prophet, Martyrdom of St.
Andrew, Solomon seduced to Idolatry,
Sword of Damocles, Gotha Museum ; Christ
on Mount ot Olives, Washing of Feet, Solon
and Croesus, Temptation of St. Anthony (?),
Berlin Museum ; Christ bearing the Cross
(1597), Christ and the Woman taken in
Adultery (1606), Dresden Gallery ; Martyr-
dom of St Lawrence, Aschaffenburg Gal-
lery ; Seven Works of Mercy (1630), Cav-
alry Skirmish (1631), An Allegory, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Christ and Nicode-
mus, Crucifixion (1606), Witches' Sabbath,
do. (1607), Croesus and Solon (attributed to
Frans the elder), Vienna Museum ; Witches'
Sabbath, St. Elizabeth nursing the Sick,
Berne Museum ; Executions in the Nether-
lands by order of Duke of Alva, Musee
Bath, Geneva ; Seven Works of Mercy, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; Dives, the Bich
Man of the Gospel, Museum, New York ;
Passage of the Bed Sea, Crucifixion (both
attributed to Frans the elder), Historical
Society, ib. ; Artist's portrait, and three
others (?), Uflba, Florence ; others in Pa-
lazzo Pitti, ib., Augsburg, and Schleissheim
Galleries, in Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna,
f f and Bor-
U.A' ifif" 1£Z
fi
'ravcKeN
t deBelgique,
AtfA/. vii.249;Ch.
Blanc, Eoole
flamande ; Cat du Musee d'Anvers (1871),
167 ; Meyer, Gemalde d. Kongl Mus., 167 ;
Biegel, Beitrage, ii 71 ; Booses (Belter), 153 ;
Van den Branden, 615.
FRANCKEN, FRANS HI, called de Ru-
bensche Francken, born in Antwerp in 1607,
died there, Aug. 21, 1667. Figure painter,
son and pupil of Frans Francken, the
younger, with whom he worked conjointly
probably until 1639, when he became mas-
ter of the guild; afterwards greatly influ-
enced by Rubens, whence his surname.
Works : St John Baptist preaching, Liech-
tenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Figures in Church
Interior by Neefs the elder (1651), National
Museum, Amsterdam ; do. (1652), Schwerin
Gallery ; St John's Head given to Herodias,
Mr. Theodoor van Lerius, Antwerp ; Scourg-
ing of Christ, Miss Verschuylen, ib.; Conti-
nence of Scipio, Mr. Dufraisne, Cambrai. —
Michiels, viii 265 ; Van den Branden, 618.
FRANCKEN, HANS, or JAN (Jan Bap-
tist?), born at Antwerp in 1581, died there,
Dec 24, 1621. Flemish school ; history
painter, nephew and pupil of Ambrosius
Francken, the elder, then studied in Paris,
and returned to Antwerp in 1608 ; formed
edbyG00gk
himself after Rubens and Tan Dyck ; mas-
ter of the guild in 1611. His portrait by
Van Dyck is in the Amsterdam Museum.
Works : Christ among the Doctors, Descent
of the Holy Ghost, Bruges Museum. Copies
after Rubens : Visitation of Mary, Assump-
tion, Adoration of the Shepherds, ib. ; De-
capitation of St. John, Brussels Museum ;
Christ and Magdalen (in Landscape by Vel-
vet Brueghel), Rotterdam Museum ; Heads
of Seven Apostles (attributed), Dresden Mu-
seum. — Van den Branden, 339, 622 ; Kramm,
ii. 608 ; Fetis, Cat. du Mus. Royal 322.
FRANCKEN, HEERONYMDS (Jeroom),
the elder, born at
Herenthals in 1512,
died in Paris (?),
May 1, 1610. Flem-
ish school ; history
and portrait painter,
brother of Frana and
Ambrosius the elder;
pupil of Frans Floris,
went to France, be-
came portrait paint-
er to Henry HL, and, continuing in favour
at court under Henry IV. and Louis XDX,
was called the painter of kings. Visited
Italy either before or after having first set-
tled in Paris. In 1590 he retired to Ant-
werp, where he attracted all the pupils of
his old master, Floris, lately deceased, but
soon returned to Paris. Works : Abdication
of Charles V., National Museum, Amster-
dam ; Charles V. taking Orders, Lille Mu-
seum ; Decapitation of St John the Bap-
tist (1600), Dresden Gallery; Assembly of
the Sea-Gods, Stockholm Museum. — Biog.
nat de Belgique, vii. 241 ; Jal, 612 ; Mi-
cHela, v. 317 ; vi. 312 ; Van den Branden,
340.
FRANCKEN, HIERONYMUS, the
younger, born in Antwerp, baptized Sept
12, 1578, died there, March 17, 1623. Flem-
ish school, son of Frans the elder ; histori-
cal figure painter, pupil of Ambrosius
Francken ; master of the guild in 1607.
Works : Horatius Codes at the Sublician
Bridge (1620), Antwerp Museum ; Esther
before Ahasuerus.
FRANCKEN, JOHANNES, bom in Ant-
werp about 1500 (?). Flemish school ; his-
tory and landscape painter, supposed pupil
of Jacob van Utrecht; seems to have left
Antwerp at an early period, and in 1550 set-
tled in Naples, where he was called Franco,
and where Wenceslaus Cobergher lived with
him, and married his daughter. Work :
Adoration of the Magi (1556), Franciscan
Church, Naples.— Biog. nat de Belgique,
vii 253 ; ImmerzeeL i 247.
FRANCKEN, P. H. (H. P.?), flourished
about the middle of 17th century. Flemish
school ; history painter, recalling in his works
the school of Rubens. Works : St Francis
of Assisi, The Poisoned Cup, St Louis as a
Crusader, St Anthony of Padua (1652), Ant-
werp Museum. — Cat. du Musee d'Anvers
(1874), 171.
FRANCKEN, SEBASTIAAN. See
Vrancx.
FRANCO, BOLOGNESE, end of 13th
and early part of 14th century. Bolognese
school ; mentioned by Dante as a miniatur-
ist in connection with Oderisio (Purgatory,
cxi. 79). Malvasia says that he founded in
Bologna the school out of which arose Vi-
tale, Lorenzo, Simone, Jaeopo, and Crista-
f&no, but there are no authentic records of
him. Perhaps a pupil of Oderigi d'Agob-
bio, when that painter was working at Bo-
logna in 1268. A Madonna Enthroned, in
the collection of Prince Ercolani, Bologna,
bears his name and the date 1312. It has
been repainted, but it seems a picture of
the 14th century with some of the affected
grace of movement peculiar to the artists of
Gubbio and Fabriano. — C. & C, Italy, ii.
j 206 ; Siret, 333 ; Cibo, Scuola Umbra, 12 ;
Malvasia, Felsina Pittrice, i. 25.
FRANCO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, born
at Udine in 1510, died in Venice in 1580.
TJmbrian school ; family name Semolei, ac-
cording to Zanettl Went early to Borne
and studied works of Michelangelo ; became
a very able designer, but was less success-
edbyGoOgk
FRANCOIS
fal as a colourist He executed frescos in
Rome, Urbino, Venice (1556), and other
places, and made many designs for architect-
ural decorations. Was also an engraver,
and Bartach enumerates ninety-three of hia
etchings. Works : Battle of Montemurlo,
Palazzo Pit.ti, Florence ; Baptism of Christ,
S. Francesco della Vigna, Venice, Madonna,
S. Giobbo, ib. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombri-
enne ; Vasari, ed. La Hon., xL 317 ; Bartach,
xvi lit
FRANCOIS, PIERRE JOSEPH CELES-
TIN, born at Namur, March 19, 1759, died
in 1851. Flemish school ; history painter,
pupil of Andreas Lena ; visited Italy is
1778-81 and 1789-92, and France and Ger-
many repeatedly. Among his pupils were
Navez, Decaisne, and Madou. Order of Leo-
pold in 1845. Works : St Germain bless-
ing St. Genevieve (Church du Sablon), and
Four Evangelists (Church des Minimes),
Brussels ; Mariua amid the Ruins of Car-
thage, National Gallery, ib. ; Sylla Tiburius,
Portrait of Mme. Du Barry, Arenberg Gal-
lery, ib. ; Assumption, Ghent Academy ;
Physician consulted by two old Women,
Haarlem Museum. — Immsrzeel, i. 251 ;
Reamm, ii. 611.
FRANCDCC1 See Imola.
FRANK, JULIUS, bom in Munich in
1826. History painter, son of the glass
painter, Michael SigUmund Frank (died
1817), pupil of Schraudolph. Works : St
George, Dunkelsbtlhl ; The Good Shepherd,
The Guardian Angel, Saalfelden ; Mater
Dolorosa, St Sebastian, Cycle of wall paint-
ings from sacred and profane history of Ba-
varia, National Museum, Munich ; do. from
New Testament, Philippine Congregation
in Gostyn, Posen. Many easel pictures,
chiefly Madonnas. — Muller, 182.
FRANQUE, JEAN PIERRE and JO-
SEPH, twin brothers, born at Buis (Drome)
in 1774. French school ; history painters,
pupils of David, enjoyed reputation under
the empire, and often worked conjointly.
Pierre painted pictures of large dimensions
in the style of his master, and was employed
at the Louvre and in making copies and
restorations in Versailles Museum. Medal,
2d class, 1812 ; L. of Honour, 1836. Joseph
went to Naples in 1813, where he became
professor at the Academy. Works by Pierre:
Battle of Zurich (1812, with Joseph, gold
medal) ; Josabeth saving Joash from Fury
of Athaliah (1817), Nimea Museum ; Con-
version of St Paul (1819), Dijon Museum ;
Angelica and Medor (1822), Besancon Mu-
seum ; Jupiter and Juno on Mount Ida
(1822), Montauban Museum; Crossing the
Rhine (1635) ; Siege of Lille (1836), Battle
of Lens (1841, with Alaux), Versailles Mu-
seum. Works by Joseph : France in Anar-
chy appearing to Bonaparte on Banks of
Nile (formerly in Luxembourg Museum). —
Larousse, viii. 787.
FBANQUELIN, JEAN AUGUSTUS, born
in Paris, Sept 1, 1798, died there, Jan. 4,
1839. French school ; history and genre
painter, pupil of Regnault Medal, 2d class,
1827. Works: Christ leaving the Temple
(1819), Tours Cathedral ; Death of Malvina
(1819), Fontainebleau Palace ; Daughter of
Jairns (1822), Amiens Museum ; Baptism of
Christ (1824), Prefecture de la Seine, Paris ;
Conquest of Brisach, 1703, Versailles Mu-
seum ; Young Woman with her Child and a
Dog, Grenoble Museum ; Mother at Cradle
of sick Child, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Bra-
gella, the Sailor's Wife (after Byron), Italian
JirayujiulCh. mo
Woman with Sick Child praying before
Madonna, Leipsic Museum.— Belli er de la
Chavignerie, ii. 586.
FRARL IL See Biancki, Francesco.
FRASER, ALEXANDER, born in Edin-
burgh, April 7, 1786, died at Hornsey, Feb.
15, 1865. Genre painter, studied at Trus-
tees' Academy, Edinburgh ; went in 1813 to
London, where he became assistant to Wil-
kifi, and painted the details and still-life in
his pictures for twenty years. His own
works, mostly relating to Scottish life, show
MbyGooglc
: frajar.A
-Red
WilMe's influence. Some of his pictures
have been engraved. Works : Deocb-an-
dornis (1830) ; Village Sign-Painter (1837) ;
Sir Walter Scott dining with a Blue-Gown
Beggar (1844);
The Glass of Ale;
Robinson Crusoe
reading the Bible
to Friday ; Last
Moments of Mary Queen of Sootta
grave ; Art Journal (1866), 125.
FRASER, ALEXANDER, born in
Linlithgow ah ire, Scotland ; contemporary.
Landscape painter, member of R.S.A. Stu-
dio in Edinburgh. Faints Scottish scenery
attractively. Works : At Barncleuth, Na-
tional Gallery, Edinburgh ; Glen Arnan,
Trout Stream in Highlands, Springtime at
Dingleton (1878).
FBASER, CHARLES, born in Charles-
ton, S. C, in 1782, died there in 1860.
After practising law several years, devoted
himself in 1818 to art, and became a suc-
cessful painter, especially of miniatures,
though he also painted historical and genre
pictures and landscapes. In 1867 a collec-
tion of his works was exhibited in Charles-
ton, including 813 miniatures and 139 other
pieces. He numbered among his sitters
many prominent people.
FRAUSTADT, F. A., born at Lauchstadt,
near Halle, April 9, 1821. History painter,
pupil in Dresden of Bendemann, Rietschel,
and Schnorr ; has lived since 1857 in Ant-
werp. His large compositions glorify the
Nibelung Saga and form a land of cycle.
Formerly painted many portraits. Works :
Krimhilde 'b Dream ; How Siegfried was be-
trayed ; Siegfried's Farewell ; How Hagen
did not rise before Krimhilde ; Tetzel's In-
dulgence Sermon ; Rope Dancers ; Interior
in Time of the Merovingians ; Goths in
Rome ; Portrait of Composer Gretry (1880).
FREDERICK BARBAROSSA, DEAD,
Karl Wilhelm Kolbe, National Gallery, Ber-
lin ; canvas, H. 7 ft 4 in. x 10 ft. 5 in.
Upon a high bier, formed of lances and car-
ried by four knights, the dead king lies in
state, crown on head and sword in hand,
surrounded by banners and escorted by
Crusaders mounted and on foot ; preceding
him a bishop with crosier, accompanied by
monks and ministrants with censers ; in
background, the battle has begun around
the city of Antioch, from which smoke is
rising. Bought in 1869 from the artist's
FHEDL BARTOLO DI See Bartolomr
meo di Manfredi.
FREEMAN, JAMES EDWARD, bom in
Nova Scotia in 1808, died in Rome, Nov. 21,
1884 Figure painter, pupil in New York of
the National Academy ; studied and painted
many years in Rome, where he resided.
Elected N. A. in 1833. Works: Mother and
(Child 1868); Beggars; Young Italy; Flower
Girl ; Savoyard Boy in London ; Girl and
Parrot, H. P. Kidder, Boston; Study of a
head for Judith, Lucchese Peasants on the
Sands of the Serchio (1883).
FREER, FREDERICK W., bora in Chi-
cago, Rl, in 1849. Genre painter, pupil of
the Munich Academy. Member of Society
of American Artists. Exhibits at the Na-
tional Academy. Studio in New York.
Works in oil : Choosing a Study, T. B. Clark,
New York ; Souvenir of Gainsborough
(1881); Waiting (1882); In Ambush (1883);
Adagio, Jeanette — Portrait Study, Behind
the Fan (1884). Water-colours: Arranging
the Bouquet, Veiled Head (1884) ; Dream-
Life, The Mirror (1885).
FREESE, HERMANN, born in Pomerania,
May 14, 1819, died at Hasenfelde, July 25,
1871. Animal painter, pupil in Berlin of
BrOcke and of Steffeck. Works : Stags
Fighting (1857), Stags attacked by Wolves;
Stags Pursued, Boar Hunt, National Gallery,
Berlin ; In the Pasture. — Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 292.
FREGEVIZE, FRD3DRICH, born in Ge-
neva in 1777, died there, Oct 9, 1849.
Landscape painter, lived for many years in
Berlin, where he was made member of the
Academy in 1820 ; returned to Geneva in
1829, and went to Dessau in 1839. Works:
ed by Google
FREMINET
.Rhone Valley near Geneva, Lake of Geneva,
National Gallery, Berlin.
FREMINET (Freminel), MARTIN, bom
in Paris, Sept.
24, 1567, died
there, Jane 18,
1619. French
school; first
instructed by
his father, a
mediocre
s , painter, then
by Jean Cou-
sin. Went to
Some (1591), was influenced by the Cava-
liere d'Arpino, and studied the works of Par-
migianino and Michelangelo. After spend-
ing sixteen years in Italy he returned to
France, by way of Savoy, where he executed
several large paintings for the duke's palace,
and in 1602 became court-painter to Henry
IV., who intrusted him with the decoration
of the chapel at Fontainebleau, which he had
nearly completed at the time of his death.
Was Bumamed the French Michelangelo.
"Works : Several paintings in the Royal Pal-
f ace, Turin ; Mercury
*L commanding Jjaeaa
| T r |-» *-» to abandon Dido,
I IKK Louvre ; SS. Mat-
_^» X ■ ■ ' ~ thew, Mark, Luke,
&EfllNET£?s
rome, Gregory, and Ambrose, Orleans Mu-
seum. — Bellier de la Chavignerie, i 689 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole fraii^aise ; Jal, 615 ; Le-
jeune, i. 121 ; ili, 802; Villot, Cat Louvre.
FRERE, CHARLES (EDOIJARD), born
in Paris, July 10, 1837. Genre, landscape,
and portrait painter, son and pupil of Ed-
ouard Frcre, and pupil of Couture. Medal,
2d class, 1848; medal, 1865. Works: Mule-
teer in the Alps (1865); Chariot Race (1867);
Stable Interior (1868) ; Basket-Sellers, Stu-
dio Interior (1870); Horses unlading Trees
(1872); Before the Rain (1876); Snow (1876);
A Corner of Paris (1877) ; Gramigna Lava-
tory at Naples (1879); Donkey Tavern at
TV-port, Wood-cutting at Ecouen (1880) ;
Hotel de Heaume in Paris, Chestnut- Trees
at Blcmur (1881) ; Truck at Ecouen, Studio
(1882); Plaster Quarry at St Brice, Isle of
St. Denis (1883); Surgical Operation (1884);
Press-house at Chatel-Guyon, Farriery in
Paris (1885).
FRERE, (CHARLES) THEODORE, born
in Paris, June 21, 1815. Genre and land-
scape painter, pupil of J. Cogniet and Roque-
plan. Exhibited first picture in 1834 In
1836 he took part in the Algerian Expedi-
tion, and afterwards spent some time in
Egypt Chiefly paints Eastern scenes.
Medals: 2d class, 1848 and 1865. Works:
Stable of Loiret (1835) ; Street, of the Jews
in Constantino (1842); Caravan at a Ford
(1844); Market of Constantino (1848); Arabs
Halting (1850), Ministry of the Interior;
Mosque at Beyrout, Bazaar in Damascus
(1855) ; Bazaar in Beyrout, Halt at Ghizeh
(1857); Harem in Cairo, Donkeys and Don-
key-Drivers in Cairo, Cafe Mohammed
(1859); Evening Halt at Minieh, Arab drink-
ing at a Fountain in Cairo, Arabian Restau-
rant at the Gates of Choubrah, Festival at
Ulema's in Constantinople (1861); Ruins of
Karnac at Thebes, Bazaar in Girgeh, Potter
at Esnii (1863); Okale in the Morning
(1864); Cafu of Galata, Island of Pbihe
(1865); Arab Wedding in Cairo, The Even-
ing Prayer (1866) ; Caravan of Mecca, Ruins
of Palmyra (1868); Simoom, Theatre of
Karaguez (1869); Evening Halt on Banks
of Nile (1870), Caravan for Mecca, Twilight
in Cairo (1875); Tomb of the Caliphs in
Cairo (1876); Evening in Upper Egypt
(1877) ; The Nile, Evening, Desert at Noon-
day (1878); Beni Souef, In Cairo (1879);
Copt Street in Cairo (1880) ; Jerusalem from
the Valley of Jehoshaphat (1881); Simoom
near the Sphinx, Morning near Cairo (1882) ;
Cairo from the North (1883); The Nile at
Nagadi (1884); The Pyramids and Plain of
Gizeh, Street in Cairo (1885); View of Ear-
nac, Ruins of Luxor, Laval Museum; Arabs
resting in Caravansary, Nancy Museum ;
edbyGoOgk
Well near Nehemy, Stettin Museum ; De-
parture from Jerusalem for Jaffa, New York
Museum.— Bellier do la Chavignerie, i. 589;
Larousse, viii. 817.
FRERE, (PIERRE) EDOTJARD, born in
Paris, Jan. 10, 1819.
Genre painter,
brother of Theo-
dore, pupil of Paul
Delaroche and of
Ecole des Beaux
Arts. He gained
his first success in
1843, and has since -•
steadily improved,
his best works be-
ing some of the
least laboured. Medals : 3d class, 1850 and
1855; 2d class, 1862; L. of Honour, 1855.
Works : Preparing for Church (1835), Cor-
coran Gallery, Washington ; Little Glutton
(1843) ; Little Mountebank, Hen with the
Golden Eggs (1848); Studio (1849) ; Cook,
Laundress (1850), Chartres Museum ; Going
to School, Helping Herself (1853), W. T.
Walters, Baltimore ; Little Purveyor, Good
Friday, Dinner, Reading Lesson, Young
Woman Combing (1855); Suuday Toilet,
Sweeper (1857) ; Little Housekeeper (1857),
Little Dressmaker, Cold Day (1858), W. T.
Walters, Baltimore ; Lesson on Flute, Lit-
tle Shiverers (1859); Little School, Dieppe
(1861); Return from Woods, Effect of Snow,
Grandmother (1863) ; Women Spinning,
Girl Sewing (1864) ; Palm Sunday, Work-
shop at Ecouen (1866); First Steps, Prayer,
Blessing, Library, Little Woodcutters, In-
terior at Royat, Stove (1867); Women Sew-
ing (1868); Preparing Dinner (1868), De-
votion, Prayer, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ;
Girls leaving School, Boys leaving School,
Porch of Church of Saint Paul at Antwerp ;
Exercise (1880), J. J. As tor, New York ;
^^. Jerusalem
<V,^vO ?a*^t. * j. '«»»«» ™-
ley of Je-
hoshapfaat (1881) ; Blessed Water (1882) ;
Poor Man's Cider, Before Going In (1883);
Pull Up, Storm in a Tub (1884) ; A Bivouac,
Bakehouse (1885). — Bellier de la Chavigne-
rie, i. 590 ; Larousse ; Hamerton, French
Painters.
FREUDENBERGER, SJ.GMTTND, born
in Berne, June 16, 1745, died there, Aug.
15, 1801. French school ; genre painter,
pupil of Emmanuel Handmann, but went
to Paris at twenty, and there was assisted in
his studies by Wille, Boucher, Greuze, and
Rodin. Painted portraits and genre pieces
in Watteau's style, after his return home, as
well as Scripture scenes. Works: Horo-
scope Realized, Fifteen Scenes from Popular
Life in Canton Berne, Berne Museum ; Por-
trait of Haller, City Library, Berne ; Lov-
er's Present (1770), Historical Society, New
York. — Allgem. d. Biogr., vii. 355; Dohme,
3 ; Wurzbach, Fr. Malerdeszviil. Jahrh., 39.
FREY, JOHANNES (JACOB), born at
Basle in 1813, died at Frascati, near Rome,
in 1865. Landscape painter, studied prin-
cipally in Italy ; in 1842 he accompanied
Professor Lepsius to Egypt, whence, on his
return in 1843, he brought many excellent
sketches. Works : The Caudine Forks,
View near Granada, do. near Rome, do.
near Monreal — Sicily, Caravan surprised by
Samum, Wood Landscape in Roman Moun-
tains (last work), Basle Museum ; The Stat-
ues of Memnon near Thebes, the Samum
in the Desert, New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Chamsyn in the Desert (1845), Emperor of
Germany ; Statues of Memnon, Sphinx Co-
lossus near Memphis (1858), Leipsic Mu-
FREYBERG, Baroness ELEKTRINE
VON, born in Strasburg, March 24, 1797,
died in Munich, Jan. 1, 1847. History and
portrait painter, daughter and pupil of Jo-
hann Stuntz, landscape painter. Studied in
Munich, and in 1821-22 in Rome, where she
was influenced by Overbeck, and was made
roeraberoftheAcademyofStLuke. Works:
Madonna, Zachariah naming St John, Boy
Flute-Player, New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Holy Family, Birth of St John (1829);
Three Holy Women at the Grave, Madonna,
edbyGoOgk
Leuchtenberg Gallery, St Petersburg;
Charity, life-size Portrait of Artist — All-
gem, d. Biogr., vii. 364 ; Nagler, Mod., ii.
593.
FREYBERG, KONRAD, born in Stettin,
March 14, 1842. Horse and military genre
painter, pupil in Berlin of Steffeck, especially
successful in equestrian portraits on a small
scale. Works : Prince Charles of Prussia
and Suite (1872); Ride of Prince Charles to
a Stag-Hunt (1876); Prince Hobenlohe at
Clamart, Arrival of Prince Frederic Charles
on Battlefield of Vionville, Surrender of
Metz (1877) ; Group of Officers of Garde du
Corps (1878) ; Encounter at Ferme St Hu-
bert, life-size Male Portrait (1879).— Rosen-
berg, Berl. Malersch., 293.
FRIANT, lfttTiT.E, born at Dieuze (Alsace-
Lorraine). Genre painter, pupil of Caba-
nel Medals : 3d class, 1884 ; 2d class, 1885.
Works: Studio Interior, Prodigal Son
(1882); A little Rest (1883); Favourite
Corner (1884); The Sketch, Portrait (1885).
FRICrL J., born in Christiania in 1810.
Landscape painter, pupil of Copenhagen
Academy, then studied in Dresden and Mu-
nich. Generally paints Norwegian subjects.
Member of Stockholm Academy. Works :
Six Norwegian Landscapes (1852), Oscars-
hall, near Christiania ; View in Hallingdal,
Wood Landscape from Thalemarken, Chris-
tiania Gallery.— Muller, 185.
F RIED , HETNPJCH JAKOB, born at
Queichheim, near Landau, March 11, 1802,
died in Munich, Nov. 2, 1870. History,
genre, portrait, and landscape painter, pu-
pil of Stuttgart and Augsburg art schools,
then from 1822 of Munich Academy under
Langer and Cornelius. From 1834-37 lived
in Rome and Naples, came to Munich in
1842, and was appointed Conservator of the
Art Union in 1845. Works : Margaret at
Spinning Wheel Knight Toggenburg, Hunt-
ing Party by Castle Trifels, Blue Grotto of
Capri, New Pinakothek, Munich ; View of
Hohenschwangau ; Wounded Knight ; Italian
Pifferari ; Cloister of S. Scolastica; Vintage
Assembly ; Views in Sabine Mountains ;
Tivoli; Views in the Palatinate. — AUgem.
d. Biogr., vii 387.
FPJEDLANDER, FRIEDRICH, born at
Kohljonowitz, Bohemia, Jan. 10, 1825. His-
tory and genre painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy, and of WaldmuUer ; visited Italy
in 1850, DllBseldorf and Paris in 1862.
Member of Vienna Academy since 1866.
Works : Death of Tasso (1852); False Play-
era ; KirmesB at Mariabrunn ; At the Jewel-
ler's ; Interrupted Division ; After the Lot
tery ; Adoption of Child ; Shop Politicians
(1863); Seizure of Incendiary (1864); Hour
of Rest (1865); Pawn Shop, Coburg Gallery ;
House of Invalides, Tasting Wine (1866);
Return Home (1868); The New Comrade
(1868), Vienna Academy ; Service of Friend-
ship ; Strawberry Sellers (1872), The Inva-
lides (1875), Vienna Museum ; News, The
Examination (1883); Distribution of Wine
(1884). — Muller, 186 ; N. Ulustr. Zeitg.
(1883), i 346 ; Wurzbach, iv. 358 ; Zeitechr.
f. b. K-, viii. (Mittheilungen, i 21).
FRIEDRICH, KASPAR DAVID, born at
Greifswalde, Sept 5, 1774, died in Dresden,
May 7, 1840. Landscape painter, pupil of
Copenhagen Academy, then from 1798 in
Dresden. Became professor at Dresden
Academy in 1817, and member of Berlin
Academy in 1840. Works : Abbey in Oak-
wood, Wanderer on Seashore, Royal Palace,
Berlin ; Harz Landscape, Moonrise by the
Sea, National Gallery, ib. ; Moonlight Scene
(1819), Giant's Grave, Rest during Harvest
(1835), Dresden Gallery; Woman on Sea-
shore beaconing to Ship, Gotha Museum;
Crucifix on Hill after Sunset ; Thirty-six
views of Rflgen. — BrockhauB, vii. 353.
FMEDRICHSEN, ERNESTINE, bom in
Dontzic, June 29, 1824. Genre painter,
pupil in DQsseldorf of Marie Wiegtnann,
then of Jordan and Wilhelm Sohn. Works :
Convent - School ; Polish Country Mail ;
School-Children crossing Lake ; Polish In-
surgents in Cellar ; Loving Couple in Boot ;
Old Church in Mozovia ; Children in Rome
during Carnival ; Friday Evening in Jewish
Quarter at Amsterdam ; Polish Rag-Pickera
edbyGoOgk
(1880); Poto*Raftemen(1881); Carpet Em-
broiderers in Amsterdam (1882). — Mailer,
186 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1881), ii. 523 ; (1882),
ii. 359 ; (1883), i 463.
FRIES, BEHNHARD, born at Heidel-
berg, May 16, 1820, died in Munich, May
21, 1879. Landscape painter, studied first
in Heidelberg, then in Carlsruhe under
Koopman, and in 1835-37 at Munich Acad-
emy. Lived in Borne in 1838-15, and set-
tled at Munich in 1846. Works : Glaciers
of Mont Blanc ; Lake of Geneva ; Lake of
Como ; Ravine near Nemi ; Neckar Valley ;
Landscape in Storm ; View in Heidelberg
Garden ; Morning and Evening in Woods
of Heidelberg ; Cycle of forty Italian Land-
scapes; Mountain Landscape, Carlaruhe
Gallery ; View in Sabine Mountains, Oreto
Valley near Palermo, Schack Gallery, Mu-
nich ; On Lake Constance, Zurich Gallery.
— Kunat-Chronik, xiv. 638 ; W. Mailer, Dus-
seldf. K_, 332.
FRIES, ERNST, born at Heidelberg,
June 22, 1801, died in Carlsruhe, Oct. 11,
1833. Landscape painter, pupil in Heidel-
berg of Bottmann and in Carlsruhe of Earl
Kuntz. Spent four years in Italy (1823-27),
then lived in Munich and moved to Carls-
ruhe (1831), where he waa appointed court-
painter. Works : View of Trvoli ; Sorrento
with Tasao's House ; Pozzuoli with Bay of
Baue ; Cape Miaenum ; Landscape
in style of Roman Mountains, Cas-
tello near Amain, Carlsruhe Gallery;
Waterfall near Isola di Sora, New
Pinakothek, Munich ; Castle at Massa ; View
of Heidelberg, do. of Heidelberg Castle
(1829), Valmontane (1833), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; View in Sabine Mountains,
Leipsic Museum. — Allgem. d. Biogr., viii
72 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 66.
FRIES, HANS, born at Freiburg, Switzer-
land, in Jan., 1465, died about 1520. Ger-
man school; worked in Basle in 1487-88,
made city painter in Freiburg (1501), where
he painted the Last Judgment in the City
Hall and decorated the Episcopal Palace.
About 1518 he settled at Berne. His works
)
show affinity to the schools of Augsburg
and Colmar, though generally hard in tone
and inharmonious in colour. His contem-
poraries ranked him with the greatest Ger-
man and Italian masters of his time. Works :
Six Scenes from Life of Virgin (1512), Two
Scenes from Life of St. John the Baptist,
Martyrdom of St. John the Evangelist
(1514), Basle Museum ; Four pictures of
Saints, Freiburg Museum ; Legend of St
Anthony (1506), Franciscan Monastery,
Freiburg ; Madonna (1501), St. Ann, So-
matization of St. Francis, Martyrdom of St.
Sebastian, Virgin going to the Temple,
Marriage of the Virgin (1512), Nuremberg
Museum. — Allgem. d. Biogr., viii. 73 ; His,
Jahrb. f. K., ii. 51 ; W. & W., ii 483.
FRIES, KARL FRIEDRICH born at
Winnweiler, Palatinate, Nov. 20, 1831, died
at St Gallen, Dec. 23, 1871. History
painter, pupil of Munich Academy, then of
Berdelle, and in Vienna of RahL Lived
many years in Italy. Works : Wine, Wo-
man, and Song (1862); Hercules and Om-
phale (1864); Auro Doceo in the Abrnzzi ;
excellent copies after Titian and Palma Vec-
chio. — Kunat-Chronik, vii. 203.
FRHS, HANS GABRIEL, born at Skov-
gaard, near Hobro, Jutland, Sept. 7, 1839.
Landscape painter, pupil of Lund and Kit-
tendorf, afterwards of Skovgaard ; visited
Dresden and Berlin in 1870, Switzerland
and Italy in 1871-72. Works: Summer
Day in Jutland (1868), Copenhagen Gallery.
—Sigurd MttUer, 106 ; Weilbach, 184.
FRIQUET DE VAUROZE (Vaux-Rose),
JACQUES, born at Troyes (Aube), in 1648,
died in ' Paris, June 25, 1716. French
school ; history painter, pupil of S. Bour-
don, after whose designs he painted, about
1663, in the gallery of the Hotel of M de
Bretonvilliers. Professor and member of
the Academy in 1670. Works: Peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle (1670), Louvre, Paris ; Moses
brought to Pharaoh's Daughter (1673);
Daughters of Jethro, Martha and Magda-
len at Christ's Feet (1699); Triumph of
Thetis, Madonna (1704).— JaL, 620.
edbyGoOgk
FRISCH, JOHANN CHRBTOPH, bora
in Berlin in 1730, died there in 1815. His-
tory painter, pupil of B. Bode, afterwards
studied in Rome, became court-punter and
director of Berlin Academy. Worts : Myth-
ological subjects and scenes from life of
Frederic tbe Great in Royal Palaces of Ber-
lin, Potsdam, and Sans-souci.
FRITEL, PIERRE, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. History and portrait painter,
pupil of Aim6 Millet and of CabaneL Medal,
2d class, 1879. Works : St. John Baptist
(1876); Despair of (Edipus (1877); Electra
(1878); Mater Dolorosa (1878), Prefecture
de la Seine, Paris; A Martyr (1879); Fifer
(1881) ; Remorse, The Widow (1882) ; Solum
Patriae (1885).
FRITH, WHJilAM POWELL, born at
Studies- , near Ripon,
in 1819. Genre
painter, pnpil of
Royal Academy,
London, where he
exhibited his Mal-
volio and Countess
Olivia in 1840.
Elected an A.B.A.
in 1845, and R.A. in
1853 ; member of
Royal Academies of Vienna (1869), Belgium
(1871), Sweden (1873), and Antwerp. Medal,
Paris, 2d class, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1878.
Works : Othello and Desdemona (1840) ;
Leicester and Amy Robsart (1841); Duel
from TwelfthNight (1843); Knox and Queen
Mary (1844) ; Nora Creina (1846) ; Coming
of Age (1849); Pope and Mary Montagu
(1852); A Dream of the Future (1856);
Derby Day (1858) ; Claude Duval (1860);
Railway Station (1862) ; Marriage of Prince
of Wales (1865) ; Before Dinner at Boswell's
(1868); Henry VDX (1872); Pamela (1875);
Road to Ruin (1878); The Private View—
1881, Kate Kearney, Honeymooning in
Switzerland, La Belle Marquise (1883) ;
Beatrice overhears that Benedick loves her,
Dr. Johnson and Mrs. Siddons, Cruel Ne-
cessity, London Flower-Girl (1884); John
Knox at Holyrood (1885).— Art Journal
(1856), 237 ; Sandby, ii 297 ; Gaz. des B.
Arts (1862), riii 215.
FRITSCH, MELCBHOR, born in Vienna,
Jan. 2, 1825. Landscape painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy, where he studied drawing
j under Mdssmer. Although self-taught in
painting, he obtained the Imperial prize in
1845. Works: Burning Village after Storm;
Pass near Gunsling in Tyrol ; Landscape in
Storm with returning Villagers (1874);
View on Langbath Lake (1875) ; Burning'
Village (1877).— MOIIer, 187 ; Wurzbach, ir.
372.
FRITZ, ANDREAS, bora at Parsonage of
i Mou, near Aalborg, Jutland, Nov. 2, 1828.
Landscape painter, pupil of Copenhagen
Academy under Kobke, Gcrtner, and MJar-
| strand ; visited Paris in 1855 and 1878; went
abroad again in 1871. Medals, 1854, 1855.
Works: Jutland GleanerGirl (1856); Views
in Jutland (1870-80).— Sigurd Mailer, 111 ;
Weilbach, 186.
FRITZE, MARGARETE (AUGUSTE),
born at Dreileben, near Magdeburg, Oct. 28,
1845. Genre painter, first instructed in
Bremen, then pupil in Munich of GrQtzner
and Liezen-Mayer, also much influenced by
Eotzebue and Alexander Wagner. Moved
to Stuttgart in 1880. Works : In Foreign
Lands ; Portraits.— Mailer, 18a
FROLICH, LORENS, born in Copenha-
gen, Oct 25, 1820.
History and genre
painter, and illus-
trator, pupil of
Rfirbye, then of
Hetsch and Eck-
, ersberg. Went
in 1840 to Munich,
, and in 1842 to
' Dresden, where
he studied under
Bendemann, then (1846-51) in Rome, and
1851-54 under Couture in Paris, where
he went again in 1857, then settled in Co-
penhagen in 1873. Has illustrated many
works of Danish authors. Danebrog Order
^abyGoOgiC
FROHLICHER
in 1857 ; member of Copenhagen Academy
in 1877. Works : Ingeborg and Frirjof
(1837); Peasant pursued by Wolves (1838);
Deer in Forest-Valley ; Palnatoke shooting
King Harold Blaatand (Blue-tooth), King
Svavelame forcing the Dwarfs Dyrin and
Dvalin to forge the Sword Tyrving (1840) ;
Cupid and the Watersprite (1845), Leipsic
Museum ; Return from Harvest Field (1852);
Waldemar Sejr as Founder of Jutland Law,
Frederic IV. receiving Homage of Schles-
wig (1854-57), Court of Appeals, Flensburg ;
Family of a Wood-God, Copenhagen Gal-
lery.— Sigurd Mailer, 116 ; Weilbach, 190.
FROHLICHER (FrOlicher), OTTO, bom
at Soleure, Switzerland, in 1840. Landscape
painter, pupil in Munich of J. G. Steffan, then
(1864-65) of DOsseldorf Academy ; studied
especially the hills of Bavaria and the Swiss
Alps. Works: Group of Trees in Jura
Mountains (1866) ; View in Bernese Alps
(1869) ; Mountain-Brook in Uri, View in Inn
Valley (1868) ; Landscape in Upper Bavaria,
View in Bernese Oberland, Berne Museum;
Village in Nether Bavaria, Saint Gall Mu-
seum ; Woodland in Upper Bavaria, Zurich
Gallery ; Moonlight Scene (1884).— Mailer,
188.
FROMENT (FromenUDelormel),
JACQUES VICTOR EUGENE, bom in
Paris, June 17, 1820. History, genre, and
landscape painter, pupil of Jollivet, Lecomte,
and Amaury -Duval. L. of Honour, 1863.
Works : Indians surprising Camp of Hostile
Tribe (1849) ; Pawnee Children on the
Platte River (1853); Love Disarmed, Egg
Dance (1859) ; The Graces (1867) ; Love
Captive (1870) ; The Dance, The Seasons,
Spring (1875),— Bellier de la Chavignerie, i.
594.
FROMENT, NICOLAS, bom at Avignon,
flourished 1461-76. French school This
master, whose name has only recently been
found in the archives of Marseilles, flour-
ished at the court of King Rene of Anjou.
In the Flemish character of his works he
approaches the style of Rogier van der Way-
den. Works : Triptych, with Burning Bush
and Madonna in centre, Saints on the Wings,
Ais Cathedral ; Triptych with Raising of
Lazarus (1461), Uffizi, Florence.— W. & W.,
ii. 76 ; Burckhardt, 619.
FROMENTIN, EUGENE, born at La
Rochelle (Cha-
rante-Inferi-
eure), Oct. 24,
1820, died at
St. Maurice,
near La Ro-
cheUe, Aug.
27, 1876. Genre
painter, pu-
pil of Remond '
and Cabat ;
visited Algiers in 1846-48 and in 1852-53,
and brought home many sketches, from
which he painted his characteristic pictures
of Oriental life. He was the author of a
successful romance, " Dominique " (1863),
and of admirable works on art an traveld.
Medals: 2d class, 1849, 1857; 1st class,
1859 ; L. of Honour, 1869 ; Officer, 1869.
Works: Farm near La Bochelle, Mosque
near Algiers, View in Gorges of the Chiffa
(1847) ; five Algerine Pictures (1849) ; 11
Pictures on Voyage to Biskra (1850) ; Moor-
ish Burial (1853); Arab Falconers, Holt of
Merchants before Aghouat, and five others
(1857) ; Negro Jugglers, Street in Aghouat,
Border of Oasis during Sirocco, Souvenir of
Algiers, Audience with a Chalif (1869) ;
Couriers of Ouled-Nayls (1861) ; Squall in
Plains of Alfa (1864); Heron Chase (1865);
Nomad Tribe on Journey (1866); Women of
Ouled-Nayls (1807); Centaurs (1868); Fan-
tasia (1869); Canal Grande and Molo in
Venice (1872) ; Algerian Falconer, or The
Quarry (1873), Arab Encampment (last
work, unfinished), Luxembourg Museum;
Ravine (1874) ; The Nile, Souvenir of Esneh
(1876). Works in United States: Alge-
rian Falconer (1863), Albert Spencer, New
York ; Arabs crossing a Ford, Miss C. L.
Wolfe, ib. ; Halt, A. Belmont, ib. ; Arab
Falconer, J. H. Warren, Hoosic Falls, N.
Y. ; Arab Falconer, B. Wall, Providence;
edbyGoOgk
Arab Horses going to Water, H. P. Kidder,
Boston ; Street Scene in Algiers, H. Pro-
basco, Cincinnati ; Arab Horsemen nearing
a City, Mrs. W. P. Wilstach, Philadelphia ;
Cavalcade, A. J. Antelo, Philadelphia ; On
the Nile, J. C. Bunkle, New York ; Arabs
Marching, J. T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Chase,
C. P. Huntington, New York ; Donkey at a
Ford, B, L. Cutting, New York ; Street in
Cairo, Halt in Desert, Returning from the
Expedition, Wm. Astor, New York ; Cross-
ing the Ford, Arabs watering Horses, W. H
Yanderbilt, New York ; Halt in the Desert,
H. C. Gibson, Philadelphia ; The Halt, Boric
Collection, Philadelphia ; The Halt (1872),
At the Well (1875), Encampment in Atlas
(_ _ Mountains, W.
«<*.""«"** '™*\ T ' WaItera -
* y Baltimore.—
* Gonse, Eug.
Fromentin (Paris, 1881) ; L'Art (1877), viii.
11, 26 ; Galaxy (1866), ii. 533 j Gaz. des R
Arts (1878), xvii. 401 ; xviii. 84 ; (1879), xix.
240 ; xx. 281 ; (1880), ni 50, 464 ; xxii.
139, 216, 319, 404; Meyer, Gesck, 708;
Nation (1881), xxxii. 462.
FROMMEL, KARL LUDWIG, horn at
Birkenfeld, Oldenburg, April 29, 1789, died
at Ispringen, near Pforzheim, Feb. 6, 1863.
Landscape painter, pupil of Philipp Jakob
Becker (1763-1829, Baden court-paint or,
and director of Carlsruhe Gallery). Studied
Claude Lorrainand Poussiu in Paris in 1810-
12, then went to Rome and Naples, and in
1817 became professor at the Carlsruhe art-
school. He founded the Art and Industry
Union of Baden ; visited England in 1824,
and was made director of the Carlsruhe
Gallery in 1829. Works: Sorrento; Out-
break of Vesuvius ; Blue Grotto of Capri ;
Scylla in Calabria ; Cemetery of Salzburg ;
Castle Hohenstaufen ; Castle Tyrol ; View
of Rome; St. Goarshausen ; Monastery near
Sorrento (1840), Castle Heiligenberg on
Lake Constance (4, 1853-54), Forstenberg
Gallery, Doanueschingen ; Etna, and Taov-
mina ; View of Tivoli ; Bellaggio on Lake
Como ; Tasso's House at Sorrento ; Villa
SerbeUoni on Lake Como; Waterfall near
Tryberg (2), View of Heidelberg, Rocky
Landscape in Murg Valley, Castle Alt-
Eberstein, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Landscape,
Stettin Museum.— Allgem. d. Biogr., viii.
144 ; Brockhaus, viL 374 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K.,
viii 1L
FRONTIER, JEAN C HARLES , born in
Paris in 1701, died at Lyons, Sept. 2, 1753.
French school ; history and portrait painter,
pupil of Claude Halle ; won the first prize
at the Academy in 1728 ; received as mem-
ber in 1744 ; went to Lyons, where he be-
came director of the art-school Works :
Vulcan attaching Prometheus to the Rock
(1744), Louvre, Paris; Moses raising the
Brazen Serpent (1743), Sainte Croix, Lyons ;
Nativity (1745), Museum, ib. — Bellier de la
Chavignerie, i. 595 ; JaL, 623.
FROSCHL, EARL, born in Vienna in
1848. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy, then in Munich of Wil-
helm Diez. Spent several years in Italy.
Works : Italian genre scenes, Portrait of his
Wife.— Muller, 189 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xv.
92.
FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD, born at
Wandsworth, Sept.,
1810, died in London,
June 4, 1877. Sub-
ject painter, pupil of
Sass's Art Academy
and of the Royal
Academy, where he
won the gold medal
in 1839 for his Pro-
metheuB Bound ; be*
gan aa a portrait
painter, but finally
devoted himself to painting ideal figures,
especially the female nude. Elected an
A.R.A. in 1846, and B.A. in 1871. Works:
Bacchanalian Dance (1844) ; Sabrina (1845);
Diana and Actssou (1846); Una (1847); Eu-
phrosyne (1848); Naiad, Syrens (1849);
Chastity (1854); Sea-Nymph (1855); Narcis-
sub (1857); Zephyr and Aurora (1868);
Daughters of Hesperus (1860); Graces and
edbyGoOgk
Loves, Sea-Nymphs (1863); Death of Ado-
nis (1865) ; Hylas and Nymphs (1867); Puck
(1869); Haunt of Diana, Cupid Disarmed
(1870); Muaidora (1871); Nymph and Cupid
(1872); Bacchante (1874). — Art Journal
(1849), 184 ; (1857), 6 ; (1877), 280 ; Sand-
by, ii. 219; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii.
Kunet-C bron it, ii! 658.
FRUWntTH, KARL, born in Vienna in
1809, died there, Jan. 17, 1878. Still-life
and genre painter, studied in Vienna ; was
also a skilful restorer of old paintings.
Works : Venetian Fishermen in approach-
ing Storm (1846); Little Nell in the Curi-
osity Shop (1847); Still Life (1850), Vienna
Museum ; Wine, Woman, and Song (1850);
Dinner on Fishing Bark (1858); Armoury
(1857).— Wurzbach, w. 388.
FUECHSELL, HERMANN, born at
Brunswick, Germany, Aug. 8, 1833. Land-
cape painter, pupil of Leasing in DQsaeldorf
in 1855. Prize for life-drawing, Brunswick
College, 1852. Studio in New York since
1858. Works: Scene on Staten Island
(1869); On the Saco— North Conway, N. H.
(1879); On the Hills near Bolton— Lake
George (1880); View from Crow's-Nest —
North River (1881); Break-Neck Willa on
the Hudson (1882); Camping Scene — Adi-
rondacks, View on Lake George (1884).
FDES, CHRISTIAN FRJEDRICH, born
in Tubingen in 1772, died in Nuremberg,
Sept., 1836. German school ; history, genre,
and portrait painter, pupil of the Stuttgart
art-school, under Hetsch and Harper ; lived
for some time in Brunswick, then in Nurem-
berg, where he became professor at the art-
school. Works: Minnesinger (1821); Fam-
ily of Old Knight (1827); Politicians at Cof-
fce-House, Girl Besting, Wurtemberg Cos-
tumes (1830); Village Fair (1827); Kirmess
(1833); Laughing Peasant, Suabian Girl
braiding her Hair (1834); Summer and Win- 1
ter (1835) ; nine portraits of distinguished
Nurembergers, City Hall, Nuremberg. —
Andresen, iv. 280.
FUESSLL WILHELM, born at Zurich
in 1830. Portrait painter, pupil of Stadel
Institute, Frankfort, then in Munich of Ber-
delle and in Paris of Couture ; also studied
in Borne. Copied several pictures by old
masters for the Schack Gallery in Munich,
where he lives. Gold medal, Munich, 1869.
— Muller, 189.
FOGER, FRIEDBICH HMNRICH , born
inHeilbronn, Wurtemberg, Dec 8, 1751, died
in Vienna, Nov. 5, 1818. German school;
history and portrait painter, pupil in Stutt-
gart of Guibal and in Leipsic of Oeser. In
1774 he went to Vienna and in 1776 to Borne,
where he studied the Carracci and Domeni-
chino, aa well as Raphael Mengs and Battoni.
In 1782 he was patronized by Count Lam-
berg, the Austrian ambassador at Naples, and
executed paintings for the King. The next
year he was appointed vice-director of the
Vienna Academy, and in 1795 director,
which post he held until 1806, when he be-
came director of the Belvedere Gallery.
Works : Death of Csesar ; Farewell of Corio-
lanus, Czernin Gallery, Vienna; Death of
Germanicns (1789), Vienna Academy ; Pro-
metheus, Count Zinzendorf, Vienna ; Ari-
adne at Naxos, Joseph n. as Ally of Cathe-
rine of Russia, Field-Marshal Laudon as
Conqueror of Belgrade, Mrs. de Witt in
Greek Costume, Philip at Bed of Alexander,
Erasistratus at Bed of Antiochus (1788-90);
portraits of Joseph IT. (1787), of Artist's
Father (1788), of Elector of Mentz, of
Marcbese Gallo, Princess of France (six
times) ; Socrates before the Judges ; Or-
pheus in Hades ; Judgment of Brutus; Dido
on the Funeral Pyre ; Adam and Eve mourn-
ing Abel's Death (1799), John the Baptist
(1811), Magdalen (1816), Allegory on Peace
of Vienna, Vienna Museum ; Semiramis
hearing of Revolt of Babylon, Death of
Virginia (1801) ; St John in the Desert
(1804); Christ Crucified (1813); Bath-
sbeba, National Gallery, Pesth ; Magdalen,
Graces and Cupid, Schleissheim Gallery ;
Alcestis consecrating herself to the Gods,
Minerva and Saturn defending Art and
Science, Mentz Museum ; Zeus appearing
to Phidias, Achilles by the Body of Pa-
^byGoOglC
troclus, Hercules and Omphale; Si Mag-
dalen, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Venus
Anadyomene ; Portrait of Count Ludolft
Brunswick Museum ; do. of Nelson (1800),
National Portrait Gallery, London. — Allgeio.
d. Biogr., viii. 177 ; Andreaen, il 89 ; Brock-
haus, vii. 398 ; Wurzbacb, v. L
FUGITIVES, Leon Glavte; private gal-
lery. People are escaping from Athena
during a siege by being let down from tbe
walls at night by means of ropes. Several
groups are represented suspended in mid-
air, with a shadowy abyss below, and the
city walls, lighted by the moon-beams, be-
hind them. Salon, 1877.
FUHBICH, JOSEF, Bitter VON, bora
at Kratzau, Bohemia,
Feb. 9, 1800, died in
Vienna, March 13, 1876.
German school; history
painter, pupil of Prague
Academy under Berg-
ler, went in 1826 to
Borne, where he joined
^ the German Pre-Raph-
' aelites, and assisted
Overbeck in painting
tbe frescos in the Villa Massimi Called to
Vienna in 1834 as custodian of the Academy
Gallery, he was appointed professor at the
Academy in 1841. In 1854-61 he was oc-
cupied in painting frescos in the AlUerchen-
feld Church, a monumental work, for which
he was knighted and decorated with the or-
der of the Iron Crown. Gold medal in 1841,
member of Munich and Berlin Academies;
Commander of Order of Francis Joseph in
1872. Works : I>eath of Otto Ton Wittels-
bach (1817); St Iran found by Duke Bori-
voj (1817); Christ on his Way to Mount of
Olives ; Joshua before Jericho ; The Jews
Mourning ; St. Adelbeid and Francis of As
sisi ; Incarnation ; Boaz and Ruth ; St Gu-
dule; St Filomena; Mary and Joseph on
Journey to Bethlehem ; Christ in Glory ;
Christ asleep in the Ship during Storm ;
Hoses receiving Commandments from God,
Apparition of Fighting Horsemen frighten-
ing Inhabitants of Jerusalem (1844), Mary's
Walk over the Mountains (1841), Vienna
Museum ; Triumph of Christ, Raczynski
Gallery, Berlin; St Ann (1844); Disciples
on Way to Emmaus ; Joseph's Dream ;
Pieta ; Shepherds on Way to Manger ;
Peter's Draught of Fish (1850); Judgment
of Solomon ; First Baptism in Samaria ;
The Body of St John of Nepomuk found in
the Moldan, Triumph of Christianity in Ger-
many, Schack Gallery, Munich ; Beheading
of St. James, Leipsic Museum ; Christ on
Mount of Olives ; Jacob and Rachel ; Ma-
donna ; Rudolf von Hapsburg and the Priest
(1870). Frescos : Three Scenes from Tasso's
Jerusalem (1827-29), Villa Msssimi, Rome;
Fourteen Stations on Christ's Walk to Gol-
gotha, St Nepomuk, Vienna ; Raising of Laz-
arus, Last Judgment, Fall of the Condemned,
Altlercbenfeld Church, Vienna. — Allgem. d
Biogr., viii. 185 ; Brockhaus, vii. 401 ; Dlustr.
Zeitg. (1874), fi. 451 ; (1875), L 487 ; Schack,
Meine Gemaldesammlung (1885), 79 ; Wure-
baoh, v. 5 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iil 189, 209 ;
vi. 198 ; xvii. 33 ; Zimmermann, Studien
und Xritiken, ii. 340.
FULLER, GEORGE, born at Deerfield,
Mass., in 1822,
died in Boston,
March 21, 1884.
Figure and por-
trait painter,
studied in Bos-
ton, New York,
London, and on
the Continent
of Europe.
Painted por-
traits at first,
for many years. Elected an A.N.A. in 1857 ;
member of Society of American Artists.
Memorial exhibition of bis works at Mu-
n of Fine Arts, Boston, 1884. Works :
Cupid (1854), Miss I. M. Ames, New York ;
Negro Nurse with Child (1861), Waldo Hig-
ginaon, Boston ; At the Bars, Farmyard
(1865), Mrs. M Y. Wynne, Boston ; Shear-
ing the Donkey (1877-79), C. R Grant,
edbyG00gk
BoBton ; Romany Girl (1877-79), J. T. Wil-
liams, New York ; original study for do., T.
B. Clark, New York ; Hannah (1880), F. H.
Lovell, Brooklyn ; The Quadroon (1880), S.
D. 'Warren, Boston ; Maidenhood (1881), W.
F. Matchott, Boston; Winifred Dysart (1881),
J. M Sears, Boston j Psyche (1882), W. A.
Tower, Boston ; Nydia, Berry-Pickers, Driv-
ing Home the Calf (1882); Turkey Pasture
(1882), W. BL Abercrombie, Brookline ; Pris-
cilia (1882), F. L. Ames, Boston ; Puritan
Boy (1883), C. G. Weld, Boston ; Pasture
with Geese, Fagot Gatherers, Twilight on
Prairie, Arethusa, Girl and Calf (1863); No-
vember (1882-84); Fedalma (1883-84), C.
E. Lauriat, Boston. — Harper's Mag., Sept,
1884.
FUNGAI, BERNARDINO, bom about
1460, died in 1616. Sienese school ; pupil
of Benvenuto di Giovanni or of Matteo da
Siena ; was associated with Giacomo Pac-
chiarotti and influenced by Pinturicchio.
He was one of the last representatives of
the old school In his Coronation of the
Virgin (1600?) in S. M. de' Servi, the fig-
ures are rigid, awkward in movement, and
stiffly draped. His Madonna and Saints
(1512) in the Carmine, Siena, is better pro-
portioned, though less characteristic than
the Coronation in Church of the Madonna
di Fontegiusta, Siena, and the Assumption
in the Siena Academy. His beat and per-
haps his latest work is a Christ between SS.
Francis and Jerome in the same gallery, a
weak, rosy-coloured picture, carefully and
flatly treated.— C. A C, Italy, iii 372 ; Va-
sari, ed. Le Mon., xl 173 ; Burckhardt, 685 ;
Rio, i 144.
FUNK, HEINBICH, born at Herford,
Westphalia, Dec 12, 1807, died in Stutt-
gart, Nov. 22, 1877. landscape painter,
pupil of his father and, from 1829, of Doa-
seldorf Academy; moved in 1836 to Frank-
fort, and was from 1854-76 professor at the
Stuttgart art-school. Gold medal in Rouen.
Order of Frederic in 1870, order of the Crown
in 1873. Works: Ruin of Castle (1834),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Lower Inn Valley,
Ruin on Lake, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Landscape in Storm (1869), Cologne Mu-
seum ; View in the Eifel, Stuttgart Gallery ;
Summer Day on the Rhine ; Autumn Land-
scape after Storm ; Urach Waterfall ; Wood
Landscape in Bruhl Valley ; Outlook on
Chiem Lake ; Chestnut Wood near Meran ;
Chillon Castle in Approaching Storm. —
AUgem. d. Biogr., viii. 202 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xiii. 194 ; xiv. 294 ; W. Mailer, DQsseldf.
K, 353 ; Wiegmann, 362.
FURINL FRANCESCO, born in Florence
about 1600, died there in 1649. Florentine
school ; pupil of his father, Filippo Furini,
and successively of Pasajgnano, Bilevelt,
and Matteo Rosselli. Afterwards studied
works of Guido in Rome. On return to
Florence won considerable reputation for
painting the nude, generally choosing sub-
jects in which he could introduce the forms
of women and children. His flesh tints are
very mellow and tender. Among hia works
are, Magdalen in the Desert, Siena Academy;
do. (2), Vienna Museum; Daughters of Lot,
Madrid Museum ; Ve-
nus and Adonis, Buda- .^
Pesth Gallery; Crea- <ftXM*bi / lAs
tion of Eve, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence; Birth
of Cyrus, New York Museum. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole florentine ; Burckhardt, 140, 383,
392, 895.
FTJRSTENBERG, SIEGFRIED, born in
Berlin in 1810. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Wach in 1829-32, and then of the
Dusseldorf Academy. In 1846 he was ap-
pointed teacher of drawing in the Realschule
at Treves. His genre pieces and portraits
are remarkable for truth to nature and finish.
Works : Fortune-Teller ; Return from the
Kirmess ; Father's Friend ; The Widow.
FURTMEYR, PERCHTOLD, flourished
in Ratisbon, 1470-1501, died about 1502.
German school ; miniature painter, famous.
for his illuminations of a chronicle, a bible
(1470-72), and a missal (1481, for Arch-
bishop Bern hard of Salzburg), Court Library,
Munich. — Forster, Denkmale, iii. 1 ; do..
■Hjwbno
MbyGooglc
Oeach., ii 254 ; Schnaaae, viii. 168 ; Sig-
hardt, Gesch., 649.
FUSEL! (Fuessli), HENRY (Heinrich),
bom in Zu-
rich, Feb. 7,
1741, died in
London, April
16,1825. His-
tory painter
and writer on
art, son of Jo-
hann Caspar
Fuessli (1707-
81), portrait
and landscape
painter of Zurich ; took hoi; orders after
graduating from Zurich University (1761),
left on account of some theological dispute
in 1763, and after wandering through Ger-
many, where he supported himself by mak-
ing translations, went to England in 1765,
and in 1767 adopted painting as his profes-
sion, by the advice of Sir Joshua Reynolds.
Three years later he went to Italy, and re-
sided there from 1770 to 1779, studying
Michelangelo especially, and forming a fan-
tastic style which also betrays the influence
of Goltsaus and Spranger. After his return
to London he attracted attention by a pic-
ture called The Nightmare (1782). From
the year 1774 to 1825 he exhibited sixty-
nine pictures and drawings at the Royal
Academy. In 1788 he was elected an A.R A.
and in 1790 RA.; was made professor in
1799, and keeper in 1805. A fantastic and
prolific designer rather than a painter, he
had neither the judgment to control, nor
the technical knowledge to adequately rep-
resent, the fancies of his powerful but ill-
regulated imagination. His literary abilities
were of no mean order, and the lectures
which he delivered at the Royal Academy
give evidence of thought, study, and critical
acumen, and are remarkable as specimens
of English writing by a foreigner. Works:
Ugolino and his Sons ; Celadon and Amelia;
Romeo and Juliet ; Lady Macbeth ; Fran-
ceses and Paolo; An Incantation ; Hercules
and Theseus. — Redgrave ; Sandby, i. 205 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise; Allgem. d. Biogr.,
viii. 260 ; Art Journal (1861), 325; Port
folio (1873), 50 - Meyer, Conv. Lei., vil
204; Wornum, Epochs, 526 ; J. Knowles,
Life and Lectures of FuselL
FtTERER, ULRICH, nourished at Land-
shnt about 1480. German school ; history
painter and poet. He painted, conjointly
with Gabriel Maechselkirchner, from 1467
for Kloster Tegemsee, and Duke Albrecbt
IV. of Bavaria. Work : Crucifixion, Schleiss-
heim Gallery. — Allgem. d. Biogr., viii 271 ;
Schnaase, viii. 464.
FUX, JOSEF, born at Steinhof, Nether
Austria, in 1842. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Ruben ; talented colourist. Works :
Scene in a Deer Park ; On a Perilous Road ;
The Roman Dove-Seller; Children's por-
traits ; Lute-Player ; Cardinal Praying ; Sa-
voyard with Monkeya— Mailer, 189 ; N.
illustr. Zeitg. (1883), i. 167.
FYOLL, KONRAD, flourished in Frank-
fort in 1466-98. German school ; son
and probably pupil of Sebald Fyoll, whose
name appears in Frankfort documents in
1439-62 as having executed wall-paint-
ings. The pictures in the Stadel Gallery
under the name of Konrad are not authen-
ticated. — Schnaase, viii. 377 ; W. & W., ii
FYT, JAN, bom at Antwerp, baptized
March 15, 1611, died there, Sept 11, 1661.
Flemish school; animal and still-life painter,
pupil of Jan van den Berch and of Frans
Snyders, next to whom he was the greatest
animal painter of the Flemish school ; mas-
ter of the guild in 1629, visited France
(1633-34 in Paris) and Italy, and often
worked conjointly with Jordaens and Van
Dyck. Works: Dead Birds, National Gal-
lery, London ; Dogs with Dead Game,
Hawk striking a Duck, Grosvenor Gallery,
ib.; Poultry Yard, Cock Fight, Fancy Birds
(1661), nine others, Madrid Museum; Dead
Game (3), Dog devouring Game (1651),
Louvre, Paris; Hare pursued by Dogs,
Boar Hunts (2), Nantes Museum; Cart
edbyG00gk
with Game drawn by Dogs, Flowers and
Fruits in a Landscape, Brussels Museum ;
Eagle's Repast, Two Greyhounds, Antwerp
Museum ; Dead Game watched by Dog,
Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; do. (4), Ct
Gallery ; do. (1), Augsburg Gallery ;
(4), Schleissheim Gallery ; Deer pursued by
Dogs, Bear Hunt, Dead Game (1660), Boar
Hunt, Dogs Fighting, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Dead Game watched by Dogs (1649),
Dead Birds, Diana by her Booty (figures by
Quellinus, the younger), Deer Hunt, Berlin
Museum ; White Dog with Boy and Dwarf
(1652, figures by Bosschaert), Still Life (5),
Dresden Museum ; Diana, and Nymphs after
the Chase (1650), Still Life and Dog (1652),
Dead Game (2), Boom in Hunting Lodge,
Museum, Vienna ; Deer Hunt (1655), Birds
and Hare (1658), Cock Fight, Fox Hunt,
Dogs attacking Bear, four others, Liechten-
stein Gallery, ib. ; others in Geneva, Lyons,
Lille (2), Valenciennes (2), Dunkirk (2),
Darmstadt (2), Brunswick (1), and Stockholm
(5) Museums, Hermitage, St. Petersburg (2),
Uffizi, Florence, Museum and
y TT Historical Society, New York,
f T \j B - a '^ Pennsylvania Academy,
yob • J*yt i fyo
uj.
Philadelphia. — Biog. imt de Belgiqne, vii.
394 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Gaz. des
R Arts (1863), xv. 530; Michiela, ix 191;
Booses (Beber), 423; Van den Branden, 1085.
GABBIANL ANTONIO DOMENICO,
born at Florence in 1652, died there
in 1726. Florentine school; history
and portrait painter, pupil of Justus Suster-
mans and Vincenzo Dandini, then, through
the patronage of Grand Duke Cosmo DZL,
for three years in Borne, of Ciro Ferri. Vis-
ited Venice, where he improved his colour-
ing ; was invited to the court of Vienna,
and painted there the portrait of the Em-
peror and some historical subjects for the
Imperial Gallery. On his return to Flor-
ence he executed
several altar-
pieces, notably a
St Philip, in the
Church of the
Padri dell' Ora-
torio. He was
killed by a fall
from a scaffold-
Works : Rape of
Ganymede, Ma-
donna, portrait of
himself (1686), Uffizi, Florence; Christ at
the House of Simon, Dresden Gallery ; SL
Francis of Assisi receiving the Stigmata,
St Peter of Alcantara, formerly in Old Pina-
kothek, Munich. — Lanza (Boscoe), i. 249.
GABINTUS, ANTIOCHUS, Roman paint-
er, middle of 1st century b.c. Pupil of So-
poli&— Cic. ad Attic, iv. 16; R-Bochette,
Schorn, 315.
GABL, ALOIS, born at Wies, Tyrol, in
1845. Genre painter, pupil of Munich
Academy under Schraudolph and Bamberg,
then under Piloty ; followed Defregger in
the choice of his subjects. Was professor
at Munich Academy from 1878 to 1882.
Gold medal in 1884, Works : Haspinger
preaching Revolt (1872); Recruiting in Ty-
rol (1873), New York Museum ; Blessing the
Bridal Chamber (1875) ; Forbidden Dance-
Music, His Reverence as Umpire (1877) ;
Trial of Sewing-Machine (1878) ; Spinning-
Lesson (1879); Brewery Inn at Munich,
Three Magi and their Star (1883) ; Vaccina-
tion Room (1885).— MQller, 189 ; Brockhaus,
vii. 442 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., x. (Mittheil-
ungen, iii. 70), xix. 131, 208.
GABEDZLLO, ONOFRIO, born at Mes-
sina iu 1617, died in 1706. Neapolitan
school ; portrait painter, pupil of Antonio
Rlicci ; afterward, in Borne, of Pietro da
Cortona, and for nine years in Venice of
Maroli ; returned to Messina, where he re-
mained till the revolution in 1674 compelled
him to leave Sicily, when he went to Padua.
edbyGoOgk
His best works are in the Church of San
Francesco di Paola, Messina, and in the Pa-
lazzo Borromeo, Padua.
GABKON, OUIIJAM (Willem), born at
Antwerp, Oct 28, 1619, died there, Aug.
2, 1678. Flemish school ; still-life painter,
instructed probably by his father ; master
of the guild in 1641 ; visited Italy, spending
several years in Borne, whence he returned
before 1660. Works : Table with Turkish
Cover, Parrot, etc (1662), Brunswick Mu-
seum ; Table spread {?, attributed by Bode
to Heda), Old Pinakothek, Munich; Similar
(? £ailoh. /tyo
subjects in Darmstadt Museum (2) and
ABchaffenburg Gallery. — Bode, Studien, 616;
Booses (Beber), 427 ; Van den Branden,
1116.
GADDI, AGNOLO, died in Florence,
Oct, 1396. Florentine school ; son and
pupil of Taddeo Gaddi, and like him a fol-
lower of Giotto. His early labours were in
the church of S. Jacopo tra' Fossi, Florence,
where the Baising of Lazarus was treated,
according to Vasari, in an exceedingly real-
istic manner ; but he must have changed his
style, as there are no traces of such realism
in his later frescos. Those in the parish
church of Prato (1366), a double series, at
the ends of a central aisle, representing the
legends of the Virgin and the sacred girdle,
are the best and probably the earliest of his
works. In them he was evidently guided
by Giotto's maxims in regard to the compo-
sition, and they are more perfect in balance
and therefore more pleasing than any of
Taddeo's. The figures also have more re-
pose and dignity, and more nature and in-
dividuality. The drawing is free and bold,
though not always correct, and the colouring
bright, clear, light, and transparent in its
tones. But, though superior to Taddeo,
Agnolo was inferior to Orcagna, and art in
his hands had somewhat degenerated and
become decorative. Other examples of Ag-
nolo's work are eight frescos of the legend
of the Cross, in the choir of S. Croce, Flor-
ence ; and a Madonna, Angels, and Saints,
Florence Academy ; Annunciation, Uffizi,
Florence; do., Louvre. — C. & C, Italy, i
163 ; Lubke, Geach. its! Mai, i. 148 ; Va-
sari, ed. Le Mon., ii 150 ; Seguier, 79; Bal-
dinucci, L 225 ; W. & W., L 455.
GADDI, GADDO, born in 1239, died in
1312. Florentine school An intimate friend
of Cimabue, whom he survived twelve years.
He laid the foundation of a fortune which
raised his family to the highest social dis-
tinction. According to Vasari, he executed
mosaics in the Baptistery, and in S. Maria
del Fiore, Florence. In 1308 he was in-
vited by Clement V. to Borne, and certain
mosaics in S. Maria Maggiore are assigned
to him. They are more modern in style
than Busutti's mosaic in the same church,
and mark the transition between Cimabue
and Giotto. Vasari says that he painted
many easel pictures, and he probably took
part in the decoration of the upper church
of Assisi.— C. &, C, Italy, i 229 ; Vasari,
ed. Mil, i. 345 ; Baldinucci, L 89.
GADDL TADDEO, born about 1300,
died after 1366. Flor-
entine school; son and
pupil of Gaddo Gadd i,
i and godson and dis-
.} ciple of Giotto, with
' whom he worked
L twenty-four years.
T After the death of his
S master he was consid-
ered the first in his
art, which, however,
but dimly reflected that of Giotto. His
artistic career began when Giotto went to
Naples, at which time (1352-56) be painted
the frescos of the legend of the Virgin
assigned to him in the Baroncelli chapel in
S. Croce, Florence. These show that he had
little fancy, and that his execution was rapid,
decorative, and conventional. Bemains of
other frescos by him are in S. Francesco,
Pisa. A Madonna with Donors and Saints,
edbyGoOgk
Berlin Museum, is signed and dated 1334 ;
and a Virgin Enthroned with six Angels,
Siena Gallery, is dated 1355. Two small
panels, Berlin Museum, part of a series of
which twelve more are in the Florence
Academy, though ascribed to Giotto and de-
signed by him, are evidently painted by
Taddeo. The Baptism of Christ, and Six-
teen Saints, National Gallery, London, be-
long to this painter's school, and the predella
of an altarpiece, three subjects, Louvre, is
attributable to him. Taddeo was also an
architect, and designed the Fonte Vecohio
and the Pon- ^^
teaaTrin- j/** l\ * .
ita.-0.A-0., t/ \7CuJuL fecu
Italy, i 354 ; */
Labke, Gesoh, itel Mai, i. 140 ; Vasari, ed.
Mil, L 571 ; Baldinncci, i 217; W. & W., L
452.
GAEL, BABEND, born in Haarlem about
1645. Dutch school ; painted hunts, land-
scapes, kirmesses, and horse markets ; pupil
of Philip Wouwerman. His pictures are
finely coloured and correct in drawing.
Works: Peasant Woman baking Cakes,
Horseman Dismounting, Rotterdam Muse-
um ; Horsemen playing at Cards, Brunswick
; Swine Market, Augsburg Gallery ;
two in Liechtenstein Gallery,
Vienna ; Fish-Seller in a Land-
scape, Halt of Travellers before
Inn, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg; Poultry Market, Hog
Market, New fork Museum.
— Immerzeel, i 257 ; BiegeL Beitrage, ii.
887.
OAELEN, ALEXANDER VAN, born at
Amsterdam in 1670, died in 1728. Dutch
school ; painter of battles and hunts, pupil
of J. van Huchtenburgh, whom he assisted,
and with whose pictures his own are often
AsCae&nS/
?")
confounded. lived long in DOsseldorf at
the court of the Elector of Cologne, for whom
painted battles, hunts, and animals. Went
afterwards to London. Works : Queen Anne
driving to Parliament ; Royalist Battles ;
Battle of the Boyne. — Immerzeel, L 250.
GAESBEECK, ADRIAAN VAN, bom at
Leyden, died there in January or February,
1650. Dutch school ; genre and portrait
painter in the manner of Gerard Dou ; mas-
ter of the guild at Leyden in 1649. His
works are very rare. Works: Portrait of
Young Man, Amsterdam Museum ; The
Seamstress, Berlin Museum,
GAGLIARJMNL JTJIJEN GTJSTAVE,
born at Muhlhausen, Alsace. Genre and
portrait painter, pupil of Leon Cogniet and
of Soulary. Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works :
Archiepiscopal Palace at Salzburg (1877);
Sea-shore at Grandchamp (1878); Shrimp-
Fishers at Grandchamp (1870); After Dam-
age at Sea (1882); Women picking Strauded
Goods (1883); Pore Bustel's Farm, LaTous-
saint (1884); Fish Market, Farm Yard
(1885).
GAGNEREAUX, BENIGNE, born at
Bourg-Prea-Dijou (Cote d'Or), Sept 24
1756, died at Florence, Aug. 18, 1796. His-
tory and battle painter, pupil of Devosges,
then studied in Borne ; was awarded the
first prize for his Soranus and Servilia, four
years after his death. Court-painter to King
of Sweden in 1789. Works : Soranus and
Servilia, Dijon Museum ; Cavalry Attack,
Landscape, Montpellier Museum ; Genius of
Peace checking the Horses of Mars, Musee
Rath, Geneva ; Interview of Gustevus JUL
of Sweden with Pope Pius VX, Royal Palace,
Stockholm.
GAIL, WTLHELM, born in Munich,
March 7, 1804. Landscape and architec-
ture painter, pupil of Munich Academy
under Peter Hess, visited Italy in 1825,
France in 1830, and Spain in 1832. Works :
Corridor in Palazzo Ducala, Venice (1831);
Lion's Court in Alhambra, Balcony of Lin-
daraja. Sanctuary of Mosque in Cordova,
Ruin of Convent in Toledo ; Convent Cross-
way, Interior of Convent Courtyard, Carls-
rune Gallery ; Church Interior at Cordova,
edbyGoOgk
Interior of Hall in Palazzo Ducale, S. Laz-
zaro in Venice, New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Convent S. Martino in Piedmont (1857),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Devotees before
Shrine on Spanish Coast (1837), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg. — Brockhaus, vii. 163 ; Faber, iv.
246 ; Muller, 190.
GAILLOT, BERNARD, bom at Versailles,
Feb. 17, 1780, died in Paris, June 17, 1847.
History painter, pupil of David. Medal, 2d
class, 1817. Works: Cornelia, Mother of
the Gracchi (1817); Conversion of St. Au-
gustine (1819), Vision of St Monica (1822),
Prefecture de la Seine, Paris ; Si Louis
with the Crown of Thorns (1824), Sens Ca-
thedral ; others in Versailles Museum.
GAINSBOROUGH, THOMAS, bom at
Sudbury, Suffolk,
baptised May 14,
1727, died in Lon-
don, Aug. 2, 1788,
British school;
went to London in
1741, and became
a pupil of Gravelot,
the French engrav-
er ; then of Francis
Hayman, with
whom he studied drawing. After an un-
successful struggle as a portrait and land-
scape painter in London, he returned home
in 1744 or 1745, and in 1760 settled in
Bath, where he devoted himself chiefly to
portraiture ; in 1774 he went again to Lon-
don, and won such a reputation that he was
considered the rival of Reynolds in portrait,
and of Wilson in landscape, painting. In
1766 he became a member of the Society of
Artists, and he was one of the foundation
members (1768) of the Royal Academy. Sir
Joshua Reynolds observes of him : " Whether
he most excelled in portraits, landscapes, or
fancy pictures, it is difficult to determine,"
and Ruskin calls him " the purest colourist
of the English school." His pictures com-
mand high prices. Works : Market Cart,
Watering Place (2), Musidora, Rustic Children,
The Brook, and portraits of Mrs. Siddonx,
'
Ralph Schomberg, Edward Orpin the Parish
Clerk, Sir Henry Bate Dudley, Bart, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; Lord Amherst, G.
Coleman, Marquis Cornwallis, National Por-
trait Gallery; Blue Boy (1779), Cottage
Door, Peasant's Family, Fisherman's Fam-
ily, Grosvenor House ; Mrs. Sheridan and
Mrs. Tickell, Mr. Linley and his Grandsons
Samuel and Thomas, J. P. Loutherbourg,
K.A.J Mrs. Moody and her Children, Dul-
wich Gallery ; Hon. Mrs. Graham, National
Gallery, Edinburgh ; Miss Haverfield, Por-
trait of a Lady, Hertford House ; portrait
of himself, Royal Academy ; Daughters of
George HL, sketch for Blue Boy, South
Kensington Museum ; portrait of his wife,
W. Sharpe ; portrait of himself, of Lady
Mary Bowlby, and Gainsborough Dupont,
George Richmond, R. A. ; Cows in Meadow,
Bridgewater House; Young Girl, Stafford
House ; Family of Country People, Wynn
Ellis Collection ; Landscape, Baring Collec-
tion ; Johann Christian Fischer the com-
poser, Col. St Leger, and others, Hamp-
ton Court ; Miss McGill, Cobham Hall ;
two portraits, Arundel Castle ; Landscape,
Petworth; Duke of Argyll (1779); Har-
vest Wagon, Lord Tweedmouth ; John Duke
of Bedford, Blenheim ; Cattle in Land-
scape, Bo wood ; Feasants going to Market,
Stourhead House ; Duke and Duchess of
Montague, Duckwith Palace ; Landscapes
with Cattle (2), Belvoir Castle ; Lady Chat-
ham, Orwell Park ; Duchess of Devonshire
(1775), Earl Spencer, Althorp ; Landscape,
Historical Society, New York. Other of
the 220 portraits by him, are : George
HL (8), Pitt (7), Garrick (5), Lord Chan-
cellor Camden, Sir William Blackstone,
Johnson, Sterne, Richardson, Clive, Burke,
Sheridan, Windham, Franklin, Canning,
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Lady Ver-
non, Lady Maynard, and the Bishops of
Worcester and Ferns. A collection of 216
of Gainsborough's works were exhibited at
the Grosvenor Gallery, London, in 1885. —
Pratt, Life (London, 1788); Thicknesse, Life
(London, 1788); Fulcher, Life (London,
edbyG00gk
1866); Brock-Arnold, Biog. Great Artists;
Redgrave ; Cunningham ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
anglaise ; Waagen, Art Treasures; Black-
wood's Mag., Nov., 1867 ; Eng. Painters of
Georgian Era (London, 1876); London
Acad., Aug. 4, 1883, 86 ; July 21, 1883, 51 ;
Portfolio (1872), 169, 178.
G AISSER, JAKOB EMANUEL, born in
Augsburg, Not. 21, 1825. Genre painter,
pupil in Augsburg of Johann Geyer, then of
Munich Academy under Clemens
Zimmermann, but studied chiefly
after the old masters in the Pina-
kothek. Having held a position as
Intructor at Augsburg in 1853-68,
he settled in Munich. Received a
medal in London. "Works : Family
Concert (1867); Mflnchhausen
among the Ladies; The Tough
Goose ; The Last Lesson ; Soldiers
Quartered ; Secret Love Message ;
Game of Chess; Hans Fugger in
Family Circle ; Cceur a Tout ; Con-
tented People ; Lupus in Fabula ;
Brother Cellarer; The Improvisa-
tors ; Letter of Introduction. — All-
gem. Kunst-Chronik, ix. 698.
GALASSI, GALASSO, born in
first half of 15th century, dead in
1473. Lombard school; son of a
tailor and master-painter of Fer-
rers. Name appears in 1450-53 in
account books of house of Este,
where he is called Maestro Galasso
de Matfaeo Oslegaro, in connection
with the decoration of the palace of
Belriguardo. In 1455 he composed
the Assumption and finished a portrait of
Cardinal Bessarion in Santa Maria iu Monte,
Bologna. Vasari says he went to Tenice and
acquired there the use of oils, but it is doubt-
ful if be ever used them. Much more has
been made of him than he deserves. His
pictures show bad drawing, affected or spas-
modic action, and skinny flesh. Examples :
Trinity, Ferrara Museum ; Entombment, and
Virgin with Saint and Donor, Costabili Col-
lection, Ferranu— C. & G., N. Italy, i. 514 ;
Vasari, ed. LeMon., iv. 213 ; Cittadella, No.
tide di Ferrara, 26, 658 et seq. ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole f erraraise.
GALATEA, TRIUMPH OF, Baphart, Pa-
lazzo Farnesina, Rome ; fresco, figures life
size. Galatea, half nude, standing in a shell,
attended by tritons and sea-nymphs, is drawn
over the waves by two dolphins, which she
guides by reins, aided by a Cupid ; above,
three Cupids are discharging arrows, and a
■I* of Galitn, Raphi
fourth, half hidden in clouds, is preparing
his darts. Painted in 1514 for Agostino
Chigi, owner of the Palazzo Chigi (now Far-
nesina). Subject probably from Philostratus
(Imagines, ii. sviii) or Politian (Giostra, i
118). Engraved by Mara Antonio ; Marco
Dents ; H. Goltzius ; Rieliomme ; B. Des-
noyers. Copy by Giulio Romano, Acca-
demia di S. Luca, Rome. — Vasari, ed. Mil.,
iv. 340 ; Passavaut, it 143 ; Muntz, 489 ;
Fdrster, Farnesina Studien ; Grayer, Ra-
edbyGoOgk
phael et l'Antiquitu, L 279 ; Springer, 260 ;
Perkins, Essay, 160.
Subject treated also by Francesco Albani,
Dresden Gallery ; Nicolas Poussin, Hermit-
age, St Petersburg ; Agostino Carracci, Pa-
lazzo Farnese, Borne ; Luca Giordano, Her-
mitage, St Petersburg ; Domenico Feti,
Vienna Museum ; School of Botticelli, Dres-
den Museum.
GALATON of Alexandria, time of Ptol-
emy Philopater (222-205 m.). JElian (Var.
hist xiii. 24) says be painted a picture in-
tended to cast ridicule on the epic poets of
Alexandria.
GALBRUND, ALPHONSE LOUIS, born
in Paris, June 30, 1810, died at Neuilly-
sur-Seine in June, 1886. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil of Riehomme and Reg-
nault Medal, 1865. Works: St Medar-
dus (1860); Chambermaid (1855); Girl
Scholar (1865); Young Housewife (1870);
Consolation (1875); Reverie (1878), Pau
Museum ; The King's Cake (1880); Woman
Darning (1882); Gypsy Girl (1885).
GALE, WILLIAM, bom in London in
1832. History and genre painter, pupil of
Boyal Academy ; first exhibited in 1815
Young Celadon and his Amelia. Spent
several years in Italy and travelled in Syria,
Palestine, and Algeria. Works : Weeping
Place of the Jews in Jerusalem (1863); ~
trance into Jerusalem (1867); Return of the
Prodigal (1869); Cupid's Ambassador (1871);
Abraham and Isaac going to Sacrifice (1872) :
Eyes to the Blind (1873); Spring-Time in
the East (1874); The Competitive Examina-
tion (1875) ; Chess-Playera, Love-Tale (1876);
Spoils of War (1877); Algerian Interior
(1868); Song of Miriam (1881); Helweh
(1883).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 378.
GALILEO BEFORE BARBEEINL
Charles Louie Mutter, Charles S. Smith,
New York ; canvas. The astronomer re-
ceived by his friend Cardinal Barberini,
who afterwards became Pope Urban VUL
GALILEO IN PRISON, Karl von Piloty,
Cologne Museum ; canvas, H. 10 ft. x 7 ft.
3 in. The astronomer in pensive attitude
looking at some mathematical lines he has
drawn upon the floor, upon which falls a ray
of sunlight In the background a grated
window through which two monks are ob-
rving him.
GAUMABD, NICOLAS AUGUSTE, born
in Paris, March 25, 1813, died at Montigny-
le-Cormeilles (Seine-et -Oise), Jan. 17, 1880.
Genre painter, fellow pupil with Ingres
under A. Hesse. Medals : 3d class, 1835 ;
class, 1846. Works : Lady of the Cas-
tle in the 16th century ; Holy Women at
the Tomb of Christ (1835); Liberty leaning
on Christ (1836); Nausicaa (1841); Angel
(1846); Ode (1846), Luxembourg Museum ;
Virgin at Prayer ; Jealous Juno ; Christ
Blessing (1848), Cathedral of Perigneux;
Virgin in Tears (1849), Church of Jonzac ;
Leda (1857); The Papacy (1868); Portrait
Hesse (1870); Pre-des-Liona in June
(1875) ; St Louis, King of France, Henri
Jules de Bourbon, Versailles Museum. —
Bellierde la Chavignerie, i. 601 ; Cbronique
des Arts, January 24, 1880 ; Am. Art Bev.,
March, 1880 ; Kunafc-Chronife, xv. 386; Vap-
ereau (1880), 768.
QALLAIT, LOUIS, born at Tournay,
March 10, 1810.
History, genre, and
portrait painter, pu-
pil of Tournay Acad-
emy under Henne-
quin. Having
,, obtained the first
prize at Ghent in
1831, he studied at
the Antwerp Acad-
emy, and in 1834
went to Paris, where his portraits and his-
torical paintings were soon highly esteemed.
His Abdication of Charles V., painted at
Brussels in 1841, placed him at once at the
head of Belgian historical painters, and won
for him the Belgian Order of Leopold, and
the French Legion of Honour. The city of
Brussels Btruck a medal in his honour.
Member of Brussels, Antwerp, Paris, Berlin,
and Munich Academies. Prussian Order of
edbyGoOgk
Merit ; Order of Oaken Crown of Holland.
Works : Bender unto Caesar the things that
are Cnsar's (1831), Ghent Museum ; Christ
healing the Blind (1833), Tournay Cathe-
dral ; Duke of Alva in the Netherlands,
Travelling Musicians (1834); The Beggars
(1834), liege Museum ; Job and his
Friends (1835), formerly in Luxembourg
Museum ; Death of Palestrina ; Montaigne
visiting Tasso in Prison (1886), King of
Belgium; The Penitent (1836); Battle of
Mont Cassel (1837), Conquest of Antioch
by Godfrey da Bouillon (1840), Count Bald-
win crowned at Constantinople in 1204,
Due de Bit-on (1835), Versailles Museum ;
Abdication of Charles V. (1841), Brussels
Museum ; replica (1849), Stadel Gallery,
Frankfort; Temptation of St Anthony
(1848), King of Belgium ; Triumph of Ge-
nius, Broken Violin-Bow (1850) ; Obsequies
of Egmont and Horn (1851), Tournay Mu-
seum ; Slavic Musicians (1852), Bavene Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Gypsy with Children (1852);
Song of Prisoners (1855) ; Francis L in Leo-
nardo da Vinci's Studio (1857); Egmont's
Last Hour (1858), Capuchin Monk, National
Gallery, Berlin; Joanna la Folle (1859),
Brussels Museum ; Oath of Vargas, San
Donato Gallery; Alva contemplating the
beheaded Counts Egmont and Horn, Art
and Liberty (1859), Power of Music (1860),
Peace, War (1872), W. T. Walters, Balti-
more ; Alva signing Death-Warrants (1863);
Monk feeding the Poor, New Pinakothek,
Munich ; The Prisoner, W. H. Vanderbilt,
New York ; Italian Bevenge ; Samson and
Delilah ; Fisherman's Widow ; Murillo find-
ing Model for his Madonna; Prayer after
Vintage ; Plague in Tournay (1882), Brus-
sels Museum ; Portraits of Pius IX. (1861),
and of Cardinal Antonelli (1862); Fifteen
historical portraits of Warriors, Legislators,
and Patrons of Art and Letters, Senate
Chamber, Brussels.— Art Journal (1866),
101 ; Brockhaus, vii. 476 ; Immerzeel, i.
269 ; If mm in, u. 526 ; Springer, Gesch.,
198 ; Zeitacbr. f. b. K, xvii. 870 ; Riegel,
Wandmalerei in Belgien, 36, 44.
GALLEGOS, FERNANDO, born at Sala-
manca about 1475, died there in 1550.
Spanish school ; pupil of Pedro Berruguete,
but painted in the manner of Roger van der
Weyden. One of his best works, a Madonna
with SS. Andrew and Christopher, was exe-
cuted for the chapel of S. dementi in the
Cathedral of Salamanca. Works: Altar-
piece in Cathedral at Zamora ; Two Bishops
and Two Saints, Academy, Valladolid ; Vis-
itation, life of St John the Baptist (5),
Madrid Museum. — Stirling, i. 120.
GALLEBANL CECILIA, portrait, Leo-
nardo da Vinci, lost(?). Painted in Milan
about 1485-89, for Lodovioo Sforza (B
Moro), Duke of Milan, whose mistress she
was. She afterwards married Count Lodo-
vico Pergamino. In last century tins pict-
ure was in possession of Marquis Bonesana,
Milan. A replica, or copy, belonging to
Professor Franchi, Milan, passed for a St
Cecilia. Another portrait of her by Leo-
nardo belonged to the Palhmcini family of
San Calocero. He also painted her as a
Madonna, called the M. della Rosa. In this
picture, which Amoretti saw in Milan, the
Virgin is urging Jesus to bless a rose.- -
Vasari, ed. Ma, iv. 87 ; Rigollot, Hist des
Arts, etc., L 299 ; Amoretti, Mem. storic. di
L. da Vinci, 38, 80, 165 ; Heaton, 279, 280.
GAT.LT. SeeBilnena.
GALLOCHE, LOUIS, born in Paris,
Aug. 24, 1670, died July 21, 1761. French
school ; pupil of Louis de Boullongne ; ob-
tained the first prize in 1695, spent two
years in Borne, and after his return to France
opened a school Was received into the
Academy in 1711, made professor in 1720,
rector in 1746, and chancellor in 1754. He
had a pension from the king, and was lodged
at the Louvre.
Works : Alces-
tis restored i
Admetus (1
to „ Lri\-LOthjL.
uetus(1711), ( J ^<g
nvre; St. ^— ' //S^
Peter in Cap-
tivity, Bennes Museum ; St Ambrose reviv-
ing a Child, Nancy Museum ; Angelica and
Lo
edbyGoOgk
Medora, Caen Museum ; Coriolanus entreat-
ed by bin Family to assume the Command
of the Roman Army, Orleans Museum. —
Cb. Blanc, Ecole francaise ; Lejeune, Guide,
L 857, til 104, 802 ; Vfflot, Cat. Louvre.
GAMBA, ENRICO, born in Turin, Jan.
3, 1831, died there in Nov., 1683. History,
genre, and landscape painter, studied in
Turin, at the Stadel Institute, Frankfort,
and in Rome. Works : Victor Amadeus
protecting the Poor, End of Vacation, Sou-
venir of the Upper Rhine ; Frescos in S.
Oioachino, Turin, and in Alessandria and
Chiari Cathedrals. — Kunst-Chronik, xix. 66.
GAMBARA, LATTANZIO, of Brescia,
born 1541, died 1574. Lombard school ;
studied under Antonio Campi of Cremona,
but afterwards became the disciple of Roma-
nino, whose daughter he married. Vasari,
however, calls him the son-in-law of Moretto
da Brescia. His style is a combination of
Oampi's and Romanino's. Among his most
spirited compositions are the damaged fres-
cos in the Castello of Brescia. Another im-
portant work is an altarpieceof the Nativity
in S. Faustino, Brescia. The twelve large
frescos illustrative of the history of Christ,
in the cathedral at Parma, were executed by
him, with the aid of Sojaro, between 1568
and 1572.— C. A C, N. Italy, ii. 437 ; Va-
sari, ed. Le Mon., xi. 250, 264 ; Burckhardt,
192, 73a
GAMESTERS, Michelangelo da Caravag-
radea, playing cards. A good picture. From
Prague Gallery, 1748. Engraved by P.
Tanje ; J. C. LoedeL Replica in Palazzo
Sciarra, Rome, painted for Cardinal del
Monte ; formerly in Palazzo Barberisi. En-
graved by J. Volpato ; T. Verkruye ; P. P.
Montagnanl — Gal. Roy. de Dresde, ii. PL
28 ; Meyer, Ktinst Lex., L 614, 620 ; Roeiui,
vi PL 133.
GANYMEDE, RAPE OF, Oorreggio, Vi-
enna Museum ; canvas, H5ft.2in.x2ft
3 in. Jupiter, struck with the charms of
gio, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 3 ft. x 4
ft 4 in. A young soldier with two corn-
Ganymede, son of Tros, King of Troy, and
one of the most beautiful of mortals, took
the form of an eagle and bore him off to
heaven, where he served as cupbearer to the
gods (Ovid, Metamorphoses). In the pict-
ure, Ganymede is borne by the eagle in the
air ; below, the plains of Lycia, where Gany-
mede had tended his flocks ; in foreground,
his dog, howling at the loss of bis master.
Painted about 1530 (?). In possession of An-
tonio Perez, favourite of Philip II. ; Bold in
1603 to Bodolph H., and sent from Spain to
Prague with the Leda, but probably taken
early to Vienna. Assigned in Spain to Par-
migiano. Ancient copy in Madrid Museum.
Another Ganymede, with changes, a fresco
edbyG00gk
transferred to canvas, in Modena Gallery.
Engraved by Fr. Van dcr Stoen ; Jos. Eisa -
ner. — Meyer, Correggio, 341, 492 ; Kunat
Lex., i 438 ; GaL de Vienne, L Pi 18.
By Eustache Lesueur, Louvre, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 4 ft. 2 in. x 3 ft 7 in. The eagle
bears aloft the young prince, whose atten-
tion is directed earnestly to the earth, seen
below. Painted for the hotel of President
Lambert Collection of Louis XVI. En-
graved bv Beauvais. — Landon, Musee, vi 17;
FilhoL
By Rembrandt, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 4 ft 2 in. ; signed, dated
1635. Ganymede borne to Olympus by an
eagle. Acquired in 1751. Engraved by C.
G. Schultze ; Cardon. — Yosmaer, 442.
GARBO, BAFFAELLINO DEL, born in
Florence in 1466,
died there in
1524. Florentine
school. Real
name Capponi,
but commonly
called del Garbo
{the Graceful). • *"
Pupil of Filippi-
no Lippi, with
whom he re-
mained until about 1490. He was a weak
follower of his master's style. He appears
to best advantage in his Madonna with An-
gels ; Madonna with Saints and Angels ; and
Madonna with Angels, Cherubs, and Saints,
Berlin Museum. The first-named group is
almost Baphaelesque in its conception.
Among other examples worthy of note are :
Madonna with Saints, DresdeD Gallery ;
Coronation of the Virgin, Louvre; Resurrec-
tion, Florence Academy.— C. & C, Italy, iii.
415 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole florentine ; Liibke,
Gesch. itab Mai., i. 375 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon.,
rii. 190 ; ed. MiL, iv. 233.
GARCIA HISPALETO, Don MANUEL,
born in Seville ; contemporary. History and
genre painter, pupil of Seville Academy ;
studied later in Rome. Works : Burial of
St Chrysostom (1864) ; Apparition of St
Agnes (1867) ; Starting for the Bull-Fight
(1871).
GARCIA T MARTINEZ, Don JUAN,
born at Calatayud, Saragossa ; contempo-
rary. History painter, pupil of Madrid
Academy. Works: Raising of Lazarus
(1856), Museum de la Trinidad, Madrid;
The Lovers of Teruel (1859) ; Death of King
Don Sancho ; Death of Poet Macias ; lib-
eration of Francis L ; Charles IL as a Sor-
cerer (1876) ; Procession of Our Lady (1881);
Penitent (1884).
GARDNER, ELIZABETH JANE, born
at Exeter, N. H.; contemporary. Figure
painter, pupil of H. Merle, Lefebvre, and
Bouguereau in Paris. Exhibits at National
Academy, New York, and Paris Salon.
Honourable mention, Paris Salon, 1879.
Studio in Paris. Works : Cinderella, C.
Crocker, San Francisco ; Cornelia and her
Jewels (1872); Corinne (1874); Sorceress
(1875); Fortune-Teller (1876); Ruth and
Naomi (T. Wigglesworth, Boston), Moses in
the Bulrushes (1878); Maud Muller (1879);
Priscilla, Water's Edge (1861); Daphnht
and Chloe (1882); Captive (1883); Portraits,
J. H, Stebbins, New York ; Improvised Cup
(1884), Corner of the Farm (1885), Knced-
ler & Co., New York.— Portfolio (1879),
36.
GAREIS, ANTON, born in Prague in
1837. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of
his father and of PraguB Academy under
Engerth ; visited Dresden, Vienna, and Hun-
gary. Works : Twelfth Night (1862); Kir-
mess (1863); Tavern Scene (1864); Hunga-
rian Gypsies Playing, Sunday Music in
Croatia (1868); Child's Play, Four Cartoons
to "As you Like It"— Muller, 192.
GARNEBAY, AMBROISE LOUIS, born
in Paris, Feb. 19, 1783, died there. Sept 11,
1857. French school ; marine painter, pu-
pil of his father, Jean Francois (1755-1837),
portrait and genre painter, and scholar of
David. Love of adventure led him in 1796
to India, where he took part in several sea-
fights, and was taken prisoner in 1806 by
the English, who retained him in captivity
MbyGooglc
at Portsmouth until 1814. He exhibited
his first marine in 1816, became painter to
the Duke of Angoulume in 1817, and in
1833 director of the Museum of Rouen.
Medals in 1819 and 1855 ; L. of Honour,
1852. Works: Tower of London, Three-
decker cast on the Bocks, A Storm, Bond
stead with Vessels (1819); View of the
Scheldt (1833), Douoi Museum ; Battle of
Augusta, 1676 (1836), Battle of Navarino,
Napoleon's Return from Elba, Versailles
Museum ; View of Sidon at Sunset, Bou-
logne Museum ; Capture of the Kent by the
Corsair Confiance (1836), La Rochelle Mu-
seum ; Cod-Fishing on Bonks of Newfound-
land (1839), Rouen Museum ; Frigate Vir-
ginia attacking English Squadron, Rochefort
Museum ; Incident in Battle of Navarino
(1853), Nantes Museum ; Porpoise-Fishing,
Cherbourg Museum ; View of the Fumes
Canal (1855), Marseilles Museum. — Bellier
de la Chavignerie, L 607 ; Lorousse ; Le-
jeune, Guide, iii. 105 ; Art Journal (1858),
24.
QARNIER, ETIENNE BARTTTKLEMY,
born in Paris, Aug. 24, 1759, died Nov. 16,
1849. French school ; history and portrait
painter, pupil of Duramean, Doyen, and
Vien, studied afterwards in Rome ; painted
scenes from Greek and Roman history and
mythology, in the shallow theatrical pathos
of his time, but with skill and effective col-
ouring. Member of Institute in 1816 ; L. of
Honour, 1828. Works : Nebuchadnezzar
causing the Children of Zedekiah to be
Killed (1787), Mans Museum; Desolation
of Priam's Family (1800), ordered by the
Directory ; Roman Charity, Diana appear-
ing to Hercules (1801); Napoleon (1808);
Burial of Dagobert (1814), Sacristy of St
Denis ; Eponina and Sabinus (1814), Angers
Museum ; Procession of St. Charles Borro-
meo during the Plague at Milan (1827),
Church of St Germain ; St. Louis arbitrat-
ing between the King of England and his
Barons (1827); Reception of the Duke of
Angouleme at Cbartres on his Return from
Spain (1831); Entry of Duke and Duchess
of AngouliJme into Chartres, 1823 (1827),
Cbartres Museum ; Portrait of Cardinal
Maury (1838), Avignon Museum ; Marriage
Ceremony of Napoleon and Marie Louise
(1846), Versailles Museum.— Bellier de la
Chavignerie, L 610 ; Lorousse ; Lejeune,
Guide, iii. 106.
GARND3R, JULES ABSENE, born in
Paris, Jan. 22, 1847. Genre pointer, stud-
ied first in Toulouse, then pupil of Ger&me
in Paris ; travelled in Holland, Spain, and
Morocco, paints mediaeval subjects with ex-
treme archaeological accuracy. Works : The
Bather, Mile, de Sombrauil drinking a Glass
of Blood (1869); Adam's Dream, Jus Prima)
Noctis(1872); Vassals' Taxes Debris (1873);
Le Boi samuse (1874); Execution in 16th
Century, Nude Female Figure (1875); Pun-
ishment of Adultery in Middle Ages (1876);
Stranded Goods, The Favourite (1877) ; Lib-
erator of the Territory (1878); Village Fes-
tival Temptation (1879); Rabelais, the Par-
son of Meudon (1880); Distribution of
Standards, July 14, 1880 (1881); Reveil
(1882); Truth (1883); Jolly Drinkers (after
Robelais's Gargantno, 1884).— Mnller, 193 ;
Meyer, Con v. Lex., xviiL 381.
OAROFALO, IL, born in Ferrara in 1481,
died there, Sept 6, 1569. Lombard-Fer*
roreae school. Real name Benrenuto di
Piero Tisi, but called Garofalo (Gilliflower)
from bis use of that flower as a device.
Pupil of Domenico Panetti, of Niccolo Sori-
ani, and of Boccacini, from whose studio he
ran away to Rome (1499) and studied about
a year under Giovanni Borrini. In 1502 he
was in Mantua, where he must have remained
four years if, as Vosari says, he studied with
Lorenzo Costa, who entered the service of
the Gonzagas in 1506. In 1508 he went
again to Rome and became intimate with
Raphael Later he worked at Ferrara for
Duke Alfonso, in whose palace (Scrofa Cal-
cagnini) he decorated a hall with mytholog-
ical subjects. Other pictures in Ferrara :
Old and New Testament, Adoration of the
Magi (1537), Christ in the Garden, Mawacre
of the Innocents, Madonna del Pilastro, Ma-
MbyGooglc
donna with Saints, Madonna del Riposo,
Raising of Lazarus, St Peter Martyr, Dis-
covery of the Crow, Municipal Gallery ; and
several in the Duomo. Works in other
cities : Tiburtine Sibyl, La ZingareUa (?),
Holy Family, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; An-
nunciation, UfEzi, ib.; Madonna with Saints
(1518), Venice Academy ; Deposition from
Cross, Crucifixion, Brera, Milan ; Madonna
with Saints, Modena Gallery ; Entombment,
Deposition, Palazzo Borghese, Borne ; Ad-
oration of Magi, Deposition, Naples Mu-
seum ; Triumph of Bacchus, Mara and
Venus, Neptune and Pallas, Madonna in
Adoration, Dresden Gallery, Holy Family,
Vatican, Borne. The pictures of Garofalo
are almost always pleasing. He was a good
draughtsman and colourist, though some-
times a little too vivid in his reds and
greens for perfect harmony of effect. Ac-
cording to Vaaari he was totally blind dur-
ing the last
nine years
of his life.
— Vasari, y ■
ed.MU.,vi. *>S
459 ; Burckhardt, 691 ; Seguier, 208 ; Cit-
tadella, Mem. di Ben. Tisi (Ferrara, 1872);
Ch. Blanc, £cole ferraraise ; Lubke, Gescn.
ital Hal., a 378 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, x. 210.
GARRARD. See Qeerarts.
GARRICK AS BICHARD Ht„ "William
Hogarth, Earl of Feversham. Painted in
1746. Hogarth was paid for it by Mr. Dun-
combe, of Dnncombe Park, Yorkshire, £200 ;
"more," he says, "than any English artist
ever received for a single portrait" — Dob-
sou, 68.
GARRICK BETWEEN TRAGEDY AND
COMEDY, Sir Joshua Reynolds; canvas.
Garnet, seen to knees, standing, looks with
an appealing, half-ashamed expression at
Tragedy, while turning towards Comedy,
unable to resist her allurements. Painted
in 1761 ; sold to Lord Halifax for 300 guin-
eas ; at his sale to Mr. Angerstein for 250
guineas. Engraved by E. Fisher.
GARTNER, EDUARD (JOHANN PB3L-
b.Q
arofoCo
DPP), born in Berlin, June 2, 1801, died there,
Feb. 22, 1877. Architecture painter, pupil
in Caasel of Maler Mtlller ; returned to Ber-
lin in 1813 and for six years was apprenticed
in the porcelain factory, made a tour to the
North Sea in 1821, studied in Paris in 1824--
27, and painted for the Czar in St Peters-
burg and Moscow in 1837-39. Member of
Berlin Academy in 1833. Works : The for-
mer Reetzen Street in Berlin (1831), National
Gallery, Berlin ; others in the Royal Palaces,
ib.— Jordan (1885), ii. 68.
GARTNER, FRIEDRICH, born in Mu-
nich, Jan. 11, 1824. Architecture painter,
pupil of Munich Academy and of Simonsen,
studied then in Paris under Jacquand ; trav-
elled extensively, and settled in Munich in
1857. Works : From the Albambra ; Inte-
rior of House in Tetuan ; Street in Algiers ;
Mosque El Kebir in Algiers ; Convent Yard
in Moonlight, Interior of Moorish Building,
New Pinakothek, Munich.— MuUer, 193 ;
Brockhaus, viL 664.
GARTNER, HETNRIOH, born at Neu-
Strelitz, Mecklenburg, in 1828. Landscape
painter, pupil in Berlin of Schirmer, and in
Dresden of L. Richter. He was much in-
fluenced by Genelli at Munich and by Cor-
nelius at Rome (1856). Works : Landscape
with Return of Prodigal Son (1859), Leipaio
Museum ; Scenes from life of Psyche
(1865-66), Villa Dorr, near Leipsic ; Cycle
of landscapes (14) representing Develop-
ment of Sculpture (in fresco, 1878). —
Muller, 194 ; Brockhaus, vii. 564 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, ii. 81.
GASCAR, HENRI, born in Paris in 1635,
died in Borne, Jan. 18, 1701. French
school ; portrait painter. Long lived in
England, where he became Lely's competi-
i tor, and was patronized by the Duchess of
Portsmouth. Left England about 1680,
having made, it is said, £10,000 in a few
years. Member of the Academy in 1680.
Work, The Duchess of Portsmouth as
Flora, Hampton Court. — Redgrave, Jame-
son, Hand-Book to Public Galleries, 592 ;
Taylor, The Fine Arts, ii. 366.
edbyGoOgk
GASSEL, LUCAS, bora at Helmont, Bra-
bant, about 1500, died at Brussels about
1650. Flemish school ; practised landscape
painting in Brussels, where he was an inti-
mate friend of the painter-poet Lampsonius,
He painted in the fantastic manner of Pate-
nter, and enlivened his landscapes with Old
and New Testament subjects. TTjh pictures
are rare, as he painted but little. Works :
St George, Louvre, Paris ; Landscape, Lille
Museum ; Landscape with Judah and Tamar
(1548), Vienna Museum. The Land-
jft scape in the Contest between Apollo
Vtff. and Pan, by Goltzius, Dresden Gal-
lery, is ascribed to Gassel. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., viii. 369 ; Biog. nat de Belgique,
vii. 497;. Tour. desB. Arte (1864), 88; (1878),
118 ; Kramm, ii. 534.
GASSEN, GOTTLIEB, born in Coblente
in 1805 or 1807. History painter, pupil
and follower of Cornelius, among the first
to paint in fresco at Munich for King Louis
I Works: Storming of the Godesberg near
Bonn by Puke William Y. of Bavaria, Ar-
cades, Royal Garden, Munich ; eleven scenes
from Poema of Walther von der Vogelweide,
Royal Palace, Munich ; ceiling paintings in
Loggia of Pinakotbek ; paintings in Trinity
Church, Weissenthurm, near Coblentz.
GASHTES, JEAN BRUNO, bora in Bor-
deaux, Oct. 25, 1786, died in Paris, Oct
12, 1832. French school; history, genre,
and landscape painter, pupil of Vincent
and Lacour in Paris. Painted many bibli-
cal, as well as French mediaeval and mod-
ern subjects. Works : Labourer holding
Skull and Busty Sword (1810), Douai Mu-
seum ; Hagar and Isbmael (1811), Brus-
sels Museum ; Virgil reading the JEneid to
Augustus (1814); Horace at Virgil's Tomb
(1817); Portrait of Louis XVHL (1819),
Bordeaux Museum ; Christ and Peter walk-
ing on the Sea, Homer reciting to the Shep-
herds (1819); St Louis visiting the Plague-
Stricken Soldiers, Fight of the Thirty (1822);
Clemency of Louis XIL (1824), Versailles
Museum ; Shipwreck of a Fisherman and
his Child (1827); Bivouac of the National
Guard in Courtyard of Louvre (1881); En.
trance to Harbor of Boulogne ; Needles at
Isle of Wight ; Shakespeare Cliff; View of
Loch Lomond. — Bellier de la Chavignerie,
i. 614 ; Lejeune, Guide, iii. 105 ; Larouase.
GASTINEAU, HENBV, born in 1797,
died at Camberweu, Surrey, in,1876. Land-
scape painter in water-colours, pupil of the
Boyal Academy ; commenced as an engraver,
then took up oil-painting, and in 1818 be-
came an associate and in 1824 a member of
the Water-Colour Society ; was intimately
connected with Turner, David Cox, and
Copley Fielding. Works : Penrhyn Castle,
Netley Abbey, South Kensington Museum,
London; Klamine Pass in Styria (1855);
Glenarm — Antrim, Hospice and Pass of St
Gothard (1862); Pass of Killiecrankie (1867).
GASTON DE FOK (?), Girolamo Sii-
voldo, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft x 4 ft ;
signed. A knight in armour, half recum-
bent, in a gloomy chamber, his form re-
flected in mirrors. Long called a portrait
of Gaston de Foix, by Giorgione ; but prob-
ably a picture painted to show that painting
is preferable to sculpture, because a given
form can be reproduced on canvas by the
judicious use of reflecting surfaces. Rep-
lica, formerly belonging to Charles I., at
Hampton Court — Vulot, Cat. Louvre ; C &,
G, N. Italy, ii 419 ; Law, Hist Cat Hamp-
ton Court, 13.
GATTA, Don BARTOLOMMEO DELIA,
born about 1108, died in Arezzo in 1491.
Florentine school. Learned miniature
painting in the Comaldolensian Convent of
the Angeli, Florence, where he was a friar ;
became abbot of the Convent of S Clemente,
Arezzo, and decorated its walls with frescos,
now destroyed. Some panels by him in the
public gallery, Arezzo, one dated 1479, show
careful and patient execution, but little sense
of colour. In 1479-86 he was in Rome,
where he worked in the Sistine, according
edbyGoOgk
to Vasari, with Signorelli and Perugino.
His later pictures, as, for instance, a Ma-
donna with Saints and Angels, in the Col-
legiate church at Castiglione .Fiorentino,
display little power, though they Bhow that
he had learned to imitate Signorelli. — C. &
C, Italy, iil 36 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., t. 44 ;
Marched, 3d ed., L 203.
GATTI, BERNARDO (Bernardino), born
at Cremona about 1490 (7), died in 1575.
Lombard school ; called D Sojaro or Sog-
liaro (the cooper) from his father's trade.
Went early to Parma to study under Cor-
reggio, and became his ablest pupil He
left numerous works in Parma, Piacenza,
and Cremona. In S. H. di Campagna, Pia-
cenza, he painted a fresco, St George and
the Dragon, in competition with Pordenone's
St Augustine, and on the death of that
painter was selected to finish his frescos of
the Life of the Madonna, in the tribune
of the church. Lanzi praises his Miracle of
the Loaves and Fishes, in the refectory
of the Padri Lateranensi, Cremona ; it is
dated 1552. He afterwards (about 1560)
painted the cupola in the Madonna della
Steccata, Parma. Hiw Assumption of the
Virgin, in the Cathedral of Cremona, his
last work, is said to have been painted
with his left hand, his right having been
paralyzed. An Ecce Homo, and a Cruci-
fixion, are in the Naples Museum. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., vi. 493 ; Lanzi, ii. 400 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole lombarde ; Vidoni, Pittura Gremo-
nese ; Burckhardt, 701, 738 ; Lance, 206 ;
Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 400, 430.
GATTI, GERVASIO, Lombard school
(1678-1631). Nephew and pupil of Ber-
nardo Gatti, from whom he inherited his
surname of H Sojaro. Studied also works
of Correggio, and painted some pictures
with much success ; but he had a deplorable
facility of execution, and his works are very
unequal Lanzi conjectures that Uriel Gat-
ti, also called II Sojaro, was his brother. —
Lanzi, ii. 431 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole lombarde.
GAUCHEREL, LEON, born in Paris,
May 20, 1816. Landscape and architecture
painter, more no tod as an engraver and etcher;
pupil of Viollet-le-Duc, with whom he visited
Italy and Sicily. Medals : 3d class, 1853 j 2d
class, 1855, 1859, 1861, 1863 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1864. Works : Tintoretto's House in
Venice (1874); View of Saintes ; Evening at
Arromanches ; Banks of the Adour at Sun-
set (1875); St Peter's, Rome ; Torcello, near
Venice (1876); Cliffs of Sainfc-Jouin (1877,
1879); The Little Mount at Port Navalo
(1879); Gorge of Arnochat (1871).— BeUier
de la Chavignerie, i 618; Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xrii. 367 ; Mailer, 195.
GAUDENZIO MILANESE See Ferrari,
Gaudenzio.
GAUDIN, Fray LUIS PASCUAL, born
at Villafranca, Catalonia, in 1566, died at
the Chartreuse of Scala Dei in 1621. Span-
ish school Became a Carthusian monk in
1595 ; adorned many chambers in his mon-
astery, also painted ■% •
for the Grand Char- I V) CtfJjUlrlAf\
treuae in Lorraine, L \ / ^- *j
for the Chartreuse / '»'»
of Seville, and a Last Supper and other
works for that of Portaccali (Scala Dei),
near Valencia. — Stirling, 1 293.
GAUERMANN, FBJEDBICH, bom at
Miesenbach, Nether Austria, Sept 20, 1807,
died in Vienna, July 7, 1862. Animal
painter, eon and pupil of Jakob G., but
formed himself chiefly by copying old mas-
ters in the Vienna galleries and studying
nature during his travels in 1825-44. Mem-
ber of Munich Academy in 1836. He left
1,034 oil-paintings, 569 drawings, and 15
unfinished pictures. Works : Resting from
Labour in the Fields (1829) ; Hnsbandman
ploughing (1834), Vienna Museum ; Wolves
and Bears, Rocky View with Bears (1831);
Vultures and Stag, Bears with their Prey
(1832); Chase, Rural Smithy, Boar attacked
by Wolves (1834); Stormy Lake, Wolves and
Stags (1835); Harvest Scene, Wild Boars
(1836); Dying Stag and Eagle (1837); Cat-
tle Market (1838); Wolves on High Rock,
Harvest Wagon in Storm, Embarking of the
Herd (1839); Hunting Scene, The Passeyer
edbyGoOgk
GAUERMANN
Paw near Meran (1840); Target Shooting in
Tyrol (1841); Smithy in the Ramsau (1842);
Zell am See (1843); Dachstein and Goaau
Lake, Hunting Scene, Mountain -Path near
Meran (1844); Evening, Chamois Hunt,
Poachers (1845); Four Seasons (1847); Alp,
Fin Schiffzug(1848); Chamois-Hunt, Peas-
ant Horses, Return from Stag-Hunt (1850);
Well in Tyrol (1852), Smithy in Salzburg
(1853), National Gallery, Berlin; Cows,
Sheep, and Horse in Shallow Water, Leip-
sic Museum ; Wolves and Dead Horse,
St&del Gallery, Frankfort ; Evening in Ty-
rolese Alps, Stettin Museum; Wolves and
Deer, Wild Boar and Wolf, South Kensing-
ton Museum, London ; On the Atter Lake,
Cows and Sheep (1858). — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
viii. 420 ; Andresen, iii. 1 ; Brockhaua, vii.
594; Kunst-Chronik, six. 335, 517; Dios-
kuren (1862), 242 ; Eitelberger, Kunsthist.
Schr., L 92 ; Wurzbach, t. 104 ; is. 414 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, xriii. 137, 177, 251, 282,
821 ; xix. 176.
GAUERMANN, JAKOB, bom atOeffinger,
Wurtemberg, in 1773, died in Vienna, March
27, 1848. Landscape and genre painter,
pupil of Stuttgart Academy. After travel-
ling through Switzerland in the service of a
Heilbronn savant he went to Vienna in 1798,
became member of the Academy, and in 1818
painter to Archduke John, for whom he ex-
ecuted many views in the Austrian Alps.
Works: Eighty views in Styria (1811-21),
Archduke John's Collection ; others in Al-
bertina Collection, Vienna Academy, and in
private galleries of England. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., viii 422 ; Andresen, v. 268 ; Brock-
haus, vii. 594 ; Wurzbach, v. 107.
GAUFFIER, LOUIS, born at LaRochelle
in 1761, died in Florence, Oct 20, 1801.
History painter, pupil of Hugues Taraval,
won the grand prix de Borne in 1784. He
married at Borne Pauline Chatillon, genre
painter, pupil of Drouaia, several of whose
pictures were engraved by Bartolozzi.
Works ! Abraham and the Angels, Alexander
and Hephsestion (1789); Cornelia Mother of
the Gracchi (1792), Three Young Men ap-
pearing to Abraham (1793), Louvre ; The
Shepherd Faustulus carrying Romulus and
Remus, Cherbourg Museum ; Roman Ladies
offering their Jewels to their Country;
Achilles recognized by Ulysses ; Jacob and
Rachel ; Sacrifice to the Manes ; Raising of
Lazarus, Perpignan Museum ; Seven in Mont-
pellier Museum ; others in Marseilles, Ton-
J..CaMffor yj Jlcm
I J'wx
Ion, and Narbonne Museums, and Uffizi,
Florence. — Villot, Cat Louvre ; Lejeune,
Guide, i. 395 ; iii 802 ; Larousse.
GAUGENGIGL, IGNAZ (MARCEL
MICHAEL MARTIN JOSEPH), bom in Pas-
sau, Bavaria, in 1856. Genre painter, pupil
of the Munich Academy under Professor
Raab and Wilhehn Diez. Removed toAmer-
ica in 1879, and settled in Boston. Works :
Le Refugee (1882), W. Weld, Boston ; My
Studio (1883), Henry S. Shaw, ib. ; Bellissima
(1883), CoL Jonas H. French, ib. ; Difficult
Question (1884), Josiah M. Fiske, New York;
The Story (1885), H W. Rice, Boston ; After
the Storm (1885), John A. Lowell, ib.; On
the Promenade (1885), Willard White, ib.
GAUL, GILBERT, born in Jersey City,
N. J., in 1855. Genre painter, pupil of J. G.
Brown and of the National Academy. Exhib-
ited first at National Academy in 1872 ; elected
A.N.A. in 1880, N.A. in 1882. Works : In-
dian Girl, Coquette (1880); Old Beau (1881);
Charging the Battery, Stragglers, News from
Home (1882) ; Silenced, Cold Comfort on
the Outpost (1883) ; On the Look-out, Gue-
rillas returning from a Raid (1885).
GAUL, GUSTAV, born in Vienna, Feb.
6, 1836. Portrait painter, pupil of Rahl ;
visited Germany, Holland, France, and
Italy ; studied especially Rubens and Rem-
brandt and the old Venetian masters.
Works : Portraits of Sophie Schr5der (1860)
edbyGoOgk
and other celebrities of the stage, of Louis
Spohr, Bogumil Ooltz, Professors Skoda
and Hyrtl ; Procession of Bacchus and
Scenes from Myths of Cupid, Psyche, and
Venus, Palais Todesco, Vienna ; Scenes from
Legends of Austria, Villa Wanda, near
Gmunden ; Franceses, and Paolo, Cologne
Museum ; Head of Spanish Woman, Female
Portrait, Male Portrait (1883).
GAULLL See Baecuxio.
GAUTHEROT, CLAUDE, born in Paris
in 1769, died in 1825. History and portrait
painter, pupil of David ; acquired great
perfection in the representation of pathetic
subjects. Works : Portrait of Marshal Da-
voust, Tuileries, Paris ; Napoleon on the
Bridge of Lech (1808), Versailles Museum ;
Marina at Mintunian (1796) ; Pyramus and
Tbisbe (1799), Melun Museum; do. (1800);
Burial of Atala (1802) ; Napoleon wounded
at Ratisbon, Interview at Tilsit (1810).
GAUTIER, AMAND, born at Lille, June
19, 1825. Genre and portrait painter, pu-
pil of Souchon and of Cogniet Medal, 3d
class, 1882. Works: Sisters of Charity
(1869); After Mass (1867); Couneillor
Krespel, Sunday Morning (1868) ; Surprised
at the Bath (1874) ; Prisoner (1875) ; Re-
fectory (1878) ; The Republic (1879) ; Re-
hearsal at the Convent (1880) ; Casting the
Net, Washing at the Convent (1881) ; Indo-
lence (1882) ; Portrait of the painter Diane,
Medical Lady Student (1885).
GAUTIER, ETDENNE, born at Mar-
seilles ; contemporary. History, genre, and
portrait painter, pupil of Chantigny. Medals :
2d class, 1873 ; 1st class, 1878 ; K of Hon-
our, 1871. Works : Money-Changer, Study
(1867) ; St. Sebastian (1869) ; St. George
(1878) ; St Cecilia (1878).
GAVAGNIN, LEONARDO, bora in Ven-
ice in 1809. History painter, pupil of Venice
Academy under Politi, formed himself after
the great Venetian masters, and became
professor at the Collegio Rafiaele, Venice.
Works : The Lord appearing to Abraham,
Mechitariats, Venice ; St. Anthony of Padua,
8. Giacorao, ib. ; St Sergius, Greek Church,
ib. ; Queen of Cyprus, Girohuno Contarini,
Venice Academy ; Fugitives of Pargha bless-
ing the Remains of their Fathers ; Marco
Polo in Prison at Genoa ; Ali Pasha of Ja-
nina.— Wurzbach, v. 111.
GAVARNL PIERRE, born in Paris; con-
temporary. Genre and animal painter, pu-
pil of Fromentin and of Busson. Medal,
3d class, 1874. Works : Wedding at the
Madeleine (1874) ; Repose (1875) ; Wedding
in Paris, Diplomatic Dinner (1876) ; An-
dromeda, Stand in a Riding School (1879) ;
Steeple-chase (1881) ; Promenade (1882) ;
Corner on the Beach (1883) ; Steeple-chase
at SaintOuen (1885).
GAT, EDWARD, born in Ireland in 1837.
Landscape painter, pupil of James Hart in
Albany, N. Y., in 1862-67 ; studied in Ger-
many, under Schirmer in Carlsruhe, and
Leasing in Duaseldorf. Elected an AN. A,
in 1870. Studio at Mt Vernon, N. Y.
Works in oil : Alt Wasser, D. J. Lathrop,
Albany ; Suburbs ; Twin Lakes ; Mohawk
Valley Home ; Late Afternoon near Albany
(1876) ; Last Load— Harvest Time (1878) ;
Gathering the Leaves (1880) ; Old Estate
(1881) ; Banks of the Thames (1882) ; On
the Sogne Fjord — Norway, Golden Grain
(1883) ; Norwegian Scene (1884). Water-
colours: Foggy Morning by the Lake
(1876) ; Spring Morning (1877) ; Waving
Grain, Riverside, Haymaking (1884) ; Rye
Fields in early June, Hill-side, Oyster Beds
in Pelham Bay, Salt Marshes (1885).
GAY, WALTER, born in Massachusetts;
contemporary. Genre painter, nephew of
William Allan Gay, pupil of Bonnat in Paris
in 1876. Has exhibited in Boston, Phila-
delphia, and Paris. Honourable mention,
Paris Salon, 1885. Works: Fall Flowers
(1876) ; Landscape, Fast Asleep, Unsuccess-
ful Musician (1878) ; Conspiracy under
Louis XVL, Armourer (1883) ; The Appren-
tice, The Cabbages (1884) ; Spinners, No-
vember, The Tailor (1885).
GAY, WTLLIAM ALLAN, born in Mas-
sachusetts in 1821. Landscape painter,
pupil of R W. Weir at West Point and of
^byGoOgk
Troyon in Paris, where and in Italy he spent
several years. Has travelled much in Eu-
rope and the East. Works : Mackerel Fleet
off Beverly Coast, Harbour Bar ot Cape Ann
(1669) ; Palazzo Ducale at Venice (1875) ;
Windmills at Delfthaven (1876); Forest Sanc-
tuary (1878) ; Minieh on the Nile (1879).
GEBAUER, CHRISTIAN DAVID, born
at Neusalz, Silesia, Oct 15, 1777, died at
Aarhus, Jutland, Sept. 15, 1831. Animal
painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy and
of Lorentzen ; went to Dresden in 1813,
where he painted military scenes, and espe-
cially illustrated Cossack life. Visited Ger-
many in 1827, and afterwards established a
school of drawing at Aarhus. Works : The
Stud (1807) ; Horse Fair (1810) ; Stags fight-
ing (1823), Landscape with Cattle (1824),
Boll and Cow, Sleighing near Munich
(1828), Copenhagen Gallery.— Weilbach.
GEBHAEDT, EDUARD VON, born at
St. Johannis, Esth-
land, June 1 (13),
1838. History paint-
er, pupil of St Peters-
burg Academy under
Leasing, and of Carls-
ruhe Art School, then
in Dllsseldorf under
. Wilhelm Sohn; trav-
elled through Europe,
and settled at DQssel-
dorf, where he became
professor at the Academy in 187a Mem-
ber of Munich and Berlin Academies. Gold
medal, Berlin, 1872 ; Medal, Vienna, 1873.
Works: ChriBtaEntrymtoJeru8alem(1863);
Raising of Jairus' Daughter (1861) ; Dives
and Lazarus (1865); Christ on the Cross
(1866), Cathedral, Reval ; Religious Conver-
sation (1866) ; Vibrations of the Pendulum ;
The Brothers van Eyck ; Last Supper (1870),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Descent from the
Cross (1872); Ecce Homo, Crucifixion (1873),
Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Disciples at Emmaus
(1876) ; Reformer at Work (1877), Leipsic
Museum ; Old German Housewife (1879) ;
Ascension, Christ walking on the Sea (1881). ;
The Convent Scholars (1882) ; Pi eta, Cruoi
fixion (1884).— Brockhaus, vii. 613 ; Moller,
196 j Kunst-Chronik, vii. 465 ; xix. 35, 128 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., vii. 361 ; Westermann's
Monatshefte, li. 279.
GEBHAEDT, LDD WIG, born in Munich,
July 20, 1830. Landscape painter, pupil of
Munich Academy, then studied from nature
in the Bavarian Alps and in North Italy.
Works : Ammerland on Lake Starnberg, St
Bartholomew on the Konigsee, View on Lake
Constance, Leutstetten with Lake Starnberg,
Upper Isar Valley, Mountains by Moonlight,
View in Ziller Valley.— Mailer, 197.
GEBLER, FRTEDRICH OTTO, born in
Dresden, Sept 18, 1838. Animal painter,
pupil of Dresden Academy, then in Munich
of Piloty. Rivals the old Dutch masters in
his finely-painted and humourous pictures.
Medals in Berlin (1874) and Munich (1883).
Works : Rest in the Wood at Noon, Obsti-
nate Sheep, Disturbed Domestic Peace
(1863); Spoiled Repast, Sheepfold (1870);
Poodle as Watchman in Sheepfold (1873);
Art-Critics in the Stable (1873), Sheep and
Spaniel (1878), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Visit to the Stable (1876); Sheep returning
before Storm, Expectation, Two Poachers
(1880), Dresden Gallery ; Reynard's End
(1883), New Praakothek, Munich.— ID ustr.
Zeitg. (1884), i 90 ; Mailer, 197 ; Meyer,
Conv. Lex., xxi. 309.
GEDDES, ANDREW, born in Edinburgh
in 1789, died in London, May 5, 1844. Por-
trait and subject painter ; pupil in 1807 of
the Royal Academy, where he exhibited in
1810 his Draught- Players. Then spent four
years at Edinburgh painting portraits. Vis-
ited Paris in 1815, Italy in 1828, and Hol-
land in 1839. Returned to England in 1831,
and was elect-
ed an A.R.A.
in 1832. He
was a good
etcher, par-
ticularly of
JGS
portraits. Works : Discovery of the Scot-
tish Regalia (1821); Christ and the Woman
edbyG00gk
of Samaria (1832); Devotion; Dull Beading,
National Gallery, London. — Redgrave;
Sandby, ii. 210 ; Art Union Journal, Sept,
1844 ; Cat. Nat GaL
GEEFS, FANNY (Isabelle Marie Fran-
coise Corr), born in Brussels in 1814 His-
tory, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of
Navez ; wife of the sculptor Willem Geefs.
Medals in Paris (3d class, 1848 ; 2d class,
1845), The Hague, Metz, Ghent, and Douai
Works: Sailor's Daughter (1835); Young
Girl accompanying her Sister to Church,
Madonna, Castellan of Creve-Cteur (1836);
St Cecilia (1887); Hagar in the Desert
(1840); Christ appearing to Disciples, Vir-
gin consoling the Afflicted, St John's Hos-
pital, Brussels ; Bianca on the Shore ; Ophe-
lia ; Young Mother ; First Lesson ; Return
Home. — Immerzeel i. 265 ; Kramm, ii 536 ;
Muller, 197.
GEEL, JOOST VAN, bom in Rotterdam
in 1631, died in 1698. Dutch school ; genre
and portrait painter in the style of Gabriel
Metzu, wherefore he is thought to be his
pupil Travelled in France, Germany, and
England, where he was patronized by Crom-
well Works :
P
hi
Am;
M
Concert, Her-
mitage, St.
Petersburg ; Rendez-vous of Smugglers, His-
torical Society, New York.— Immerzeel, i.
269 ; Kramm, ii. 541.
GEERAERTS, MARTIN JOSEPH, born
in Antwerp, baptized April 7, 1707, died
there, Feb. 16, 1791. Flemish school Des-
tined to be a merchant, but early showed
such talent that he was apprenticed to Abra-
ham Godyn, where he soon became an able
master. Excelled in grisaille, imitating
sculpture. In 1741 he became professor
and director of the Antwerp Academy.
Works- The Fine Arts (1760), Antwerp
Museum ; Seven Biblical Subjects in Bas-
relief, Brussels Museum ; Autumn, an alle-
well Works: _^
Portrait of *) ~*
himself, /) f
imBterdam J^CLtL jJp.CC.
Museum; A V *-*
?e*Ctr
gory, Hague Museum ; Children with Goat,
Lille Museum ; Cupid and Psyche with
Genii, Imitation of an allegorical Bas-relief
(1775), Museum, Vienna; Four Bas-reliefs
(two dated 1752, 1753), Liechtenstein Gal-
lery, ib.— Cat du Musee d'Anvers (1874),
178 ; Kramm, ii 542 ; Booses (Beber), 441 ;
Van den Brandon, 1216.
GEERABTS (Garrard, Gheeraerts, Ge-
rard), MARCUS, the elder, bom in Bruges,
first half of 16th century, died in London
before 1604. Flemish school ; history, por-
trait, and landscape painter, pupil of Martin
de Vos ; held some office in the guild of
Bruges in 1558, and was entered as master
of the guild of Antwerp in 1577 ; settled in
England and became court-painter to Queen
Elizabeth in 1571, but was in Antwerp in
1585-86. His paintings are greatly valued.
Works : Descent from the Cross, Notre
Dame, Bruges ; Portraits of Mary Countess
of Pembroke, Lord Burghley, and William
Camden, National Portrait Gallery, London;
Portraits of Queen Elizabeth, Lord Burgh-
ley, and Earl of Essex, Burghley House Col-
lection ; Male and Female Portrait, Vienna
Museum ; Procession of Queen Elizabeth to
Blackfriars in 1600, — Allgem. d. Biogr., viii.
491 ; Biog. nat de Belgique, vii 550 ; Im-
merzcel, L 270 ; Kramm, ii. 542.
GEERABTS, MARCUS, the younger,
born in Bruges in 1561, died in London in
1635. Flemish school ; history and por-
trait painter, son of Marcus the elder, whom
he followed to England after 1580, and be-
came court-painter to Elizabeth and after-
wards to Queen Anne. Works : Procession
of Queen and Knights of the Garter (1584);
Portrait of Elizabeth, Lord Darnley's Col-
lection ; da, and portraits of Lords Burleigh
and Essex, Marquis of Exeter's Collection.
—Allgem. d. Biogr., viii. 492; Kugler
(Crowe), i. 255 ; Kramm, ii. 545.
GEERTGEN VAN (or tot), SINTJANS
(Geirit van Haarlem), second half of 15th
century (1460-88?), died at Haarlem (?),
nged 28. Dutch school ; history painter,
supposed pupil of Albert van Ouwater,
edbyGoOgk
Lived with the knights of Si John at Haar-
lem, and hence was called Geertgen tot Skit
Jans, although not of their order and prob-
ably a native of Leyden. He painted for
the church of the order an altarpiece, two
wings of which are preserved in the Vienna
Museum, one a Pieta, the other representing
the Legend of the bones of St John the
Baptist. Other works attributed to him are r
Scene from the Legend of St Lucy, in the
Lippmann Collection at Vienna ; View of
Haarlem Cathedral, in that edifice; Crucifix-
ion, in the Galleria Eetense at Modena. Dr.
Bode is inclined to assign to this master also
an Adoration of the Magi in the Prague Gal-
lery, the Expiatory Offering in the Amster-
dam Museum, and Christ in the Tomb Bur-
rounded by the Instruments of the Passion
in the Archiepiscopal Museum at Utrecht
— Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 261 ; Bode, Studien,
6 ; C & C, Flemish Painters, 248 ; Dohme,
IX; Kramm, ii 546 ; Kuglcr (Crowe), i. 91 ;
RiegeL Beitrage, L 69.
GEEBTZ, JULIUS, born in Hamburg,
April 21, 1837. Genre
painter, pupil in Ham-
burg of the brothers
Gensler, then in 1856-
60 of the Carlsruhe Art
School under Dee Cou-
dres, and, after a short
stay in Munich, of Bu-
" dolph Jordan in Dussel-
dorf ; studied in 1864 in
Paris, visited Brittany
and Holland, and settled in Dusseldorf.
Works : Sour and Sweet, Maternal Joy, The
Student (1867) ; Disturbing Return Home,
Consequences of School-Arrest, Shut In,
Watch on the Rhine (1870) ; Prisoners of
War, At the Menagerie, Criminal after Sen-
tence (1873) ; Organ Grinder, Last Orna-
ment (1874) ; Catehing Flies, Girl with
Bird's Nest, Capitulation (1876) ; Beggar's
Penny (1877).— Blustr, Zeitg. (1874), i. 79 ;
(1875), i. 187; KunstChronik, ix. 342;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, vL 149.
GEFFROY, EDMOND AT\rfl FLOR-
ENTIN, born at Maignelay (Oise), July 29,
1804. Genre painter, pupil of Amaury-
DuvaL Educated a lawyer, but married an
actress and went on the stage. Though he
had considerable success as a painter, he is
best known as an actor. Medals : 3d class,
1840 ; 2d class, 1841 and 1857, Works :
Virgin and Child ; Pierre Corneille ; The
Actor Mirecourt (1840) ; The Members of
the Comedie Francaise (1841), Comedie
Francaise ; Ariadne and Theseus (1844) ;
Moliere and his Characters (1857) ; Sgan-
arelle in the School for Husbands (1863) ;
Members of the Comedie Francaise (1864) ;
Hylas (1868).— Larousse.
GEGENBAUB, JOSEF ANTON VON,
born at Wangen, Wortemberg, March 6,
1800, died in Rome, Jan. 81, 1876. History
painter, pupil of Munich Academy under
Robert von Langer. Studied in Borne, espe-
cially after Raphael, in 1823-26, and after his
return was appointed court-painter to the
King of Wortemberg, for whom (1836-54)
be decorated the royal palace in Stuttgart
with frescos from Wnrtemberg history.
Works: St Sebastian (1820); Two Shep-
herds, First Parents after Loss of Paradise,
Moses striking the Rock (1823-26), Royal
Palace, Stuttgart; Hercules and Omphale,
Stuttgart Gallery ; Cupid and Psyche, As-
sumption, Madonna, Aphrodite, Crucifixion
(1829-35) ; Sleeping Venus and two Satyrs,
Led a, several Aphrodites and Madonnas,
Portraits (1836-56) ; Apollo and Muses,
Bacchus and Ariadne, Venus and Cupid,
Ceres and Jason, J£olus and JSola, Pluto
and Proserpine, Neptune and Thetis, Genii
and Amorettes (all 1860), Royal Palace,
Stuttgart Frescos : Hercules and Omphale
(1826), Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen ;
Jupiter giving Immortality to Psyche, Mar-
riage of Cupid and Psyche, Four scenes
from Life of Psyche, Four Seasons, Aurora
(all in 1826-29), Villa Bosenstein ; Sixteen
scenes from History of Wflrtemberg (1836-
54), Boyal Palace, Stuttgart — Allgem. d.
Biogr., viii. 495 ; Brockhaus, viL 652 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xi 349; Beber-Pecbt, ii. 229.
^abyGoOglC
GEGEItFELT
GEGERFELT, WILHET.M VON, born in
Gothenburg, Sweden; contemporary. Land-
scape painter, member of Stockholm Acad-
emy ; studio in Paris. Works : Wood in
Winter ; Snow Landscape in Sweden ; By
the Sea ; Return of Fishermen ; Swedish
Village ; Landscape in Holland (1877) ; View
on Coast of Normandy (1878) ; Winter
Evening in Sweden, Sunset in Waxholm —
Sweden, Dutch Marine View (1883) ; Village
in Dalecarlia (1884) ; Winter Night near
SUjan (1885).
GEIGER, KAKTi, bom in Vienna, Dec.
14, 1822. History painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under FOhrich, attracted attention
by his talent for composition when only
thirteen, was afterwards much influenced by
Kaulbach. Works : Altarpieces in St. Ste-
phen's, Vienna ; Allegorical Paintings in Pal-
aces of Duke of Coburg and Prince Kinsky,
and Hotel Imperial, ib. — Brockhaus, vii.
682 ; Wurzbach, v. 122.
GEIGER, PETER JOHANN NEPOMUK,
born in Vienna, Jan. 11, 1805, died there,
Oct 29, 1880. History painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy, but formed himself chiefly
by studying the old masters. In 1850 he
accompanied the Archduke Ferdinand Max
to the East Was professor at the Vienna
Academy from 1853 to 1871. Although lit-
tle known to the public at large, he ranks
among the most excellent artists of Austria.
Works : Storming of Malborghetto, Battle
of Lateen, Battle on the Iselberg, Entry of
Archduke Leopold into Brussels, collection
of Emperor of Austria ; Slave Market in
Smyrna, Banquet at a Pasha's, A Ferry,
Castle Miramar, near Trieste. — Brockhaus,
vii. 682 j Kunst-Chronik, xvi 182 ; Wurz-
bach, v. 123.
GEERNAERT, JOZEF, bom at Eecloo,
East Flanders, Aug. 27, 1790, died in Ghent,
March 20, 1859. Flemish school ; history,
genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Ghent
Academy and in Antwerp of Herreyns, and
then in Ghent of Paelinck ; obtained the
first prize in 1818, and a gold medal in
Paris in 1835. Works; Warrior bringing
to his Family the Saver of his Life (1818) ;
Harp Lesson (1820), Seizure for Debt
(1835), Ghent Museum ; Consultation at the
Doctor's, Brussels Museum ; The School-
master, Mechlin Museum ; Doctor's Visit,
Haarlem Museum ; Proposal; Card-Players ;
Painter's Studio ; Peasant Women Resting;
Little Fruit-Thieves ; Return from Kirmess:
Children blowing Soap-Bubbles ; Bride and
Bridegroom ; Return of Fisherman ; Capture
of Count Egmont (1823) ; Durer visiting
Grave of Hubert van Eyck ; Jan Steen and
van Goyen ; Maria Theresa visiting a Poor
Woman (1837).— Biog. nat de Belgique,
vii 557 ; ImmerzeeL i 272 ; Krarnm, ii.
554.
GEKT, AUGUST CHRISTIAN, bom in
Wurzburg, Oct 15, 1835, died in Munich,
Dec. 15, 1868. Landscape painter, pupil of
his father, Andreas (died 1860), and in Mu-
nich of Fritz Bamberger. On his return
from Italy, in May, 1867, he settled at Mu-
nich. Works : Ideal Landscape (1866) ;
View near Polling (1857) ; View in RhOn
Mountains, View near Miltenberg (1857-
58), Munich Art Union ; Rhdn Landscape
(I860); Idyl (1861), Wiesbaden Gallery;
Rainy Day (1861), Sunday Morning on
Kochel Lake (1863), Cologne Art Union;
View in Tyrol Mountains (1862) ; Evening
on the Main (1863) ; Lonely Mountain-Lake,
View in Franconian Switzerland (1864) ;
View in the Campagna (1866), Ruins of
Theatre in Tusculum, Ravine near Tivoli
(1867), Ruins of Aqueduct in Campagna
(1868), Munich Art Union ; Italian Land-
scape (1867), Wurzbach Art Union.— AUgem.
d. Biogr.,viii- 528; Andresen, iii. 207; Kunts-
Chronik, iv. 142 ; Regnet, L 148 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K., vii 197.
GELDER, ARENT or AART DE, bora
at Dordrecht in 1645, died there, or in Am-
sterdam, in 1727. Dutch school ; history
and portrait painter, pupils of Samuel van
Hoogstraten, then for two years (1665-67)
of Rembrandt, whose manner he closely
followed. He was a fine colouriat, fond of
picturesque effects, and had a broad and
^byGoOgk
masterly touch. "Works : Portrait of Peter
the Great, Judah and Thamar, National Mu-
seum, Amsterdam ; An Eastern Prince (1885),
Copenhagen Gallery ; Simeon in the Temple,
Darmstadt Gallery ; Portrait of Old Woman
(1685), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort; Jewish
Bride, Study for Portrait of Old Man, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Ecce Homo (1671),
Dresden Gallery; Judah and Thamar, Vienna
Academy ; Male Portrait, Liechtenstein Gal-
lery, Vienna ; Portrait of a Dutch Admiral,
New York Museum ; Twenty-two Scenes
from Christ's Passion. — Immerzeel, i 273 ;
Kramm, ii. 555 ; De Stuers, 333 ; Vosmaer,
318.
GELDORP (Gualdorp), GORTZICS, born
at Louvain in 1553, died in Cologne in
1616 or 1618. Flemish school ; history and
portrait painter, pupil in Antwerp of Frans
Francken the elder, afterwards of Frans
Pourbus the elder. Entered the service of
the Duke of Terra Nova, with whom he
went to Cologne in 1579. His portraits are
lively in conception, expressive, and finely
coloured ; pictures mostly painted on wood.
Works: Portrait of Jansenius, Aremberg
Gallery, Brussels; Christ on the Cross,
Penitent Magdalen, Madonna (?), Portraits
of Husband and Wife (1572), Male Portrait
(1610), eight others, Cologne Museum ;
Male Portrait (1611), Weimar Museum ; do.
(1628), and Female Portrait, Schwerin Gal-
lery ; Lncretia, Male Portrait, Hermitage,
St Petersburg ; Portraits in Augsburg Gal-
lery, Brera, Milan, Darmstadt (2), Gotha (4),
and Vienna Museums. His son, Melchior
Geldorp (flourished 1620-40), also painted
history and portraits. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
viii. 531 ; Biog. nat. de Belgique, vii. 563 ;
Kramm, ii. 558 ; Merlo, 128.
GELIBERT, JULES BERTBAND, born
at Bagneres-de-Bigorre (Hautes-Pyrenees),
Nov. 26, 1834 Animal painter, pupil of
his father and of Toulouse Academy under
Griffoul-Dorval. Medal, 1869; 2d class,
1883. Works: Wolf attacked by Dogs,
Ballye-Sivry ! (1869); Exit from Kennel
(1872); After the Hunt in Fontainebleau
Forest (1873); Swamp near Belle Croix
(1874); Young Hounds in the Thicket;
Hunting Episode in Scotland, New Ac-
quaintances (1875); Sweet Repose (1878);
Stag heating the Water, The Victors (1880);
Rendezvous, A First Experience (1881);
Taken, In a Mass (1882); Wounded, Alert
(1883); Limehounds, Ready to Start (1884);
Capture of a Young Wolf, Hearing the Dogs
Attack (1886).— Bellier de la Chavignerie,
i. 629.
GELLEE See Claude Lorrain.
GEMMED, HERMANN, born at Barton,
East Prussia, in 1814, died in Kdnigsberg,
March 22, 1868. Architecture painter, pu-
pil of Biermann and of W. Schirmer, be-
came professor at the Kdnigsberg Academy
in 1845, and visited Italy in 1850 and 1855.
Works: Family Hall in Mediaeval Castle
(1855); Chapel of Cardinal Zeno in St.
Mark's ; Baptistery in St. Mark's, Venice. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., viii. 556 ; Dioskuren,
1868, 127 ; Brockhaus, vii. 741.
GENDRON, ATJGUSTE, born in Paris,
March 17, 1817, died there, July 23, 1881.
History and genre painter, pupil of Dela-
roche, studied for several years in Italy
after the old masters, to the detriment of
his originality, and returned to Paris about
1847. Decorated St. Gervais, the Louvre,
Palais de Justice, Hotel Pereire. Medals:
3d class, 1846, 1856 ; 2d class, 1849 ; L. of
Honour, 1855. Works: The Willis and
Sylphids (1844); Boccaccio commenting
upon Dante (1845); The Hone and Nereids
(1846); St Catherine buried by Angels,
After Death (1847); Isle of Cythera, Aulic
Scene (1848); Young Christian Girl con-
verting her Lover (1849); Human Sacrifice
by the Druids (1850), Nimes Museum ; Ve-
netian Fantasy (1850); Tiberius on Isle of
Capri (1852), Marseilles Museum ; Autumn
Evening (1853); Florentine Sunday in 15th
Century (1855), formerly in Luxembourg
Museum ; Burial of Young Venetian Lady
(1859); St Catherine of Alexandria (1863);
Nymphs at the Grave of Adonis (1864); Ti-
berius at Capri, Marseilles Museum ; Man
edbyGoOgk
between two Ages, and bis Two Mistresses,
The Foolish Virgins (1873); Landscape in
Tuscan;, Sacrifice to iEseidapius (1875);
Tribute of Athens to Minotaur (1876); M.
Pnrgon arrive mal-a-propos (1877). — La-
rousse, viii. 1130 ; Meyer, Oesch., 606 ; Mai-
ler, 199 ; Revue des B. Arts (1869), il
GENELLI, BONAVENTUBA, born in
Berlin, Sept 28,
1798, died in Wei-
mar, Not. 13, 1868.
History painter,
pupil of Berlin
Academy under the
influence of his
uncle, the architect -
Hans Christian Ge- ~
nelli lived from
1822 to 1832 in
Borne, and was much influenced by Cars-
tens, Koch, and Thorwaldsen. In 1836 he
removed from Leipsio to Munich, and in
1869 to Weimar by invitation of the Grand
Duke. One of the most ingenious designers
of modern times. Weimar Order of Falcon,
1862. Member of Vienna Academy, 1868.
Works : Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne
(water-colour), Leipsic Museum ; Hercules
playing the Lyre ; FJiezar and Bebekah ;
Jason and Medea robbing the Golden Fleece ;
life of a Libertine (18); Illustration a to Ho-
mer (49); Life of a Witch (10); Illustrations to
Dante (36); Life of an Artist ; JSsop telling
his Fables (water-colour), Leipsic Museum ;
do., and Homer reciting his Songs, Sappho
reciting her Poems, Apollo among the Shep-
herds, Baron Sina, Vienna; Sisyphus led
away by the Youth with the Torch, Acad-
emy, ib.; Colossal Head of Don Quixote;
Lot in Zoar ; Samson and Delilah ; Bebekah
at the Well ; Joseph and Potiphar's Wife ;
Vision of Ezekiel (1869), Rape of Europa
(1860, cartoon to it (1857) in National Gal-
lery, Berlin), Hercules and Omphale, Tri-
umph of Bacchus and Ariadne, Abraham and
the Angels (1862), Battle of Lycurgus (1863,
cartoons to last two in Leipsic Museum),
Drop Curtain with Allegories, Bacchus
among the Muses (1868), Schack Gallery,
Munich ; Abraham and the Angels (water-
colour), Leipsic Museum ; Centaur Family
(1862); Jupiter and Eros on the Wings of
Night (1864), Bacchus among the Pirates
(1868, cartoon, last work), Weimar Museum.
His son, Camillo (1840-67), was a designer
and painter of great promise. — AUgem. d.
Biogr., viii. 662 ; Brockhaus, vii. 750 ; Fdrs-
ter, Denkmale, XH. iii. 29 ; Graph. K, iv. 1 ;
Elustr. Zeitg. (1868), 415 ; Kunst-Chronik,
iii. 141 ; iv. 17 ; Pecht, ii 271 ; Eegnet, i.
159 ; Biegel, Kunststudien, 291 ; Schack,
Meine Gemaldegallerie (1884), 1 ; Land und
Meer (1869), i 351 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K-, v. 1;
xi. 11 ; xii. 26, 90, 122, 217 ; xiii. 116, 184,
221, 2 60, 316, 35 5 ; xviii. 257.
GENEVIEVE, SAINT, Puvis de Cha-
varmen, Church of St. Genevieve (Pantheon),
Paris. St. Genevieve of Paris, who in child-
hood tended sheep, went with others to
meet St. Germain when he came to spend a
night at Nanterre. When the bishop saw
her be was made aware by inspiration of the
sanctity of her character, and hanging round
her neck a medal marked with the cross, he
blessed her as one consecrated to God's
service.
GENGA, GIROLAMO, born at Urbino in
1476, died there, July 11, 1551. Umbrian
school ; pupil of Luca Signorelli, whom he
aided in his frescos in the Duomo of Or-
vieto. Genga afterwards was Perugino's
assistant for three years, and in bis school
became acquainted with Raphael. Painted
in the Palazzo Petrucci, Siena, and then
with Timoteo Vite at Urbino. Afterwards
worked in Borne, Pesaro, and Florence,
both as painter and architect Works: Res-
urrection (1510), Siena Duomo; Madonna,
Brera; Resurrection, S. Caterina da Siena,
Rome ; Holy Family, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
His son, Baxtolommeo Genga (born 1518,
died 1558), was better known as an archi-
tect than as a painter. — Oh. Blanc, Ecole
ombrienne; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xi. 86;
ed. Mil, vi 315 ; Siret, 356 ; Baldinucci,
ii. 93.
edbyG00gk
GfiNISSON
GEN1SSON, VICTOR JULES, born at
St Omer (Pas^e-CaMs) in 1805, died in
1860. Architecture painter. Works: View
in Dominican Monastery at Antwerp (1843) ;
Church Interior {1845}, Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; Burial Chapel at Dreux (1850) ; In-
terior of Collegiate Church at St. Lierre
near Antwerp (1862), Ravenf Gallery,
Berlin ; St Lawrence's at Nuremberg, Stet-
tin Museum.
GENNERICH, OTIO, born in Berlin in
1823. History painter, pupil of Berlin
Academy. Continued his studies in Italy
(1841-12) with Lengerich. After his return
he taught and wrote on perspective. Works :
Gotz von Berlichingen at Heilbronn (1848) ;
Last Will of Great Elector (1852) ; Visit of
Electoral Family of Brandenburg to Re-
mains of Gustavus Adolphus at Wolgast
(1869).— Mailer, 200.
GENOD, MICHEL FHTTJBER T, born
in Lyons, Sept 20, 1796, died there, July
25, 1862. Genre painter, pupil of Revoil,
and one of the best painters born at Lyons.
His pictures are agreeable, true to nature,
and carefully executed. Medal, 2d class,
1819 ; L. of Honour, 1855. Many of his
works have been engraved. Works : Mother
with a Sick Child (1819) ; Father's Blessing,
Hospital Sister (1822) ; Soldier's Farewell
(1824), Lyons Museum ; Young Mother
mourning for her Son (1824) ; Cupid and
Psyche; Prisoners of State under Louis XTCL
(1835) ; Monk in the Pyrenees; The Golden
Wedding (1855) ; The Prisoner (1857) ; The
King Drinks 1 A Painter's Apprentice (1861).
— Larousse.
GENOELS, ABRAHAM, called Archi-
medes, born in Antwerp, May 25, 1640,
died there, May 10, 1723. Flemish school ;
landscape painter, pupil of Jacob BackerelL
and at Bois-le-Duc of Fierlants ; went to
France in 1659, where he was employed by
Lebrun to paint the backgrounds in his Bat-
tles of Alexander the Great, and in 1664 was
made member of the Academy. In 1672
he entered the guild of Antwerp, whither he
returned after having spent the period from
A
1674 to 1682 in Rome, where his knowl-
edge of mathematics acquired him the sur-
name of Archi-
medes. Works:
Minerva and the
Muses, Antwerp
Museum ; Land-
scape, Bruns-
wick Museum.
i — Allgem. d.
t Biogr., viii.569;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole
■• flamande ; Cat.
du Musee d'Anvers (1874), Fetis, Lea Ar-
tistes beiges a l'etranger, i. 215 ;
Rooses (Reber), 414 ; Riegel,
Beitrage, 130 ; Van den Bra
den, 1074
GENSCHOW, GEORG, born at Rostock
in 1829. Landscape painter, pupil of Dfls-
seldorf Academy under Andreas Ache nbach,
and afterwards studied nature in the Bava-
rian Highlands, Switzerland, and the Car-
pathian Mountains ; Lives at Dusseldorf.
Works : Mountain Lake (1853), View in the
Hartz, Mill in the Mountains (1859), Sea-
shore at Sunset (1861), Schwerin Gallery ;
Waterfall in Carpathian Mountains (1862),
Kiel Gallery ; Wood Brook (1864), Fall in
Tatra Mountains ( 1866), Evening Landscape
(1867), Mill on River Erft (1868).— Mailer,
200.
GENSLER, GttNTHER, born in Ham-
burg, Feb. 28, 1803. Portrait painter and
writer on art, studied in Dresden, the Neth-
erlands, and Italy. Works : Two Groups of
Artists (1849 and 1860), Old Art Amateur
(1867), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Assembly of
Hamburg Artists (1859), Cologne Museum ;
Hour of Reat in the Studio (1854), Leipsic
Museum.— Muller, 200.
GENSLER, JAKOB, bora in Hamburg,
Jan. 22, 1808, died there, Jan. 26, 1845.
Genre painter, pupil of Rachau and Gerdt
Hardorff, the elder, then in Eutin of Wilhelm
Tischbein ; went in 1827 to Dresden, and
thence to Munich, where he frequented the
Academy. Visited the Tyrol, then continued
edbyG00gk
liia studies in 1830 at the Vienna Academy,
and returned to Hamburg in 1631. Works :
Hessian Cartmen (1826) ; Tavern in Hartz
Mountains (1830) ; Cartmen before Inn,
Tyrolese Smugglers, Tyrolese Village (1831);
Klosterneuburg on the Danube ; Fishing
Expedition ; Spinning Women of Blanken-
eae ; Coast on Baltic Sea ; Cemetery of Bis-
tort (1837), Eunsthalle, Hamburg ; Blanken-
ese Women at the Well ; Sunday Morning ;
Hay-Harvest ; Boys going to Rifle-match ;
Winter Scene on the Elbe ; Fishermen on
Baltic Sea ; Butch Coast by Moonlight ;
Arrival of Fishermen at Zandvoort ; Fruit-
Harvest — Andresen, iii 42.
GENSLER, MARTIN, born in Hamburg,
May 9, 1811, died there, Dec. 15, 1881.
Genre and architecture painter, pupil of Ra-
chau and of his brother Gflnthor, studied in
1635-36 in Munich. Works : Hall in Si
John's Convent, Hamburg, Flayers of
Draughts in Tavern (1830) ; Silver Foundry
(1631) ; Sacristy (1835), Wanderer asking
for Shelter (1851), Eunsthalle, Hamburg ;
Mediaeval Scholar (1841), Cassel Gallery ;
Praying Knight (1845) ; Hospitable Hearth
(1847); Well in Hospital (1649); Castle
Yard (1650) ; Refugees in Castle (1852) ;
Hospitallers at the Well (1864) ; Repose in
Egypt (1856) ; Fisherman's Dwelling in
Autumn (1856) ; Feeding the Poor at a Con-
vent (1861); Tinker (1862); Fisherman's
Hut on the Elbe (1866) ; Castle Sentinel,
ChristianiaGullery. — Andresen, iii 2; Eunst-
Chronik, xvii. 287.
GENTILE DA FABRIANO. See Rbri-
ano.
GENTBLESCHL ARTEMISIA, born in
Rome in 1590, died in London in 1642.
Florentine school ; daughter and pupil of
Orazio Gentileschi ; also studied at Bologna
under Guido Reni Lived in Naples in
1630-37 ; as famous for her amours as for
her painting. Finally joined her father in
England, where she was well received and
painted many of the royal family and nobil-
ity. Walpole says she was not inferior to
her father in historical painting, and excelled
him in portraits. Among her works are.
Mary Magdalen, Judith, and Judith and
Holofernea, in the Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
Birth of 8t John Baptist, Woman caressing
Pigeons, Madrid Museum ; Her Portrait,
Hampton Court ; Christ among the Doctors,
Historical Society, New York. — Lanzi, L 232;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole florentine ; Walpole, Anec-
dotes, 186 ; Wessely, 17.
GENTTLESCHI, ORAZIO, born in Pisa,
July 9, 1562, died in
London in 1647.
Florentine school.
Real name Lomi,
brother and pupil of
Aurelio Lomi, bat
took name of Genti- 4
leschi from an uncle.
Having mastered the
elements of bis art
under his brother
Aurelio and his uncle Baccio, he went to
Rome, where he formed his style by study
of the great masters, and was employed
upon important works for Clement VITI.,
Paul V., and Cardinals Borghese and Aldo-
brandini. In 1621 went to Genoa, then for
two years to France, and in 1626 to Eng-
land, where he remained till his death, much
esteemed and employed by Charles I., who
gave him a yearly salary. Van Dyck painted
his portrait. Among his works are : Repose
of Holy Family (painted for Charles L), and
a young man's portrait, Louvre ; Joseph and
Potiphar's Wife, Sibyl, Hampton Court;
Madonna and Saints, Moses saved from the
Waters, Madrid Museum ; Adoration of the
Magi, Annunciation, Turin Gallery ; Magda-
len in a Grotto, Flight into Egypt, Vienna
tkratud GpMidCch'L
H0K.ATIVS OCimtESCHVS.
FECIT.
Museum. — Lama, L 232 ; Oh. Blanc, Ecole
florentine.
edbyGoOgk
GENTZ, WILHELM, bom at Neu-Rnp-
pin, Dec. 9, 1822. History and genre paint-
er, pupil in Berlin of ElOber, then in 1845
of the Antwerp Academy, and in 1846-52 in
Paris under Gleyre and Couture ; travelled
in the East and throughout Europe. Mem-
ber of and professor at Berlin Academy.
Great gold medal in Berlin (1876), medals
in Vienna (1873) and Munich (1876).
Works : Christ and Magdalen at Simeon's,
Prodigal Son, Christ among the Pharisees
and Publicans, Chemnitz Museum ; Trans-
portation of Slaves through the Desert, Halt
of Caravan, Stettin Museum ; Camp of Mec-
ca Caravan, Bedouin Camp, Giving Alms in
Cairo, Prayer of Mecca Caravan, Meeting of
Two Caravans (1860-70); Nile Landscape,
Story-Teller at Cairo, Funeral near Cairo
(Dresden Gallery), Village School in Upper
Egypt, Snake Charmer, Coffee -House in
Cairo, Fellah-Houses in Cairo (1870-72);
Entry of German Crown Prince into Jeru-
salem in 1869 (1876), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Grave of Babbi in Algiers, Leipsic
Museum ; Idyl in Thebaid (1883); Evening
on the Nile (1884).— Brockhaus, vii. 785;
Blustr. Zeitg., Mar. 16, 1861; (1873), ii.
123; (1877), L 221 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Ma-
lersoh, 219.
GEOFFROY, JEAN, born at Marennes
(Charente'Inferieure);contemporary. Genre
and portrait painter, pupil of Levasseur,
Allan, and Bin. Medal, 3d class, 1883.
Works : First Lessons (1878); Abandoned,
Unwarranted Resemblance (1879); Resigned
Victim, A Future Scholar, Stirrup-Cup, Great
Culprit (1880); Little Class, Quarter of an
Hour of Rabelais (1881); Afternoon Lunch-
eon, In Quarantine (1882); Hour of Return,
The Unfortunate (1883)-; Basket-Maker,
Sewing Lesson (1884); Review of Scholar
Battalions, Washstand (1885).
GEORGE-MAYER, AUGUST, born
March 28, 1834. Portrait painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy under Rahl, studied then
for some years in Hungary ; one of the best
portrait painters of Vienna. Medal in 1873.
Works : Effect of Wine (1853); Richard HL
(1857); portraits of the actors Wild, Stand.
igL Lowe, Beckmann, Findeisen, Dambock,
of the painter Angeli, of Professor Roki-
tansky, of Count Hoyos, Minister Lasser,
Archduke Louis Victor.— Muller, 201.
GEORGE, ST., AND THE DRAGON.
St George of Cappadocia, the patron saint
of England, was, according to the legend, a
tribune in the army in the time of Diocle-
tian. When on the way to join his legion,
he overcame a terrible dragon, near Selene,
in Libya (or Berytus, Syria, according to
another account), and rescued the king's
daughter, Cleodolinda, who was about to
be sacrificed to appease the beast St
George suffered martyrdom in the persecu-
tion of Diocletian. The combat with the
dragon has been illustrated by nearly all
the great painters.
By Marco Sasaiii, S. Pietro di Oastello,
Venice ; canvas, figures half life-size ; signed,
dated 1520. St George on horseback, fight-
ing dragon ; Princess Cleodolinda in back-
ground holding on to a tree. Close imita-
tion of Carpaccio. Painted by order of
Patriarch Antonio II, Contarini (1508-24).
— Zanotte, Pinac Ven., PL 17 ; C. & 0., N.
Italy, L 270.
By Andrea Sfanlegna, Venice Academy ;
wood, tempera, H. 2 ft x 1 ft St George,
in armour, holding the stump of his lance,
with the dragon at his feet Painted about
1464. Formerly in Palazzo Manfrini. — C
& C, N. Italy, i 387 ; Burckhardt, 578.
By G. A. Pordentme, Quirinal, Rome ;
wood, arched, H. 9 ft x 6 ft 2 in.; signed.
The saint, on horseback, tilts at dragon with
his lance ; background, a landscape with
Cleodolinda kneeling. Formerly in church
at Noale, near Treviso. — C. & C., N. Italy,
ii 287.
By Raphael, Hermitage, St Petersburg ;
wood, transferred to canvas, H. 10} x 8$ in.
St. George in armour, on a white horse,
charges out of the foreground and trans-
fixes the dragon with his lance ; background,
a wilderness with a cave to the right, and
Cleodolinda kneeling in prayer ; behind her
^byGoOgk
a landscape with two towers in distance.
Painted in Florence in 1606 ; presented by
Ouidobaldo L, Duke of Urbino, to Henry
VIL of England, in return for the insignia
of the Garter ; registered in inventories of
Henry V1IL and Charles I, after whose
death sold for £150 ; afterwards in Paris in
possession of Marquis de Sourdis, and of
M, de la Noue, who paid 500 pistoles for it
In Muses Napoleon in 1802. Engraved by
L. Vorsterman ; Des Granges ; N. de Lar-
messin. Tapestry made at Mortlalce in time
of Charles L and at Irnham, Lincolnshire.
Sketch in the TJffizi, Florence ; engraved by
Vorsterman from a copy. — C. & C, Raph-
ael, L 278 ; Archsologia, 298 ; Felibien, En-
tretiens, i. 228 ; Landon, Musee, iii. PL 15.
By Raphael, Louvre ; wood, H. 12 in. X 10
in, St George in armour, on a gray horse,
gallops into the foreground, and having
broken his lance upon the dragon, is about
to despatch him with his sword ; in the dis-
tance, Cleodolinda starts in flight, with
St- Gotta* und th* Ongoii, R»|>h*»l. Hurmtb^t, Si. Patanburf.
arms extended ; background, a beautiful
landscape of trees and rocks. Painted in
Perugia in 1604. Belonged to Cardinal
Mazarin ; bought of his heirs for Louis XIV.
th* Dragon, Raphttl. Louvre.
(C. & C.) ; but Villot says it was in the col-
lection of Francis L, and thinks it the pict-
ure cited by Lomazzo (i. 48), as painted for
the Duke of Urbino in 1506. Study in the
UffizL Engraved by N. Larmessin ; Vorst-
erman ; J. L. Petit — C. A C, Raphael, i.
206; Passavant, iL 22; MOntz, 110; Cab.
Crozat, i PL 16 ; Musee royal, i ; Landon,
Musee, iv. PL 62 ; Villot, Cat Louvre ; Fil-
hol, L PL 19.
By Tintoretto, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 5 ft. 2 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Princess
Cleodolinda kneels in foreground ; in mid-
dle distance a dead body, and beyond on
the hillside St George on horseback driving
the dragon into the sea ; in background a
castle, and a golden sky with glory of an-
gels. Splendid colour and masterly treat-
ment ; painted with the inspired freedom of
an improvisation. Bequeathed in 1831 by
Eev. W. H. Carr.— Richter, Italian Art in
Nat Gal., 86.
By Tintoretlo, Hermitage, St Petersburg.
The saint, armed and on horseback, attacks
the dragon, near which lies the body of a
edbyG00gk
man killed by the monster ; to right, in
background, St Alexander, and beyond a
building. Presented to Emperor Alexander
I. by M. Narisckkine. — Cat. Hermitage, 64
By Tintoretto, Palazzo Ducale, Venice ;
canvas, about H. 6 ft x 8 ft The princess
M.Myrdo..! of St. G*DIf(, PlOlO VtroniH, S. Giorjjm Mlflio'l,
sits astride on the dragon's neck, holding
him by a silken bridle; St George, in
armour, stands behind, holding his hands
over her head ; on the right a monk, stand-
ing, looking gravely on. Study in Palazzo
Manfrini. A similar picture at Hampton
Court — Buskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 296 ;
Law, Hist Cat Hampton Court, 54.
By Bartolommeo Vioarini, Berlin Museum;
wood, H. 1 ft 2 in. x 2 ft 2 in.; signed,
dated 1485. Saint on horseback engaged
with dragon ; Cleodolinda in distance. — C.
& C, N. Italy, i. 47.
GEORGE, ST., MARTYRDOM OP, Paolo
Veronese, S. Giorgio Maggiore, Verona ;
canvas. St George, kneeling, with eyes
raised to heaven, is insensible to the exhor-
tations of the priest of Apollo, who points to
the image of the god ; behind, an execu-
tioner with his sword ; in front, an-
other trying to place the saint in a po-
sition to be decapitated ; two mount-
ed men and other soldiers look on ;
above, the Virgin and Child, with SS.
Peter and Paul, and Faith, Hope, and
Charity, surrounded by angels and
cherubim, one of whom bears the
palm of martyrdom and the crown
to St George. Painted about 1568
for S. Giorgio, Verona; carried to
Paris in 1799 ; returned in 1815.
It was probably finished by Vero-
nese's pupils.— Land on, Musee, xii
PI. 9 ; Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 85.
GEORGES-SAUVAGE, ATJG-
TJSTE ALBERT, born at Caen (Cal-
vados) ; contemporary. Genre and
portrait painter, pupil of Gerdme
and Lecomte du Nouy. Medal, 3d
class, 1879. Works: Greek Cour-
tesan (1874) ; Lyrical Debut (1875);
Beheading of St John (1876) ; Gaul
Sentinels (1877) ; Cradle of a Spar-
tan (1878) ; St Jerome in the DeBert
(1880) ; Death of Gaudri, Bishop
of Laon (1882) ; Fishermen at the
Inn (1883) ; The Victors of Vester-
'•">"■■ day (1884) ; Mending Nets (1885).
GERARD, FRANCOIS PASCAL, Baron,
born in Rome.
March 14, 1770,
died in Paris,
Jan. 11, 1887,
French school ;
history and por-
trait painter, pu-
pil of the sculp-
tor Pajou, of
t Brenet, and of
' David ; won the
2d prix de Borne in 1789 with his Joseph
edbyGoOgk
discovering Himself to his Brethren, now in
the Angers Museum. In 1792, after a short
stay in Rome, he settled in Paris, and was
assigned a studio in the Louvre, but his rep-
utation was not established until 1600, when
Napoleon appointed him his official portrait
painter. He executed many important works
under the Empire, and was patronized by
Louis AVJUL, Charles X, and Louis Philippe.
Member of the Institute, 1812 ; L. of Hon-
our, Order of Si Michael ; first painter to
the king, 1817 ; and in 1819 was created a
baron. Works : Beliaarius ; Entry of Henri
IV. into Paris (replica), Psyche and Cupid
(1798), Daphnis and ChloB (1824), Victory
and Fame, History and Poetry, portrait of
Isabey (1796), do. of Canova, do. of Charles
X., Louvre, Paris ; The Three Ages (1808) ;
Battle of AiaterlUt (1810), Entry of Henri
IV. into Paris (1817), Philippe V. of France
called to the Throne of Spain (1824), Coro-
nation of Charles X. (1827), Proclamation at
the Hotel de Ville in Paris (1836), Signing
the Concordat, portraits of Joachim Murat,
Madame Bonaparte, Empress Josephine,
Empress Marie Louise and the King of
Rome, Charles X., Due de Berri, Duchesse
de Berri and Children, Versailles Museum
The Three Ages (1806), Naples Museum
Sappho (1810), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Corinne at Cape Misenum (1819), Lyons
Museum ; Napoleon in Coronation Robes,
Dresden Museum ; Plague at Marseilles,
Sanitary Department of Marseilles ; portrait
of Ia Reveillfire Lepeaux, Angers Museum ;
do. of Louis XVIII., Toulouse, Marseilles,
and Ajaccio Museums ; do., Hatfield House,
London ; Christ descending upon Earth and
scattering Darkness (1837, last work), Or-
leans Museum; portraits of Napoleon (1808),
Josephine, Queen of Naples (1810), King of
Two Sicilies, Duke of Montebello (1812),
Empress Marie Louise (1811), King of Rome
(1814), Comte d'Artois, Due d 'Orleans (1819),
Duchesse d'Orleans (1819), Due de Char-
tres (1822), Duchesse de Berri (1624), Due
de Bordeaux (1824), Due de Dalniatie
(1826), Madame Pasta (1826).— Bellier de
la Chavignerie, i. 636 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole
francaise ; Meyer, Oesch., 96 ; Villot, Cat,
^jerard
Louvre ; Lejeune, Guide, L 397 ; Zeitscbr.
f. b. K-, xx. 256.
GERHARDT, EDUARD, born at Erfurt,
April 29, 1813. Landscape and architecture
painter, studied from 1837 in Munich, where
he settled in 1851 after ten years spent in
Italy, Spain, and England. Works : Views
of Cologne Cathedral (1838); Views in Ven-
ice ; Views in the Alhambra ; San Udefonso ;
Gardens of Generalife ; Carmo Church in
Lisbon ; Cintra ; S. Marco and S. Maria
della Salute in Venice ; North View of Al-
hambra ; Moonlight in Spanish Town ; Pal-
ace of Inquisition at Cordova (1863), Lion's
Court of Alhambra, Interior of St Mark's
in Venice, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Lion
Court in the Alhambra, Palazzo Moro, and
Palazzo Vendramin, at Venice, The Genera-
life at Granada, Comares Tower of the Al-
hambra, Schack Gallery, ib. — Brockhaus, vii.
829 ; Mailer, 201.
GERICAULT, JEAN LOUIS ANDKfi
th£odoke,
born at Rouen,
Sept 26, 1791,
died in Paris,
Jan. 18, 1824.
History and ani-
mal painter, pu-
pil of Carle Ver- ,
net and of Ouij-
rin. In 1817,
after serving in
the army three
years, he went to Italy and studied in Rome
and Florence. His Raft of the Medusa
(1819, Louvre) was loudly denounced by
the critics on account of its bold realism ;
but its exhibition in London brought the
painter 20,000 francs and on his return to
Paris a gold medal. He executed after-
wards many studies in crayon and water-
ed byGoOglC
colour, anil many lithographs ; also mod-
elled for sculpture. Works : Raft of the
Medusa (1819), Officer of the Imperial Guard
Charging (1812), Wounded Cuirassier lie-
treating (1814), The Derby at Epsom (1821),
A Carbineer, The Plaster Kiln, Turkish Horse
in a Stable, Spanish Horse in a Stable, Five
Horses in a Stable, Louvre ; Portrait of Lord
Byron, Two Horses in a Stable, Montpellier
Museum ; Others in Grenoble, Rouen, Nan-
tes, Chalon-sur-Saone, Aix, and Avignon Mu-
seums ; Wreck of the Medusa, Historical
Society, New York ; Village Smithy, Child
feeding a Horse (exhibited in 1824, after
his death); Cavalry Charge, Still Life, B.
Wall, Providence. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole fran-
caise, iii.; Villot, Cat. Louvre; Lejeune,
Guide, i. 324 ; Chesneau, Peinture fran-
caise (Paris, 1883); Gaz. des B. Arts (1874),
ix. 72.
GERINI, LORENZO, Florentine school,
beginning of 15th century. Son of Niccolft
Gerini and equally mediocre. A fair painter
among the third-rates, and of considerable
practice. His most important work is the
Coronation of the Virgin, an altarpiece with
predella, painted in 1440, in S. Domenico,
Cortona.— C. & C, Italy, ii. 23.
GERINI, NICCOLO DI PIETRO, Flor-
entine school, 14th century, died after 1401.
He was a careful and diligent painter, but
in colour wanting force and fusion. In his
frescos he continued the school of Taddeo
Gaddi, hut, as compared with Agnolo Gaddi
and Spinello, his painting is lifeless and
third-rate. His earliest and most important
work is a series of frescos in the Convent of
S. Francesco, Pisa, dated 1392.— C. & C,
Italy, ii. 19; Ltlbke, Gesch. itaL MaL, i.
151 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii 197, N. 1.
GERINO DA PISTOJA, TJmbrian school
(1502-29). Vasari says he was a friend of
Pinturicchio, a diligent eolourist, and a fol-
lower of Perugino. His Virgin of Succour
(1602) in S. Agostino, Borgo S. Sepolcro,
shows that be was a fair copyist of his mas-
ter when he painted it. His Madonna and
Saints (1509), S. Pietro Maggiore, Pistoja,
is a mixture of Perugino, Pinturicchio, and
Raphael. He grew feeble later ; his Ma-
donna and Saints (1529), TTffizi, Florence,
is gray and dull with none of his early rich-
ness of tint.— C. & C, Italy, iii. 349 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole ombrienne ; Vasari, ed. Le
Mon., v. 276.
GERMANICUS, TRIUMPH OF, Karl
von PUoty, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 17
ft. 8 in. x 24 ft 6 in. Triumphal entry into
Roma accorded by Tiberius to Germanicus,
a-d. 17, after his victory over the Germans
on the Elbe, in which he recovered the
eagles lost by Varus (Tae. An,, ii. 41).
Thusnelda, wife of Anninius, leading by
the hand her little boy Thumelicus, walks
in the procession, while Segestes, her father,
through whose treachery she had fallen in-
to the hands of the Romans, sits near Ger-
manicus as an ally. Painted in 1873 ; sold
for 35,000 florins. Replica, Mrs. A. T.
Stewart, New York. — Art Treas. of Amer.,
i. 26.
GER6ME> JEAN LEON, born in VesouL
May 11, 1824 His-
tory and genre
painter, pupil of
Paul Delaroche,
whom he accompa-
nied to Rome, and
of Gleyre after his
K return from Italy.
1 Failed to obtain the
I prix de Rome, hut
obtained a 3d class
medal for his Cock Fight in 1847, and in-
creased his reputation by bis Anacreon in
the following year. Then visited Russia,
where he painted a successful picture of
Russian Musicians, and Egypt, whence he
brought back valuable material afterwards
treated (1857). Since this period he has
ed by Google
painted a variety of subjects ancient and
modern, which have gained him a place as
one of the best-known modern French
painters. Gerfime has also exhibited sev-
eral sculptured groups, and has executed
mural paintings for the city of Paris, among
them the Plague at Marseilles in St Severin.
Medals: 3d class, 1847; 2d class, 1848,
1855; of honour, 1867, 1874, 1878; for
sculpture, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1855 ; On-
cer, 1867 ; Commander, 1878 ; Member of
Institute, 1865. Professor in £cole des
Beaux Arts, 1863. Works: Cock Fight
(1847), Luxembourg Museum ; Madonna
and St John (1848); Anacreon with Bac-
chus and Cupid (1848), Toulouse Museum ;
Bacchus and Cupid Intoxicated (1850), Bor-
deaux Museum ; Greek Interior, Souvenir
of Italy (1851); View of Ptestum (1852); An
Idyl (1853); Russian Concert, Age of Au-
gustus (1855), Amiens Museum ; Egyptian
Recruits crossing the Desert, Memnon and
Sesostris, Camels at Watering-Place (1857);
Gladiators saluting Ceesar, King Candaxdea
(1859); Phryne before the Tribunal, Alcibi-
ades in House of Aspasia, Rembrandt Etch-
ing (1861); Prisoner (1868), Nantes Muse-
um ; Reception of Siamese Ambassadors at
Fontaioebleau, Prayer (1865) ; Cleopatra and
Csesar, Door of Mosque of El Hacamyn
(1866); Slave Market, Clothing Merchant,
Death of Csesar (1867); Seventh of Decem-
ber, 1815 (1868); Jerusalem, Cairo Pedlar,
Promenade of the Harem (1869); Rex Tibi-
cen, Santon at the Door of a Mosque, Wom-
en at the Bath (1876); St Jerome, Turk-
ish Bath, Bashi-Bazouks Dancing, Return
from the Chase (1878); Slave Market in
Borne, Night in the Desert, Donee du Baton
(1884); Great Bath at Brusa (1885). Works
in United States: Female Figure, T. A.
Havemeyer, New York ; Abyssinian Chief,
Sheik at Devotions — Ancient Mosque in
Cairo, Miss C. L. Wolfe, lb.; Slave Market,
A. Belmont, ib. ; Eminence Grise (1874),
Mbti&re Breakfasting with Louis XIV., J. H
Stebbins, ib.; Arabs in Desert, W. Rocke-
feller, ib.; Death of Gcesar (1867), J. J. Ali-
tor, ib.; After the Both, William Aster, ib.;
Prayer in the Desert, L Corse, ib.; Bull-
Fighter, Guard of Louis XIV., T. R. Butler,
ib. ; Suake-Charmer, Albert Spencer, ib.;
Arab Seated, Mrs. Paran Stevens, ib. ; Cru-
cifixion, Frank Work, New York ; Bonaparte
in Egypt, Call to Prayer, R. L Kennedy, ib.;
Pifierari in London, J. C. Runkle, ib. ; Muez-
zin's Call to Prayer, J. W. Drexel, ib. ; Dante
at Ravenna, M. f\. Jesup, ib.; Runners of
the Pasha, B. L. Stuart, ib.; Cleopatra before
Caesar (1866), Diogenes, D. O. Mills, ib.;
Woman of Syria, C P. Huntington, ib.;
Street Scene in Cairo, Playing Chess, C. S.
Smith, ib.; Turkish Butcher-Boy (1863),
Dance of the Almeh (1864), J. Hoey, ib.;
Louis XIV. and the Grand Conde, Asking
Alms in a Mosque, Sword Dance, Bashi-Ba-
zouk, W. H. Vanderbilt, ib. ; "One Collabora-
tion, Circus Maximus, Gladiators, Mrs. A. T.
Stewart, ib. ; Syrian Shepherd, H. Probas-
co, Cincinnati ; Circassian Girl, H. V. New-
comb, New York ; Oriental Woman, Leland
Stanford, San Francisco ; Sword Dance in
the Cafe, C. Crocker, ib. ; Arnaut Soldier,
Mrs. W. P. Wilstach, Philadelphia ; Almebs
playing Checkers, Mrs. T. A. Scott, ib.;
Old Clothes Dealer in Cairo, H. C. Gibson,
Philadelphia; On the Desert, Diogenes
(1860), Christian Martyrs (1883), Duel after
the Masquerade (1857), W. T. Walters, Bal-
timore ; Csesar Dead, Corcoran Gallery,
nrrDOMt Washington. — Claretie,
*lutKvrqt PemtMg (18W)| „ a7 .
Meyer, Gesch., 676 ; Montrosier, Artistes
modernes ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1868), xxiv.
147 ; (1876), xiv. 218, 334 ; Portfolio (1875),
82 ; Hamerton, French Painters.
GERRIT VAN HAARLEM. See Chert-
gen van SinfrJans.
GERRY, SAMUEL L, born in Boston in
1813. Landscape and genre painter, self-
taught ; has travelled and studied nature in
Europe, especially in France, Switzerland,
and Italy ; studio in Boston. One of
foundation members and early president
of the Boston Art Club. Works : Land of
Beulah ; Over the River ; Bridal Tour of
^abyGoOglC
John and Priscilla Alden ; Artist's Dream ;
American Tourists ; Pasture Gate.
GERTNER, JOHAN VILHELM, bora at
Nyboder, Copenhagen, May 10, 1818, died
in Copenhagen, March 29, 1871. Genre
and portrait painter, pupil of Copenhagen
Academy, painted at first also landscapes
and interiors. Member of Copenhagen
Academy in 1850 ; professor. Medal in
1843. Works: Thorvaldsen's Studio at
Charlotte nborg (1836), Shepherd driving his
Flock (1838), Portrait of his Mother (1846),
Copenhagen Gallery ; Portraits of Thorvald-
sen (1840), Provost Trydes (1843), DahL
Eckersberg (1850), Count Moltke, Banker
Gedalia (1859), King Frederik VIL (1861),
Count Frys von Frysenberg; The Two
Friends.— Weilbach, 200.
GERONG, MATTHIAS, bom at Nurd-
lingen, Bavaria, flourished in Neuburg, Lau-
ingen, and Augsburg about middle of 16th
century. German school ; history painter,
perhaps pupil of Hans Burgkmair the
younger. Works : Camp of Charles V. near
Lauingen (1551), Town Hall, Lauingen ;
Story of Paris, Destruction of Troy (1540) ;
St Lawrence, St. Cyriacus, Stadel Gallery,
Frankfort; Justicia dormit (1543), Carlsruhe
Gallery ; Series of Scenes from the Apoc-
alypse (1544). — Allgem. d. Biogr., iz. 75 ;
Kunstblatt (1841), 430 j (1851), 431 ; Na-
gler, Moil, it. 569, 573 ; Zeitechr. f. b. K,
iv. 359.
GERVEX, HENRI, born in Paris in
1848. History and
genre painter, pu-
pil of Cabanel,
Brisset, and Fro-
mentin. Medals :
2d class, 1874,
1876. Works:
Satyrplaying with
a Bacchante
(1874), Luxem-
bourg Museum ;
Diana and Endymion (1875) ; Autopsy in
the Hospital, In the Woods (1876) ; Com-
i at Church of Trinity, My Friend
Brispot (1877); Return from the Ball (1879)-,
Souvenir of the 4th of December (1880);
Civil Marriage (1881), Mayor's Office of 19th
District, Paris ; Reservoir of La Villette
(1882); The Department of Charities (1883);
First Communion (1884) ; Meeting of the
Jury on Painting (1885).
GESELSCHAP, EDUARD, born in Am-
sterdam, March 22,
1814, died in Dnssel-
r dorf, Jan. 5, 1878. Genre
painter, pupil in Wesel
of Welsch, then in 1834
-41 of Dusseldorf Acad-
' emy under Schadow.
First painted romantic
genre and history, after-
wards scenes of do-
mestic life, with great
poetic charm, and soon ranked among the
foremost artists of Dnsseldorf. Member of
Amsterdam Academy. Works : Faust in
his Study (1839) ; Fiancee at Grave of her
Lover (1840) ; Gotz von Berlichingen before
Council of Heilbronn (1842) ; Death of Val-
entine (1844) ; Romeo and Juhet (1845) ;
Entombment (1846) ; Herodias with Head
of St. John (1847) ; Adoration of Magi,
Finding of Body of Gustavus Adolpbus
(1848) ; Night Camp of Wallenstein's Sol-
diers in Old Church (1849) ; Christmas
Presents (1850) ; St. Nicholas' Eve (1852) ;
Grandmother's Bible, Children's Bath on
Saturday, Old Woman at Spinning Wheel
Grandfather rocking Grandson to Sleep ;
St. Martin's Eve (1862), Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; Singing School (1867), Musical Even-
ing Party (1867), Maternal Joy (1868), Co-
logne Museum ; Christmas Morn, Stockholm
Museum ; Endangered Meal, Stettin Mu-
seum ; Mother's Birthday; Evening Service.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 86; Eunst-Ohronik,
xiii. 258; Wolfg. Mailer, DOsseldorfer KstL,
272 ; Wiegmsnn, 304.
GESSL FRANCESCO, bora in Bologna,
Jan. 20, 1588, died in 1649. Bolognese
school ; pupil of Cftlvaert and of Cremonini;
afterwards of Guido, whose assistant he was.
edbyG00gk
together with Sementi, in his great works
in Ravenna, Naples, and Mantua. Some of
his earlier pictures nearly approach the
cellence of his master, but hia facility of
execution led him to abuse his talents, and
his later works show the coldness of a man-
nerist. He had a well-attended school at
Bologna. Many of hia pictures are in Bo-
logna, e.g., St Francis receiving the Stig-
mata, Madonna, Christ praying to the East,
Holy Family and Angels, St. Bonaventura,
Madonna with Angels, in the Finacoteca ;
Martyrdom of St Catharine, in S. Caterina
Madonna and Saints, in S. M della Cariti
St Francis at the Nunziata. Other works :
St Francis, Estense Gallery, Modena ; Cu-
pid, Madrid Museum ; Madonna with Saints,
Brera, Milan ; Morpheus appearing to Hal-
cyon, Vienna Museum ; Magdalen, Dresden
Museum ; Diana and Actseon, Stuttgart Gal-
lery ; Infant Christ, Christ crowned with
Thorns, Stockholm Museum. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole bolonaise ; Burckhardt, 764 ; Gual-
andi, Guida, 117, 135 ; Malvasia, ii 243 ;
Lanzi, Hi. 97.
GESSNER, SALOMON, born in Zurich,
April 1, 1730, died there, March 2, 1788.
German school. Well-known Swiss poet
Landscape painter, self-taught ; began to
paint in Berlin, where he was sent in 1749
to learn the book trade. Later in Hamburg,
and on his return home, he devoted himself
alternately to poetry and painting, and to
the latter art exclusively after 1765. Works:
Well in the Woods, Dreamer, Arcadian Well,
Fisherman, Zurich Gallery. His son, Koti-
rad, painted with some reputation in Eng-
land and Scotland. Works : Cavalry Skir-
mish (2), View in Park (2), Driving up Hill,
Horses Grazing, Zurich Gallery. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., ix. 122 j Kugler (Crowe), ii. 56a
GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF, Peter F.
Rothermel, Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park,
Philadelphia ; canvas, H. 19 ft x 33 ft
Painted in 1871 for State of Pennsylvania ;
$25,000.— Art Journal (1872), 20.
GEYER, ALE XIUS, born in Berlin in
1826, died there, July 16, 1883. Landscape
painter, pupil of Berlin, Munich, and Dres-
den Academies ; studied then several years
in Rome and Paris, and travelled for ten
years through Italy, Greece, the East, and
the greater part of Germany, Switzerland,
Belgium, and Holland. Works : Ten pict-
ures for King Frederick William IV. ; Series
for Archaeological Museum in Rome; Cyclo-
rama of the Bosphorus ; do. of the Nile ;
Termini ; Civita Lavigna ; View in Volsker
Mountains ; Palermo ; Arabian Landscape.
— Brockhaus, viii. 7 ; Mailer, 203.
GEYER, JOHANN, born at Augsburg,
Jan. 1, 1807, died there, Nov. 26, 1875.
Genre painter, pupil of Augsburg art-school
and of Munich Academy under Clemens
Zimmennann ; visited France and Belgium,
and was from 1838 until 1865 professor at
the Polytechnic Schoolin Augsburg. Treated
rococo genre scenes with exquisite humour,
and represented stuffs, especially satin, with
great skill Works: Consilium Medicum,
End of Masked Ball, Physician feeling Lady's
Pulse, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Concert
Rehearsal ; Christening Feast, Menagerie
(1835), Leipsio Museum ; Frightened Watch-
man ; Quarrelling Ministrants ; Capuchin *s
Sermon in Wallenstein's Camp ; Council of
Augsburg receiving Louis the Bavarian
(1844), Town Hall, Augsburg ; Painter and
Doorkeeper (1846) ; Fornarina in Raphael's
Studio; Reception of a Prince in Small
Town, Hanover Gallery ; Charles V. in Ti-
tian's Studio (1850) ; Betrothal (1852) ;
Anteroom of a Prince (1856) ; Opening of
Will (1857), Seizure of a Patrician (1863),
Bremen Gallery ; Giitz von Berlichingen
(1859), Erfurt Gallery ; Duke of Alva at
Castle Rudolstadt, Prague Gallery. — Brock-
haus, viii. 7 ; Kunst-Chronik, xi. 193.
GEYLING, RUDOLF, born in Vienna in
1840. Genre painter, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy under Ruben and Wurzinger ; Bpent
some time in Italy, and settled in Vienna.
Works: Homeward Journey with Siegfried's
Body (1868) ; Playing Amorettes ; Floren-
tine Girl ; Interior of Peasant's Yard ; In-
terior of Convent ; Sacrilegists, Vienna
^byGoOgk
Academy; Peasant Woman in Studio; Labor
in Tain ; View in Siena,— Mtffler, 204 ;
Zeitao.hr., xiii. 376.
GHENT, JUSTUS OP. See Justus ol
Ghent.
GHERARDO DALLE NOTTL See
HonthoreL
GHERINGH, ANTON, died at Antwerp
in 1668. Flemish school ; architecture
painter, master of the guild at Antwerp in
1662. Works: Church Interior (1664),
Dresden Museum ; Interior of Jesuit Church
at Antwerp (1663), Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
da (1665), Vienna Museum ; do., Madrid
Museum.— Booses (Reber), 435 ; Van den
Bronden, 1035.
GHIRLANDAJO, BENEDETTO BI-
GORDI called, bom in Florence in 1458,
died there, July 17, 1497. Florentine
school. Brother of Domenico Ghirlandajo,
for whom he chiefly worked during the great
painter's lifetime. To this mediocre paint-
er, who lived several years in France, and
was richly recompensed by the king, are
ascribed a Resurrection, Berlin Museum ;
St Lucy, in S. M. Novella, Florence ; and a
Christ on the way to Golgotha, Louvre. —
C. & C, Italy, iii. 518 ; Vasari, ed. Le Hon.,
xL 284
GHIRLANDAJO, DAVID BIGORDI
called, born in Florence, March 14, 1452,
died there in 1525. Florentine school
Brother of Domenico and Benedetto ; mas-
ter in guild of Florence when Domenico
died. He was a mere mechanical work-
man, with little talent, but superior to Bene-
detto. Employed himself chiefly with mo-
saics. David assisted his nephew Ridolfo
in painting the Madonna della Misericordia,
S Felice, Florence.— C. & C, Italy, iii 520 ;
Burckhardt, 639.
GHIRLANDAJO, DOMENICO, born in
Florence in 1449, died there, Jan. 11, 1494
Florentine school. Real name Domenico di
Tommaso Curradi di Dosso Bigordi ; took his
surname from his father, a goldsmith, who
was called Ghirlandajo (garland-maker) from
the wreaths of gold and silver, worn as head-
ornaments, which he made. Domenico's
earliest recorded works were painted about
1480, before
which he had
perhaps re-
'' ceived in-
struction from
Alesso Baldo-
vinetti, and
had learned
v m u c h by
j •. studying the
masterpieces
of Masaccio at the Carmine. He began his
career by decorating the Vespucci chapel
in the Ogni Santi, Florence, with a series
of frescos, now destroyed, of whose quality
a St Jerome in the church and a Last
Supper in the refectory give no very high
idea. In those representing the Apothe-
osis of Si Zanobius, the Madonna, and sev-
eral Roman heroes afterwards executed in
1481 in the Sala dell' Orologio, Palazzo Veo-
chio, the style is still unformed, though ad-
vance in technic is manifest. Called to Rome
by Sixtus IV. in 1482, Ghirlandajo painted
the Calling of Peter and Andrew upon the
walls of the Sistine Chapel (finished before
1484), in which he showed himself a fol-
lower of Masaccio in composition. The dig-
nity of the Saviour, the somewhat formal
though varied grouping of the attendant
figures, and the vast landscape which fills
the background combine to form an impres-
sive and effective picture. In his next work,
the frescos in the Chapel of S. Fins, San
Gemignano (before 1485), Ghirlandajo mani-
fested a hitherto unrepealed grace and ten-
derness, especially in that which represents
the body of the Saint lying on a bier. After
painting a Last Supper in the Convent of 8.
Marco, Florence, which is little varied from
his first in the Ogni Santi, Ghirlandajo exe-
cuted the frescos of the Life of St. Francis
(1485) in the Sassetti Chapel, S. Trinita,
Florence, in which he gave the whole meas-
ure of his admirable powers. Here land-
scape and architectural backgrounds with
edbyG00gk
GHIRLANDAJO
local features are used to Bet off groups of
figures conceived in a spirit of noble real-
ism ; the compositions are formed in the
spirit of Masaccio ; the heads, man; of them
portraits, are drawn with the accurate and
faithful pencil of a Holbein. In the por-
traits of the donors, Francesco Saasetti and
his wife Nava, Ohirlandajo equalled the great
German master in truth, in character, and
in modelling. The altarpiece of this chapel,
an Adoration of the Shepherds (1485), is now
in the Florence Academy. Even more im-
portant than the frescos at S. Trinita are
those of the Life of the Virgin (1490) in the
choir of & M. Novella. Among them, the
Birth of the Virgin is a typical example of
Ghirlandajo's style. Of the former altar-
piece of this chapel, the Munich Gallery pos-
sesses the Madonna appearing to St Domi-
nic and other Saints, together with side-
panels of Saints Catherine and Laurence ;
and the Berlin Museum the Resurrection of
Christ and Saints. Other works by Ghir-
landajo are, a Madonna with Saints, and a
predella, sacristy of 3. Martino, Lucca ; Ma-
donna with Saints and Adoration of the Magi
(1487), Adoration of Shepherds (1485, Uffizi),
Florence ; Madonna with Saints, Academy,
ib. ; Adoration of the Magi (1488), Chapel of
the Hospital of the Innocenti, ib.; Christ in
Glory, Palazzo Publico, Volterra ; Visitation
(1491), Louvre ; St Anthony, Hew York
Museum.— C. A C, Italy, it 459 ; Vasari,
ed. Mil, iii. 253, 279 ; Dolime, 2L
GHIRLANDAJO, BIDOLFO BIGORDI
called, born in Flor-
ence, Feb. 14, 1483,
died there in 1561.
Florentine school ; son
of Domcnico; brought i
up under guardianship f
of his uncle, David.
Vasari says he studied &■
under Fra Bartolom-
meo, but he was prob-
ably most indebted for
guidance in art to Granacci, Piero di Cosi-
mo, and perhaps Roaselli. His Procession
of Christ and the Marys to Calvary, in Pa.
lazzo Antinori a 9. Gaetano, Florence, and
his Coronation of the Virgin (1504), Louvre,
are among his earliest works. Later works
show the influence of Fra Bartolommeo and
of Raphael, as the Nativity, Berlin Museum;
Nativity, Eezterhazy Collection, Vienna; and
a predella in the Oratory of Bigallo, Flor-
ence. Raphael had great esteem for his
talent, and vainly tried to persuade him to
join him in Rome in 1508, as Bidolfo was
satisfied with his success in Florence. His
skill reached its highest point in his richly-
coloured, well-composed, and expressive St
Zanobius raising a Dead Child, and the Bur-
ial of St Zanobius, Uffizi, Florence. His
Madonna dropping her Girdle to St Thom-
as is in the church at Prato, and M. della
Misericordia in S. Felice, Florence. Ridolfo
became the most noted painter of his time
in Florence, where he executed many com-
missions for the Medici — C. & C, Italy, iii.
518 ; Vasari, ed. Le Hon., xi. 284 J Mar-
ches!, ii. 141 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole florentine.
GHISOLFI (Grisolfi), GIOVANNI, horn
in Milan in 1632, died there in 1683. Bo-
man school ; architecture, landscape, and
history painter, pupil in Rome of Salvator
Rosa ; esteemed as a painter of architecture,
he devoted himself after his return to Milan
to large histories and altarpieces, and ex-
ecuted frescos for the Certosa of Pavia and
the Santuario of Varese. Works : Ruins of
Carthage, Ruins of Splendid Buildings,
Ships in a Seaport, Dresden Museum ;
Ruins (2), National Gallery, Edinburgh.
GIACOMELLI, HECTOR, born in Paris
of foreign parents; contemporary. Bird
and flower painter in water-colours. L. of
Honour, 1878. Works : Birds and Flowers
(1878, 1879); Wounded (1879); Perch in a
Cage, Farniente (1883).
GIACOMOTTI, FELK HENRL born at
Quingey (Doubs), Nov. 18, 1828. French
school ; genre and portrait painter, pupil of
Picot and the Ecole des Beaux Arts ; won
the grand prix de Rome in 1854. In 1859
he sent to the Salon his portraits of Edmond
^abyGoOglC
About and of Jules David. His pictures
have a certain elegance of style and are
agreeable in colour. Medals in 1861, 1865,
and 1866 ; L. of Honour, 1867. Works :
Martyrdom of St Hipporytus, Nymph and
Satyr (1861), Besancon Museum ; Love
quenching his Thirst (1863); Agrippina
leaving the Camp (1864), Lille Museum ;
Abduction of Amymone (1865), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Christ blessing Little Chil-
dren (1867); Carmela's Last Pin (1868); Pen-
tecost (1870); Cupid and Venus (1873);
Calvary, The Cemetery (1875); Sonnino
(1876); Night (1877); Chriat among the
Doctors, Christ blessing the Children, De-
scent of the Holy Ghost, Si Stienne du
Mont, Paris ; Portraits of Generals Manilaz
and Mo rand, Hotel de Ville, Besancon ;
Portrait of Chancellor d'Aguesseau, Palais
de Justice, Paris; La Giottina (1879); Cen-
taur and Nymph (1880); Innocence (1884).
— Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 643 ; La-
rousse.
GIAMBONO, MICHELE, Venetian
school, middle of 15th century. A humble
follower in the path of Jacobello del Fiore,
but showing an improvement in technical
handling, due to the study of Gentile da
Fabriano and of Pisanello. Giambono
treated mosaic with more skill than painting.
— C. & G, N. Italy, L 13 ; Lermolieff, 395.
GIANNICOLA BITTI See Hanoi.
GIANNUZZI, GICLIO PD?PI DE'. See
Givlio Bomano.
GB3ERT, JEAN BAPTISTE ADOLPHE,
born at Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, January
24, 1803. Landscape painter, pupil in Paris
of Guillon-Lethi&re and of the Ecole des
Beaux Arts ; obtained in 1829 the grand
prix de Home, in which city he settled.
Works : Forest of Nettuno ; Battle of Eck-
mtlhl, Versailles Museum ; Calydonian Boar-
Hunt ; Banks of the Teverone (1850); Acrop-
olis of Athens (1863); View in Pontine
Swamps (1855), Avignon Museum ; View of
Ardea (1859); View of Abu Mandur in Egypt
(1863); View from Terrace of French Acad-
emy in Borne (1872); Views in Sicily.
GIBBALTAR, SIEGE OF, John Single.
ton Copley, Guildhall, London ; canvas.
Scene : the repulse of the Spanish floating
batteries ; the firing has partly ceased, and
the English officers are endeavouring to res-
cue the sufferers from the burning vessels.
Painted in 1789-90 for Court of Common
Council of City of London. Study (4 ft 4
in. x 6 ft 2 in.) in National Gallery; en-
graved by William Sharp. — Cat Nat Gal.
GIDE, THEOPHHiE, born in Paris,
March 15, 1822. History and genre painter,
pupil of Delaroche and Cogniet. Usually
paints scenes from life in Italian monas-
teries. Medals : 3d class, 1861 ; Medal
1865, 1866 ; L. of Honour, 1866. Works :
Condemnation of Cinq Mars (1855); Raising
of Youth at Nain (1857); Sully leaving the
Court of Louis XHL (1863), Angers Muse-
um : Farewell to the Convent (1864), Ami-
ens Museum; Neapolitan Singer (1864);
Studious Monks (1865), Alencon Museum ;
Pius IX. visiting a Convent; Practising a
Musical Mass (1866), Boubaix Museum ;
School ; Letter of Recommendation, Co-
Ugny visited by Charles EX., Two Bad Ac-
quaintances, Cooper's Shop (1874); Indis-
creet Confidence, Another Glass! (1875);
Charles IX. forced to sign the Order for the
Massacre of the Huguenots (1876); Interior
of St Mark's in Venice, Louis XL surprised
by his Fool when at Prayer (1877); Young
Invalid (1878); Othello narrating his Ad-
ventures, Father Fiorista (1879); Marie An-
toinette in the Conciergerie (1880); Cavalier
and Maid-Servant, Interior of a Monastery
in Nice (1881); Mazarin receiving a Mes-
senger (1882); The Importunate Person,
Visitors to the Palace of Fontainebleau
(1883); Take Care! Checkmate (1884); No
Jesting with edged Tools (1885).— Bellier
de la Chavignerie, i. 645.
GIERYMSKI, MAX, born at Warsaw,
Oct 15, 1846, died at Reichenhall, Bavaria,
Sept. 16, 1874. Landscape and genre paint-
er, pupil of Munich Academy under Alex-
ander Wagner, then of Franz Adam, and
later led to landscape by Eduard Schleich.
edbyGoOgk
GHIRLANDAJO
Adoration of the Magi
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G1ESSMAXN
A visit to Poeen in 1872, to Meran in 1873,
and to Borne in the winter of 1873-4, failed
to restore his health, broken by privations
undergone in Poland during the insurrec-
tion, in which lie took part in 1863, with
the rank of officer. Honorary member of
the Berlin Academy. "Works : Return with-
out the Master, Attack of Cossacks, Funeral
in Polish Town (1868); Alarm-Shot, Recon-
noitring, Spinning-Room in Poland, Duel
on Horseback, The Train is Coming, Light-
Horse Marching (1869); Return from the
Chase, Spring Promenade (1870); Meeting
before the Chase, On the Vistula, After the
first Ball, Starting for the Chase, Hunting
Scene (1871); Night Scene, Country Road
in Poland, Ride through Beech-Grove, Po-
lish Village Street, In front of Polish Inn
(1872); Morning in Polish Camp, Moonlight
Scene, Advance Guard Alarmed, Cossacks
on the March (1873); Stag-Hunt in Eigh-
teenth Century (1874), National Gallery,
Berlin. — Allgem. d. Biogr., ii. 150 ; Allgem.
Zeitg., Aug. 27, 1872, Beilage, 240; Dios-
kuren (1874), 357 ; Eunst-Chrotuk, vi 7 ;
1.440.
GIESSMANN, FRD3DBICH, born in
Leipsic, Dec 31, 1810, died in Munich,
Sept 27, 1847. History painter, pupil of
Dresden and Munich Academies, in the lat-
ter under Julius Schnorr, from whose car-
toons he painted five great compositions in
the new Royal Palace. Works : Scenes from
Life of Charlemagne, Rudolph von Haps-
burg, and Frederick Barbarossa, and 4 other
pictures, Royal Palace, Munich ; Prodigal
Son.— Allgem. d. Biogr., is. 166.
GIFFORD, FANNIE ELLIOT, born in
New Bedford, Mass., in 1844. Landscape
and bird painter; wife of Robert Swain
Gilford ; studied at the Cooper Institute
schools, New York, and under Samuel Gerry
of Boston. Studio in New York.
GIFFORD, ROBERT SWAIN, born on
the Island of Naushon, Gosnold, Mass., Dec.
23, 1840. Landscape painter and etcher ;
studied in New Bedford under Albert van
Beest, marine painter, in 1864, and settled
in New York in 1866 ; made sketching
tours in California and Oregon in 1869, and
in Europe and
North Africa in
1870-71, and again
in 1874-75. Began
to paint in water-
colours in 1865,
and soon became
a prominent mem-
ber of the Water
Colour Society.
Elected an A.N.A.
in 1870, and N.A. in 1878. Works in oil :
Scene at Manchester (1867); Mount Hood
— Oregon (1870); Entrance to Moorish
House — Tangier, View of the Golden Horn
(1873); Halting for Water, Passenger Boats
on Nile (1874); Booth in Algeria, Rossetti
Garden — Cairo (1875); Freight Boat on
Nile, Egyptian Caravan (1876); Border of
the Desert (1877); Dartmouth Moors (1878);
Salters Beach (1879); Coast of New England
(1880); Hillside, Old Fields (1881); Non-
quitt Cliff (1882); Near Zaandam— Holland,
Salt Marshes (1863); Point Road, Zuyder-
Zee (1884); On the Paskamansett, Shores
of Buzzard's Bay, Salt Mills at Dartmouth
(1885). Water-colours: Deserted Whaler
(1867); Autumn on the Sea-shore (1868);
Return from Philaj— Egypt (1871); Low
Tide,01dFort(1874); Venetian Companion,
Guerande (1876); Evening in the Sahara,
Scene on the Campagna, Oasis of Filiarch
— Algeria (1877); On the Lagoon — Venice
(1878).— Am. Art Rev. (1880), 417.
GIFFORD, SANDFORD ROBINSON,
born at Greenfield, N. Y., July 10, 1823,
died in New York, Aug. 29, 1880. Land-
scape painter, graduate of Brown University
in 1842 ; in 1844 went to New York, and
became pupil of J. R. Smith and of the
National Academy. Elected an A. N.A. in
1851, and N.A. in 1854. In 1855-57 studied
in Paris and Borne, and sketched in differ-
ent parts of Europe ; in 1868-69 sketched in
Italy, Greece, Syria, and Egypt, and in 1870
in the Rocky Mountains. Works : Kautera-
edbyGoOgk
kill Clove, Twilight (1859) ; Bivouac of the
7th Regiment at Arlington Heights (1861) ;
Shrewsbury River
(1868); San Giorgio
(1869) ; Fishing-Boats
on the Adriatic, Charles
Stewart Smith, New
York ; Pallanza, Tivoli
(1870); 8. M. di Salute
—Venice, R C. Taft,
Providence ; Lago
Maggiore, R L. Stew-
art, New York ; Monte
Ferro(1871); Golden Hom (1872); Venetian
Sails (1874),J. J.Astor, New York; Pallanza
— Lago Maggiore, T. R Clarke, ib. ; Castle
of Chillon, Samuel Hawk Collection, ib. ;
October in the Catskills, J. P. Morgan, ib. ;
Lake, Mountains of Vermont, M. K. Jesup,
ib.; Autumnal Scene, Marine and City, J. C.
Coale, Baltimore ; View in Venice, H B.
Hurlbut Collection, Cleveland ; Mansfield
Mountain — Vermont, Mrs. Joseph Harrison,
Philadelphia ; At Beni-Hassan, Near Paler-
mo (1876) ; Leander's Tower, Sunset on the
Hudson, Fire Island Beach (1877); Sunset-
Bay of New York (1878) ; Villa Malta-
Rome, Claversack Creek, Sea-shore, looking
Eastward at Sunset (1879) ; Ruins of the
Parthenon (1880), Corcoran Gallery, Wash-
ington ; Sunrise on the Matterhorn (1880).
—Am. Art Rev. (1880), 851 ; Kunst-Chron-
ik, xvi. 25.
GIGNOUX, REGIS, born in Lyons in
1816, died in 1882. Landscape painter,
first instructed at Freiburg, Breisgau, then
pupil of Lyons Academy, and in Paris of the
£cole des Beaux Arts and of Delaroche ;
went to America in 1844, became member of
the National Academy in New York in 1851,
and returned to France in 1870. Works :
Bernese Alps by Sunrise, Indian Summer in
Virginia, Niagara in Winter ; Four Seasons
in America, Baron Rothschild, Paris ; Dis-
mal Swamp; Mount Washington, Mrs. A
T. Stewart, New York ; Niagara by Moon-
light, August Belmont, ib.; Mammoth Cave,
Historical Society, ib.'; Winter Scene, Cor-
coran Gallery, Washington ; Moonlight on
the Saguenay (Johnston Sale, New York,
1876); Spring.— Mtlller, 205; Tuckerman.
GIGODX, JEAN FRANCOIS, born in
Besancon, Jan. 8, 1806. History and genre
painter, pupil of the Ecole des Beaux Arts.
A skilful painter, and a good lithogra-
pher. Medals : 2d class, 1833 ; 1st class, 1835
and 1848 ; L. of Honour, 1842 ; officer,
1880. Works : Henry TV. writing Verses in
the Missal of Gabrielle d'Estrees (1833) ;
Mme. Dubarry Dressing ; A Good Advent-
ure ; Count Comminges recognized by bis
Mistress ; Death of Leonardo da Vinci
(1835), Besancon Museum ; Anthony and
Cleopatra after the Battle of Actium ; H6-
lotee receiving the Remains of Abelard ;
Magdalen, bought by State ; St. Genevieve ;
Si Philip healing a Sick Man ; Baptism of
Clovis (1844), ordered by State ; Nativity
(do.) ; Death of Manon Lescaut ; Death of
Cleopatra (1850), Good Samaritan (1857),
Portrait of Fourier, Luxembourg Museum ;
Charlotte Corday (1848) ; Galatea (1852) ;
The Vintage (1858) ; The Eve of Austerlitz
(1857), Besancon Museum ; An Arrest dur-
ing the Terror (1859) ; Head of Sarassin
(1861) ; Poetry of Southern France (1866)
First Meditation (1867) ; Magdalen (1870)
The Fisherman and the Little Fish (1872)
Father Lacour (1875) ; A Boy (1876) ; Youth
of De Ruyter (1877) ; Fountain of Youth,
Magdalen in the Desert (1878) ; Beauty
Asleep in the Woods (1879) ; In the Desert,
Martha (1880) ; A Luxurious Man (1883) ;
Capture of Ghent, Portrait of Charles VHL,
Versailles Museum. He has also executed
the decorations of a chapel in Saint Gervais,
Paris, and religious pictures for Si Germain
lAuxerrois, Si Herri, and Si Protais. —
Bellier de la Cbavignerie, i. 646 ; Gaz. des
B. Arts (1864), xvi. 168; Meyer, Gesch.,
286 ; Mtlller, 205.
GILBERT, Sir JOHN, born at Black-
heath, Kent, in 1817. History and portrait
painter, self-taught, excepting a few lessons
from George Lance ; began as an illustrator
for newspapers and books ; exhibited first
d by Google
oilpftmtingatRoyQlAciidemyinl83G. After-
wards turned his attention to water-colour
painting ; elected
an associate of the
Water Colour So-
ciety in 1862, a
member in 1853,
and president in
1872, when he was
knighted; became
also an A.RA. in
1872, and R.A in
1876. Medal, Par-
is, 3d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1878.
Works : Don Quixote giving Advice to San-
cho (1841) ; King Henry IV. (1845) ; Des-
demona, Charlemagne visiting the Schools,
Death of Cardinal Beaufort (1846) ; Murder
of Thomas a Becket (1849) ; Touchstone and
the Shepherd (1850) ; Destruction of Job's
flock (1851) ; Royalist Cavalry at Edgehill
(1857) ; Cardinal Wolsey and the Duke of
Buckingham (1862) ; Army on the March
(1863); Rembrandt (1867); Convocation of
Clergy (1871); Charles L leaving Westmin-
ster Hall after Sentence (1872); Naseby,
First Prince of Wales (1873); Field of the
Cloth of Gold ( 1874) ; Wolsey at Leicester Ab-
bey, Doge and Senators of Venice in Council
(1877); May Dew, Ready (1878); Return of
the Victors (1879); Fair St George (1881);
Youth and Age, Fight for the Standard,
Winchelsea in Sussex (1882) ; Don Quixote
and Sancho, Trumpeter, Thomas a Becket,
The Baron's Raid (1883); Morning of Agin-
court (1884); A Standard Bearer (1885) ;
Rubens in his Studio, W. H. Vanderbilt,
New York. — Meynell, 17; Art Journal
(1857), 241; Portfolio (1871), 49; EL Lon-
don News, 1869.
GILBERT, VICTOR GABRIEL, bom in
Paris ; contemporary. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Adam, Levasseur, and Bus-
son. Medal, 2d class, 1880. Works : Prep-
arations for Dinner (1873); Vender of
Household Utensils, Poultry Vender (1878);
Corner in Fish-Hall (1880); Pavilion de la
Maree-Halles centrales, Soup Vender (1881);
Departure for Night-fishing, Return from
Fishing (1882); Stall in Pavilion de la Mares
(1883) ; Viand Carriers (1884) ; Sunday
Afternoon in a Parisian Market, Bather
(1885).
GILDER See Doreur.
GILDER, HELENA DE EAT, born in
New York ; contemporary. Figure and
still-life painter. Visited Europe in 1879.
One of founders of Society of American
Artists. In 1877 she contributed The Last
Arrow to its first exhibition. Sent to the
National Academy in 1878, Young Mother;
in 1881, Flowers; in 1883, Portrait and
Water Lily. Studio in New York.
GILLEMANS, JAN PATJWEL, the elder,
born at Antwerp in 1618, died there after
Aug. 12, 1675. Flemish school ; still-life
and portrait painter, master of the guild in
1648. Works: Silver Plate with Grapes,
etc, Table with Ham, Beer-mug, etc, Th.
van Lerius, Antwerp ; Fruit-piece, Rotter-
dam Museum; do., Lille Museum; Table
spread, with Fruit, Oysters, etc., Liechten-
stein Gallery, Vienna; Garland around Ma-
donna, Bamberg Gallery ; Fruit-piece, Ta-
ble spread, with Flowers, Fruit, costly
Vessel, and Lute, Schwerin Gallery. — Van
den Bran den, 1113.
GILLEMANS, JAN PAUWEL, the young-
er, born at Antwerp, baptized Sept 3, 1651,
died there after March 31, 1702. Flemish
school; still-life painter, son of Jan Pauwel
G., the elder, pupil of JorisvanSon; master
of the guild in 1674. Works : Offering to
Mercury, Jos. de Bom, Antwerp ; Garden
Fruits, Breakfast Table, Schwerin Gallery ;
Still Life, Schonborn Gallery, Vienna. —
Rooses(Reber),433; Van den Bran den, 1115.
GLLLIG, JACOB, born at Utrecht about
1636, died there in 1688 (?). Dutch school;
still-life painter, especially of fish, which he
represented with great skill ; afterwards
also painted portraits, and, it is said, land-
scapes. Works : Dead Fish (1668), Berlin
Museum ; do. (1678), Carlsruhe Gallery ;
Burning of Troy(?), Cassel Gallery.— K
571.
^abyGoOglC
GILLISEN, KARL, bora at Aachen,
April 23, 1842. Military genre painter,
pupil of Antwerp Academy under Nicaise do
Keyaer, and in Dusseldorf of Hllnten ; joined
in 1861 the Belgian Corps for Mexico as a
volunteer, returned in 1866, and took part
in the campaign of 1870 in France. Works
Guerillas are Coming I (1870) ; Morning
after Battle, Volunteer Nurses on Battle-
field ; Temporary Dressing ; Outposts near
Paris ; Indians before Invasion of Mexican
Estate; Prairie Hunters in Flight— Mailer,
207.
GILLOT, CLAUDE, bora at Langres,
Haute-Marua, in
1673, died in Paris,
May 4, 1722. French
school; genre paint-
er and engraver,
first instructed by
his father, then pu-
pil of J. B. Coraeille
Paris. He was
. one of the first ar-
tists in France to
paint conversation pieces, tragic and comic
actors, satyrs and fauns, charlatans, mas-
querades and balls. These paintings, clev-
erly conceived, and executed with spirit and
taste, were for a long time the object of
universal admiration, and led to his admis-
sion into the
Academy in
1715. Works : KSl/C/AO Aj
Feast of Pan; S~**s*
do. of Bac- A £^
chus, Raczyn- *^ J
ski Gallery, x «— *
<£&ot.
$10
Berlin ; do. of Diana disturbed by Satyrs ;
the Milkmaid. — Ch. Blanc, £cole frnncaise,
GHjMAN, Mrs. C. R., born at Steuben-
ville, O. ; contemporary. Flower painter,
pupil of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine
Arts, later of Carol us Du ran. Studied abroad
from 1878 to 1882. Studio in Philadelphia.
Work, Roses, T. B. Clarke, New York.
GILPIN, SAWREY, bom at Carlisle,
England, Nov. 11, 1733, died at Brompton,
March 8, 1807. Pupil of Samuel Scott,
marine painter, London, but devoted him-
self to painting of animals, especially horses.
Exhibited in 1763-64 at the Society of Ar-
tists, of which he was for a time president,
portraits of horses ; in 1770, Darius obtain-
ing the Persian Empire by the Neighing of
his Horse; and in 1771, Gulliver taking
leave of the Houyhnhnms. In 1795 he
became an A.RA., and in 1797 R.A. His
brother, Rev. William Gilpin (1724-1804),
was an amateur landscape painter and a
writer on art; and his son, William Sawrey
Gilpin, was a water-colour painter, and first
president (1804) of the Water Colour So-
ciety.— Redgrave; F. de Conches, 344; Cb,
Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Sandby, i. 310.
GIMIGNANI (Gemignani, Giminiani,
Geminiani), GIACINTO, born at Piatoja in
1611, died in 1081. History painter, Ro-
man school ; pupil at Rome of Nicolas Pons-
sin, whom he followed in composition and
design, and later in the school of Pietro da
Cortona, whose style of colouring he adopt-
ed. He painted in fresco in the Baptistery
of S. Giovanni in Laterano, Rome, subjects
from the life of Constantine. Works : Le-
ander, Ariadne, Uffizi, Florence ; Rebekah
at the WelL Palazzo Pitti, ib.; two pictures
/xGunLanaru
from life of St John, S. Giovanni, Piatoja;
St Boch, Duomo, ib. His son, Lodovico
(1644-97), excelled in fresco ; also painted
altarpieces.
GINAIN, EUGENE LOUIS, born in
Paris, July 28, 1818. Military and horse
painter, pupil of Charlet and of Abel de
Pujol. In 1840 he followed the campaign in
Algeria, and in 1846 one in Spain. Medals :
3d class, 1857, 18C1 ; 2d class, 1863 ; L
of Honour, 1878. WoritB : Duo d'Orleans
during the Campaign' of Teni&h (1841); Re-
view in Champ de Mors (1849), Versailles
Museum ; Colonel Daumas receiving the
: eabyGOOglC
Submission of Mahi-ed-Dra in 1835, Algiers
Museum ; Bull Ring at Seville (1853), Due
de Montpensier ; Towing the Daumont
(1855); Death of General Desaix at Marengo
(1857), Versailles Museum ; Zouaves in the
Battle of Afroun, Camp of Chalons (1857) ;
Military Exercises (1859) ; Return of the
Army of Italy to PariB in 1859 (1861), Ver-
sailles Museum ; Journey of the Emperor
to Algiers (1863); Fantasia (1864); Tow-
Horses, Arab Horseman (1865) ; The Grand
Sherif Adi-Ali-Ben-Brahim(1866); El Halib
(1868) ; Column returning from a Raid
(1869) ; Horse of Gaada (1870) ; Algerian
Campaign of 1840 (1872) ; Review of June
29, 1871 (1873), bought by State ; Assembly
of a Ooum by the Caid (1874) ; On the Boad,
Entrance to the Stable, A Hurdle (1875) ;
The Sherif, The Retreat (1876) ; Artillery
on the March (1878) ; The Horse Folletto
(1879).— Mailer, 207.
GINGELEN, JACQUES VAN, born at
Borgenhout, near Antwerp, July 24, 1810.
Landscape painter, pupil of Moerenhout,
then in Paris of Le Poittevin. Works : View
of Antwerp (1838) ; View of Boulogne
(1839) ; View in Normandy (1840) ; DeVer-
wachting ; Beturn of Fishermen. — Immer-
zeeL L 279.
GIOCONDO, MADONNA USA DEL.
See Monna Lisa.
GIOLFTNO, NICCOLO, born at Verona
about 1465, died after 1518. Venetian
school ; history painter. Works : Portraits
of the Giusti Family (2), National Gallery,
London ; Madonna and Saints, Berlin Mu-
seum ; do. (2), Museo Civico, Verona ; Fres-
cos in Santa Maria in Organo, ib.
GIORDANO, LUCA, called Fa-Presto,
born in Naples in 1632, died there, Jan. 12,
1705. Neapolitan school ; son of Antonio
Giordano, a poor painter, who taught him
design ; studied nine years with Spagnoletto,
then went to Rome and became pupil and
assistant of Pietro da Cortona for three
yearn Visited Bologna, Parma, Venice, and
other cities, making many copies of the pict-
ures of the great masters, which his father
sold. He acquired at this time the surname
of Fa-Presto, because he painted with such
extreme rapidity.
In 1679 Luca was
called to Florence
by the Grand Duke,
who gave him large
commissions,
through which he
acquired a great
reputation. In
1692 he was invited
to Spain by Charles
H., who gave hirn titles, honour, and wealth.
Giordano painted many frescos in the Esco-
rial in the palace of Buen Re tiro, the Cathe-
dral of Toledo, and other churches, and
numerous portraits. He returned to Italy
in 1 702, was splendidly received by Clement
XL, and settled in his native city. Giordano
was the last of the great Italian painters.
Some of his works show marks of genius,
and with more conscientious labour be
might have equalled the greatest masters,
but owing to his fatal facility of execution
he violated all the rules of good taste.
WorkB : Christ driving out the Money-
changers, S. Filippo, Naples ; Ceiling fres-
cos, S. Martino, ib. ; Judgment of Paris,
Berlin Museum ; St. Francis Xavier baptiz-
ing, Madonna del Bosario, Naples Museum ;
ceiling fresco, Palazzo Biccardi, Florence ;
Galatea, Portrait of himself, Uffizi, ib. ;
Rape of the Sabines, Palazzo Adorn o, Genoa ;
Clorinda, Palazzo Brignole Sale, ib. ; Per-
seus, Palazzo Reale, ib. ; Madonna with
Saints, Brera, Milan ; Descent from the
Cross, Venice Academy ; Fall of the Angela
(1666), twelve others, Vienna Museum ; Lu-
cretia and Tarquin, Perseus and Phineus,
Hercules and Omphale, Bape of the Sabines,
Lot and his Daughters, Susanna, Jacob and
Rachel, Ariadne, and others, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Massacre of the Innocents, Artist's
Portrait, five others, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Judgment of Paris, three others, Co-
penhagen Gallery ; Glorification of St. Cath-
arine, An Astronomer, Portrait of a Priest,
edbyG00gk
Cologne Museum ; Mars and Venus, Lou-
vre ; Pieta, Sleeping Bacchus, Diana and
Callisto, and others, Hermitage, St Peters-
burg ; 68 pictures in Madrid Museum. —
£ CtordcuM
>b9B
&
Kugler (EaBtlake), ii. 508 ; Burckhardt, 768,
etc; Lavice, 41, etc
GIORGIONE, LL, born at Caatelfranco
about 1477, died at
Venice in 1511. Ve-
netian school. Real
name Giorgio Barba-
relli ; pupil of Giovan-
ni Bellini and fellow-
pupil of Titian, who
afterwards became his
(Giorgione's) pupil.
Of his life nothing is
known, save that it
was passed at Venice and Caatelfranco, in
which latter place the house where he was
born, now called Casa Pelizzari, contains
remains of his decorative frescos. Giorgi-
one decorated the exterior of many houses
and palaces at Venice with frescos now ef-
faced ; his oil paintings, owing to the short-
ness of his life, are comparatively few. He
treated subjects of the class introduced by
Bellini, such as allegories, legendary epi-
sodes, and bacchanals, in which figures are
set off by landscape with the happiest effect,
and painted many splendid portraits. His
works are conspicuous for rich and brilliant
colour, for breadth and nobility of style, and
for a poetical, sensuous charm which fas-
cinates and delights the beholder. Works :
Ordeal of Moses, Judgment of Solomon,
Uffizi, Florence ; Concert, Palazzo Pitti, ib.;
Family of Oiorgione, Prince Giovanelli, ib.;
Madonna with Saints (before 1504), Parish
Church, Caatelfranco ; Christ bearing Cross,
Casa Loschi, Vicenza ; Judgment of Solo-
mon, Kingston-Lacy, near Wimborn, Eng-
land ; Adoration of Magi, Leigh Court, near
Bristol, England ; Nativity, Beaumont Collec-
tion, London ; Knight in Armour, Story of
Myrrha (Hamilton Palace sale, £1,360), Na-
tional Gallery, ib ; Chaldean Sages, Vienna
Museum. Among works ascribed to him
are : Rustic Concert, Holy Family, Louvre ;
Assumption, Madrid Museum ; Entomb-
ment, Monte di Pieta, Treviso ; Knight of
Malta, Uffizi, Florence ; Nymph and Satyr,
Finding of Moses, St. John Baptist, Portrait
of a Lady, Palazzo Pitti, ib. ; Youth attacked
by a Soldier, Vienna Museum ; Jacob and
Rachel, Adoration of Shepherds, Horoscope,
Dresden Gallery ; Finding of Moses, Brera,
Milan ; Apollo and Daphne, Archiepiscopal
II Giwno, Corr* ggio. Pirmi Gllltiy,
Seminary, Venice ; Repose in Egypt, Prince
of Palermo, Historical Society, New York.
— C. & C, N. Italy, ii. 119 ; Lttbke, Geach.
ital MaL, ii 485 ; Vasari, ed. Mil, it. 91 ;
Lermolieff, 193 ; W. &. W., ii. 721 ; Meyer,
edbyGoOgk
KM st Lex., ii. 692 ; Dobme, 2iii. ; Ch. Blanc,
ficole venitienne.
GIOBGIONE, FAMILY OF, Giorgione,
Palazzo Giovanelli, Florence ; canvas, H. 2
ft 9 in. x 2 ft. 5 in. A man in tights and
slashed doublet, said to be Giorgione, stand-
ing leaning on a staff to the left ; a mother
seated on the bank, giving the breast to her
child, to the right ; background, a beautiful
landscape. Formerly in
Palazzo Manfrini, Venice.
— C. & C N. Italy, ii 136;
Zeitschr. f. b. K. (1866),
No.lL
GIOKNO,IL(TheDay),
or Madonna of St Jerome,
Correggio, Parma Gallery ;
wood, H. 6 ft 6 in. x 4 ft
8 in. The Virgin, with Je-
sus on her arm, sitting;
Jesus is playing with the
hair of the Magdalen, who
is half kneeling beside him;
behind her is a boy with a
vase of ointment; on the
other side, St Jerome, with
the lion behind him, is
standing, carrying a book
which an angel aids him
in supporting. Called II
Giomo because represent-
ed in full daylight, and to
distinguish it from La
Notts.. Ordered in 1523 by
Donna Briseide Golla Ber-
gonzi, of Parma, and placed
in 1528 in S. Antonio Ab~ """'"'
bate. Carried to Paris, but returned in
1816, though the French government is said
to have offered 1,000,000 francs forit Many
copies r one in Bridge water House, supposed
by Lodovico Carracci ; another in Palazzo
Pitti, Florence, byBarocci. Engraved by Aug.
Carracci ; Villamena ; Cort ; Giovanni ; Des-
bois; Strange ; Devilliers ; Bovine t — Meyer,
Correggio, 313, 477 ; Landon, GHuvres, viii.
PL 27 ; Musee, L PI. 37 ; Musee royal, it Ptl ;
FilhoL, a. PL 79 ; Kiss, der Malerei, i. PL 49.
GIOTTINO, born {?), died after 1369.
Florentine school. Probably identical with
Giotto di Maestro Stefano, whose name ap-
pears in the register of Florentine painters
in 1368. Vasari calls him Xommaso di Ste-
fano, and says he was born in 1324, thus
confounding bim with Maso di Banco (died
after 1351), whom Ghiberti makes the pupil
of Giotto, and who was admitted to the guild
of Speziali in 1343, and to the Company
of St Luke in 1350. To Maso, Ghiberti as-
cribes the series of frescos in the chapel of
S. SilveBtro in S. Croce, Florence, represent-
ing the legend of Constantino, while Vasari,
who made one painter out of two, gives them
to Giottino. The fresco of the Last Judg-
ment in the Bardi Chapel, S Croce, belong-
ing to the monument of Ubertino de' Bardi,
is probably by the artist who painted two
frescos, the Birth and Crucifixion of Christ,
^abyGoOglC
in the mortuary chapel of the Strozzi, Flor-
ence, and in a panel in the TJffizi, the Be-
wailing of Christ The last is given in the
catalogue to Giottino, but whether it and
other works mentioned belong to him or to
Maso remains to be proved.— C- & C, Italy,
L 410 ; Lilbke, Gesch. itaL Mai., L 153 ; Bal-
dinucci, i. 253 ; Vaaari, ed. Mil., L 622 ; W.
& W., i 453.
GIOTTO, bom at Colle in the district of
Veepignano in 1266 ;
Jan. 8, 1337. Flor-
entine school. Son
of a shepherd named
Bondone; found
drawing sheep upon
flat stones, by Cinia-
bue, who, struck
* with his talent, took
him to Florence and
taught him to paint Dante tells in the
Divina Coinmedia (Purgatorio, xi. 93) how
the master was outdone by the pupil, who
is called the reviver of painting, because he
broke loose from Byzantinism and took nat-
ure for bis guide. In simple and unaffected,
although necessarily imperfect, language, he
represented scenes from holy writ, legends
and allegories, according to the dogmas of
the Church ; and, though living at a time
when art was wholly in her service, worked
in a comparatively independent spirit In
his pictures there is no striving after ideal
beauty, no attempt at deceptive imitation of
natural objects, no difference of handling in
the treatment of flesh, drapery, or architect-
ure, and but a scant supply of that techni-
cal knowledge which in later times enabled
men of infinitely less genius to surpass them
in execution, in chiaroscuro, perspective,
drawing, and colour. In all these things
the apprentices of the next century were
Giotto's superiors ; though in earnestness,
in the power of telling a story with dramatic
effect, and in truth of expression, but few of
their masters equalled, and still fewer sur-
passed, him. He worked in many parts of
Italy: in Asaisi before 1296 ; in Borne from
1298 to 1300; in Florence from 1300 to 1304 ;
in Padua from 1304 to 1306 ; later in Rimini,
and in Naples, where he painted the Miracle
of the Loaves and Fishes in the old convent
church of S. Chiara (but not the Incoronats
frescos), from 1330 to 1333. In the follow-
ing year he was appointed master of the
works at the Duomo, Florence, for which he
designed the facade, commenced but after-
wards destroyed, and built its exquisite cam-
panile. Giotto's twenty-eight frescos repre-
senting scenes from the lives of the Saviour
and of St Francis, in the aisle of the upper
church of S. Francesco, Assisi, were proba-
bly painted before the ceilings of the lower
church (1296), in which he allegorized the virt-
ues of the Franciscans, Poverty, the spouse
chosen by St Francis, Obedience and Chas-
tity, the rules of his Order. In Borne Giotto
next decorated the tribune of the church of
S. Giorgio in Velabro with frescos, designed
the so-called Navicella represented by a mo-
saic in the portico of St Peter's, and painted
the three panels of a predella now in the
sacristy of the canons of St Peter, represent-
ing the Redeemer and Angels, the donor
Cardinal Stefanescbi, and the Martyrdoms
of Si- Peter and St Paul The same Apos-
tles, with the Madonna and Saints, appear
upon other predella panels in the sacristy.
In the Lateran Basilica is a fragment of a
fresco by Giotto representing Pope Boni-
face VUL proclaiming the opening of the
Jubilee in 1300, when Giotto and Dante
were in Rome. The frescos of the Palazzo
del Podesta or Bargello, Florence, portions
of which have been recovered, were paint-
ed about 1302 or 1303. As containing the
well-known portraits of Dante, and some of
his contemporaries, that which represents an
incident in the feud of the Bianchi and the
Neri factions haa a peculiar interest. About
1305, Giotto went to Padua to paint the thirty-
eight frescos of the Cappelladell' Arena of En-
rico degli Scrovegni They represent scenes
from the lives of Christ and the Virgin, the
Last Judgment, and the Virtues and Vices,
edbyG00gk
and ore the most important works of the
master. Several Crucifixes by Giotto exist ;
one is in the Sanctuary of this chapel, others
in S. Marco, S. Felicita, and the Gondi Doni
chapel of the Ogni Santa, Florence. Other
mural paintings by the master are: Incidents
from the lives of 8S. Anthony and Francis, in
the chapter house of S. Antonio, Padua ; a
ceiling with the four Doctors of the Church
and the four Evangelists, in S. Giovanni
Evangelists, Ravenna; the frescos of the
Peruzzi, Giugni, and Bardi chapels, S. Croce,
Florence ; and the remnants of frescos in
the Carmine. Among the works of Giotto
in public galleries are : a Madonna with
Angels, and many small panels of incidents
in the lives of Christ and St. Francis, Flor-
ence Academy ; two of the same series in
the Berlin Museum, and two at Munich ;
Madonna, Brers, Milan ; Si Francis receiv-
ing the Stigmata, Louvre, Paris ; Two Apos-
tles, National Gallery, London.— W. & W.,
L 435 ; C. & C, Italy, i. 234 ; Lubke, Gesch.
ital. Mai, i. 113 ; Vasari, ed. MiL, L 369 ;
Burckhardt, 492; Dohme, 2i; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole fiorentine. ■
GIOTTO DI MAESTRO STEFANO. See
Giottino.
GIOVANNI ALAMANNO. See Antonio
da Murano.
GIOVANNI D'ASCIANO, of Siena, born
in Asciano, flourished latter part of 14th
century. Sienese school ; pupil of Barns,
and n weak imitator of Ms style. He fin-
ished the frescos in the church at S. Gimig-
nano, begun by his master. Vasari says he
executed paintings in the hospital of Siena,
and in the ancient palace of the Medici,
Florence, which gave him reputation, but
they are all lost.— C. & C, Italy, ii 110 ;
iii 62 ; Vasari, ed. Le Hon., ii. 163.
GIOVANNI DI CALCAR See Hans von
Kalkar.
GIOVANNI DA FIESOLE. SeeFra^n-
gelico.
GIOVANNI FIAMINGO. See Hans von
Kalkar,
GIOVANNI DI MARTINI DA UDINE,
born latter half 15th century, died at Udine,
Aug. 30, 1635. Venetian school. Son of
Haiti no daTolmezzo, a carver of Udine, and
called Martini to distinguish him from his
cousin, Giovanni Mione. Pupil of Luigi
Viuarini, but how long he was in Venice
is not known. Had returned to Udine in
1497, where he resided until his decease,
his later days being principally devoted to
carving. As a painter he imitated Luigi
Vivarini's early stylo, and in many respects
he recalls Jacopo da Valentia. Works : Ma-
donna (1498), Museo Civico, Venice ; St
Mark Enthroned (1501), Cathedral, Udine ;
others in the Spilimberg Cathedral, and in
the Brera, Milan.— C. & C, N. Italy, ii 182 ;
Lubke, Gesch. ital. Mai, it 562.
GIOVANNI DA MILANO, bom in Milan
in 14th century. Florentine school. Real
name Giovanni Jacobi ; long an assistant to
TaddeoGaddi ; settled at Florence in 1366.
He made no advancement in composition
beyond Taddeo, but he was less conventional
than his master, and more finished and
elaborate in execution. His earliest extant
picture, a Bewailing of Christ, in the Flor-
ence Academy, dated 1365, Bhows excessive
conscientiousness, but lacks elevation. A
larger and more important picture is the
Virgin Enthroned, Municipal Gallery, Prato.
An altarpiece in five compartments, in the
Uffizi, Florence, and the frescos of scenes
from the story of the Virgin and Mary Mag-
dalen, in the Rinuccini Chapel, S. Croce,
are also by this painter. — C. &. C, Italy, i
402 ; Lubke, Gesch. ital Mai, i 143; Va-
sari, ed. Le Mon., ii 116, 179 ; ed. Mil, i
572 ; W. & W., i 455.
GIOVANNI DA MURANO. See Antonio
da Murano.
GIOVANNI DI PAOLO, died about 1481.
Sienese school. Commonly called del Pog-
gio. On the roll of Sienese artists in 1428 ;
in the service of Sano di Pietro in 1447.
According to Ricci, he attended the school
of Gentile da Fabriano. His strange fancy
in composition and awkwardness in repre-
senting action are shown in a Last Judgment
edbyGoOgk
(1463) in the Siena Academy, and in seven
panels, Bamboux. Collection, Cologne.— C
A C, Italy, iii 80 ; Vasari, ed Le Mon., iv.
168 ; vi 186.
GIOVANNI DI PIETEO. See Spagna.
GIOVANNI DA SAN GIOVANNI See
Mannozzi.
GIOVANNI DA UDINE, born in Udine,
Oct. 15, 1487, died
in Home in 1564,
> Uinbrian school.
Real name Giovan-
ni de' Becamatori,
son of Francesco
de' Becamatori (of
the Embroiderers).
Pupil of Giorgione,
but afterwards of
Raphael, under
whom he superintended the ornamental
decorations in the Vatican Loggie, such as
animals, birds, fruit, flowers, and grotesques.
His arabesques have ever since been con-
sidered models of their type. In 1527, when
Borne was sacked by the Constable de Bour-
bon, he went to Florence and painted for
the Medici ; worked also in Udine, Venice,
and in other cities, but finally returned to
Borne about 1550. Most of his works are
mural decorations. Among the easel pict-
ures attributed to him are : Christ among
the Doctors, Holy Family, Venice Academy;
Madonna and Saints, Palazzo Mt"fn ni, Ven-
ice ; do., Museo Civico, ib. The only au-
thenticated work of this kind is a Madon-
na Enthroned (1517), belonging to Signor
Frizzoni, Bergamo. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole om-
brienne ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vi 549; ed. Le
Mon., xii 300 ; Burckhardt, 178 ; Lflbke,
Gesch. itaL Mai, ii 374.
GIOVANNI DELLE VTTE. See Mid.
GHUBD, ALBERT, born in Paris, Dec.
13, 1839. Genre and landscape painter,
pupil of his father, of Flandrin, and of
Bellei Medal, 3d class, 1882. Works:
Moorish Festival at Algiers (1873); Negro
Dance at Algiers, Moorish Interior (1875) ;
Women Bathing (1877) ; Nymphs (1879) ;
Coast of Villerville, The Sea at Trouville ;
Le Vieux Deauville, Norman Pasture (1882);
Arab Hunters in Mountains of Blidah,
Strand at Villerville (1883) ; Oat-field in
Picardy, Marsh of Conde-Folie, ib. (1884) ;
Charity Office of the Twentieth Arrondisse-
ment, On Way to Work (1885).
GIRABD, FIBMIN, born at Poncin (Am),
May 31, 1838. Genre painter, pupil of
Gleyre; paints fresh and brightly coloured
pictures of trivial subjects. Medals: 3d
class, 1863 ; 2d class, 1874. Works : Flowex-
Girl (1872); JapaneseToilet(1873); Bevery,
Fishing, Betrothed (1874) ; Godmothers
Garden, First Caress (1875) ; Bear-Trainer
at Aurillac (1877) ; Wedding in the 18th
Century (1878) ; Caught in the Bain (1879);
Close of Autumn, Going to Market (1881);
Visiting the Farm (1882) ; Christening in
the 18th Century (1883) ; Sunday at Bas-
Meudon (1884); A Happy Meeting, An Alley
of Roses (1885)- Works in the United
States : Toilet, A. Belmont, New York; Fish-
ing, G. L Seney sale (1884), ib ; Street in St
Bambert— Loire, B. Hoe, New York; Wed-
ding in the Last Century, R- G. Dun, ib.;
Paris I 'tower-Market (1876), Study for da,
T. R Butler, ib.; Book of Hours, Fishing,
Betrothal, E. D. Morgan Collection, ib.;
Coming Shower, 0. 9. Smith, ib. ; Spring-
riR^INCIBARD^
Time, William Astor, ih. ; Scene in Japan,
H C Gibson, Philadelphia ; Pensive, Tete-
a-tete, Borie Collection, ib.— Mailer, 208.
GIEARDET, EDOUARD HENRI born
at Neufchitel, July 21, 1819, died at Ver-
sailles, Jan. 5, 1880. Genre painter, son
and pupil of Charles Samuel Girardet, the
engraver. Medals : 3d class, 1842 ; 2d class,
1847, 1859, 1867 ; L of Honour, 1866 ; 1st
class, for engravings, 1861 and 1863. Works:
The Common Bath (1839); Wounded Goat
(1840); Fortune-teller, Barber-shop in Brit-
tany, Snowball Fight, After the Battle, Basle
Museum; Grandmother's Story (1842); Fa-
ther's Blessing (1843); Interrupted Meal
^abyGoOglC
(1844); Mauler's Love (1846); Revelations
(1849) ; Departure of the Landsturra in
1798, Neuchatel Museum ; Blind Beggar in
Cairo (1845); Peasants and Bears, Difficult
Letter, Little Apple Thieves (1846); Wooing
in Bernese Oberland, Alms, Going to School
(1848), Berne Museum ; Sick Child, Zurich
Gallery ; Nest of Blackbirds (1849); Bad
Weather on the Mountains (1850); A Land-
Slide ; Village Wedding (1859). Was also an
engraver. — Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 665 ;
Vapereau (1880), 809.
GIRARDET, JULES, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. Genre and landscape painter,
pupil of CabaneL Medal, 3d class, 1881.
Works : Little Fadette (1877); Return from
Market at Tanjier (1878); Skaters (1879);
Environs of Biskra (1880), Episode in Siege
of Saragoasa (1881); Defeated Army of Gen-
eral Lescure passing the Loire (1882); Bout
at Chalet, October, 1793 (1883); The Giron-
din Louvet and his Friend Lodoiaka, An
Arrest during the Reign of Terror (1884); A
Failure (1885).
GERAEDET, KARL, born at Lode,
Switzerland, May 13, 1810, died in Paris,
April 24, 1871. Genre and landscape paint-
er, brother of Edouard Henri, pupil of Leon
Cogniet Travelled much in Europe and
the Levant, and accompanied the Duo de
Montpensier to Spain. Medals: 3d class,
1837; 2d class, 1842; Grand Medal of
Prussia, 1843 ; Member of Academy of Am-
sterdam, 1853 ; honourable mention, 1855.
Works : Hedge-School, Babbits' Breakfast
(1836); The Righi, Starting for the Market
overBrientz Lake (1837); Protestants Bur-
prised at Worship (1842), Neuchatel Mu-
seum ; Views of Sorrento, Capri (1842), and
Vesuvius (1843); The Nile; Mosque in
Cairo, Due de Montpensier; The Bey's Tent
at Isly, Ioways dancing in the Tuileries
(1846), Versailles Museum ; Egyptian La-
bourers (1847) ; Restaurant on the Nile
(1849); Odalisque, Soldier's Return (1850);
Old Franciscan Convent at Alexandria, Lady
Claypole reproaching her Father Cromwell
with the Death of Charles L (1853); Cere-
mony of Hand-Kissing in Hall of Ambassa-
dors at Madrid, Lake of Brienz, View in
Val-de-Travers, Village and Lake of Brienz,
Neuchatel Museum ; Episode in Battle of
Morat (1856), Berne Museum ; Meadow on
the Aar, View on the Euro, Solitude (1859);
five views of Valais, Drinking -Place on the
Moors of Gascony (1861); View near Sion,
Fishermen of Albengo (1863); Mouth of the
Toccia, Moors of Gascony (1864); Sunrise
on Lago Maggiore (1866) ; Storm in the
Valais, Lake of Wallenstadt (1870). Made
designs for illustrations of the Orlando Fu-
rioso, Thiers's Consulate and Empire, and
other works. — Bellier de la Chavignerie, i
655 ; Vapereau (1865), 748.
GHiAUD, (PUERRE FRANCOIS) EU-
GENE, born in Paris, Aug. 9, 1806, died in
Paris, Dec 29, 1881. Genre painter, pupil
of Theodore Richomme, of Hersent, and of
the Ecole des Beaux Arts, where he won the
grand prix de Rome for engraving in 1826.
After his return from Italy he travelled with
Alexander Dumas in Spain, and later in Al-
geria and the Levant Medals : 3d class,
1833; 2d class, 1863; L. of Honour, 1851; Of-
ficer, 1866. Works : Volunteer Enlistments
(1835) ; Marcel saving the Dauphin Charles
(1836) ; Armies of Conde and of Coligny
crossing the Loire (1839); The Promenade,
The Guide's Children (1840); Wasps (1843);
111 of a Fever in the Roman Campagna
(1846) ; Dance in a Posada, The Gust of
Wind, Fire in Constantinople (1853); Alge-
rian Women, Flower-Girl (1859); Henri IV.
in the Tower of St. Germain -dcs-Pr 6s, Gypsy
Woman of Seville (1861); Overflow of the
Nile, Moucharaby in Cairo (1863); Dancing
Girl in Cairo (1866), formerly in Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Night in Paris (1866); Com-
ing from Vespers, Fatima (1868); LaDevisa,
or Incident of a Bull-Fight (1869), formerly
in Luxembourg Museum ; Confession before
the Battle, Hunting for Herbs (1870); Mes-
sage, Defended Gate (1872); Conde going
to the Army, Disenchanted (1873) ; Rest,
Jeweller in the Seraglio (1874) ; Second-
hand Booksellers (1875) ; Flower-Market
edbyGoOgk
under the Directory (1876); Criminal Court,
Return from the Tavern (1877); Terrace
near the Nile, Agreeable Meeting (1878);
Hungarian Caarda (1880).— Bellier de la
Chavignerie, i 658 ; Meyer, Gesch., 706 ;
Vapereau (1880V 814.
GIRAUD, SEBASTTEN CHARLES, bom
in Paris, Jan. 18, 1819. Genre painter,
brother and pupil of Eugene, and pupil of
the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Has accompa-
nied as artist various expeditions, such as
that under Prince Napoleon to Northern
Europe, and has visited America. L. of
Honour, 1847. Works : Studio, Scene in
Hayti (1853); End of the Haytian War,
Princess Mathilde's Dining-Boom, M. de
Nieuwerkerkes Library (1859); Fifteenth
Century Interior, View of Tinyvalla in Ice-
land (1861); Hunter Returning (1863), Be-
sancon Museum ; Fifteenth Century Inte-
rior (1863); Interior of a Conservatory,
Breton Tavern (1865); Napoleon HI, Gal-
lery of the Louvre, Interior of a Parlour
(1866); Boom in the Musee Cluny (1867),
Luxembourg Gallery ; Torture Boom in
Castle of Pierrefonds (1868); Bowling at
Pont-Aven (1869); Return from Fishing
(1870); Women Spinning (1873); Landing-
Place at Brienz (1874); The Farewell (1875);
Flemish Interior (1876); Gathering Apples
(1877); A Sunday in Brittany (1878); Fif-
teenth Century Interior (1883).— Bellier de
la Chavignerie, i 659.
GIRAUD, VICTOR, born in Paris, Jan.
12, 1840, died there, Feb. 21, 1871. Genre
painter, son and pupil of Eugene, and pupil
of Picot. Works : Slave Merchant (1867),
formerly in Luxembourg Museum ; The
Husband's Return (1868), Montpellier Mu-
seum ; The Charmer (1870).
GIRODETDE ROUSSY, ANNE LOUIS,
called Girodet Trioson, bora at Montargis
(Loiret), Jan. 5, 1766, died in Paris, Dec. 9,
1824. French school ; history and portrait
painter, pupil of Luquin and of David; won
2d prix de Rome in 1788, and grand prix in
1789. After five years in Rome he returned
to Paris, won the ten-years prize for history
(1810), and entered upon a successful career.
He painted few pictures, but made many
studies and de-
signs, and illustra-
ted numerous
books. Member
of Institute, 1815 ;
L. of Honour, 1816.
Louis XVm. or-
dered the cross of
an officer of the L.
of Honour to be
placed on Girodet's
coffin. Works: Death of Tatius (1788),
Angers Museum ; Joseph discovering him-
self to his Brethren (1789) ; Hippocrates re-
fusing the Presents of Artaxerxes (1792),
Ecole de Medecine, Paris; Antiochus and
Stratonice (1793) ; Danae (1798), M. Chatil-
lon ; Landscapes representing the Four
Parts of the Day (1798) ; The Seasons (4
pictures, 1799, for King of Spain, copied in
1817 for Palace of Compiegne) ; Osaian and
his Warriors (1802), Leuchtenberg Collec-
tion, Si Petersburg ; Deluge (1810), Sleep
of Endymion (1792) ; Burial of Alala (1808),
Louvre; Napoleon receiving Keys of Vienna
(1808), Revolt of Cairo (1810), Versailles
Museum; Minerva, Apollo, Mercury, Nymphs,
and Bacchus (6 pictures), Hymen and Fe-
cundity (1817), Gods and Nymphs (1818),
Titon and Aurora, Dance of Greeks, Dance
of Nymphs, Justice and Valour, etc (4 pict-
ures, 1822), Departure and Return of the
Warrior, all at Compiegne ; Napoleon's
Father (1805) ; Portrait of Napoleon L,
Chateauroux Museum ; Male portrait, Cher-
bourg Museum ; Young Woman's Head,
Lyons Museum ; Burial of Atala, Amiens
Museum ; Gorgon Head, Perpignan Museum ;
Anacreon, Dante and Virgil, Old Man, and
others, Montpellier Museum ; Au-
rora (1806), Leipsie Museum ; Pyg-
malion and Galatea, Count Som
mariva sale, 1839, 14,000 francs; |Q|1
Head of the Virgin (1812), Count °
Perregaux sale, 1841, 3,155 francs; Fair
Elizabeth (his favourite model), M sale,
M
MbyGooglc
1857, 8,100 franca— Bellier de la Chavig-
nerie, i 661 ; Ch. Blanc, l£oole fruncaise :
Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Gaz. des B. Arte (1874),
x. 464 ; Gaatier, Guide au Louvre, 13 ;
Meyer, Gesch., 91.
GIBOLAMO Dl BENVENUTO, bom in
1470, died in 1524. Sienese school ;
and pupil of Benvenuto del Guasta. Fainted
in 1508 a Virgin of the Snow, in S. Doroen
ico, Siena, whicli, though reaembling his
father's productions, is more pleasing.
There are several pictures by him in the
Siena Academy, and a S. Chiara with a
kneeling Pilgrim in the Osservanza out-
side Siena.— C. &, G, Italy, iii. 73.
GIBOLAMO BRESCIANO. See Saooldo.
GIBOLAMO DA CARPI, born at Ferrara
about 1501, died about 1561. Lombardo-
Ferrarese school. Beal name de' Sellari or
de' Livizzani, but called da Carpi because
his father, Tommaso, was born there. Pu-
pil of Benvenuto Garofalo ; afterwards
painted at Bologna, and later studied works
of Correggio and Parmigianino in Modena
and Parma. Though he imitated them, "
was not a servile copyist, but had a style of
his own. Painted in fresco and in oil, and
was very successful in portraits ; was also an
architect. Among his works are ] Adora-
tion of the Magi, and Madonna, Bologna
Academy ; Christ in the House of Martha
and Mary, Uffizi, Florence; Entombment,
Palazzo Pitti, ib. ; Portrait of Archbishop
Salimbeni, ib.; Christ on the Mount of Ol-
ives, ib. ; Venus and Cupid, Dresden Gal-
lery. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vi 469 ; Tanri, iii,
204 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole ferraraise ; Cittadella,
Memorie di . . . Garofalo (Ferrara, 1872);
Lavice, 63.
GIBOLAMO DA COTIGNOLA, bom in
Cotignola about 1481, died in 1550. Bo-
lognese school. Beal name Girolamo Mar-
chess, son of Antonio M. ; pupil of Zaga-
nelli (?) and of Francesco Francia, but in his
later days an imitator of Raphael and Michel-
angelo. A Nativity of 1513, in his early
style, is in Lord Ashburton's Collection.
Examples of his later manner, dated 1516
and 1526, are in the Berlin Museum ; Ma-
donna and Saints, dated 1518, L'Annunzi-
ata, Parma ; Marriage of the Virgin, and
the Annunciation, Nativity, and Flight into
Egypt, in a predella, Bologna Pinac. Va-
sari says he was chiefly known as a portrait
painter.— C. & C, N. Italy, i. 601 ; Vasari,
ed. Mil., v. 182 ; Ch. Blanc, iScole bolonaise.
GIBOLAMO DAI LIBBI, bom in Verona
in 1474, died July 22, 1655. Venetian
school. Son of Francesco dai Libri, a min-
iaturist (or illuminator of books, whence he
got his name), of whom no vestige has been
preserved, and grandson of Stef ano da Zevio.
His first picture, Christ deposed from the
Cross, in the Church of Malaeaine, painted
when sixteen years old, is an illustration of
his education in the school of a miniaturist,
but in his later works, inspired by a deep
study of the Mantagnesques, he exhibits the
form and the spirit of a greater art. His
Madonna and Saints, lately in Hamilton
Palace, near Glasgow, is a good example of
this style. Later he shows the influence of
Francesco Morone, as in the Madonna and
Saints, Berlin Museum. Still later he ac-
quires a more modern treatment in every
branch of practice, as seen in the Concep-
tion, in 3. Paolo, Verona. The culminating
point in his career is reached in the Virgin
in Glory and the Madonna and Saints
(1530), Verona Museum ; and in the Ma-
donna and St. Anne, National Gallery, Lon-
don. Beginning as a miniaturist, he rose to
a high place amongst the painters of North
Italy, being neither a plagiarist nor a servile
copyist. His son, Francesco (born 1500),
was a miniature and oil painter. — C. & C,
N. Italy, L 493 ; Burckhardt, 606 ; Lnbke,
Gesch. d. ital MaL, il 578.
GIROLAMO DA SANTA CBOCE, bora
at Santa Croce (?), near Bergamo, flourished
Venice in 1520—49. Venetian school ;
history and landscape painter, perhaps pu-
pil and assistant of Francesco da Santa
Croce, of whom he may and may not have
been a relative ; further developed under
influence of Giovanni Bellini and the great
edbyGoOgk
Venetian masters. Works: Nativity, Mar-
tyrdom of St. Sebastian, Coronation of the
Virgin, Crucifixion, Berlin Museum ; Na-
tivity, Martyrdom of St. Lawrence, Dres-
den Gallery; St. Thomas Aquinas Enthroned
(1520), S. Silvestro, Venice ; Adoration of
the Magi, Manfrini Gallery, ib. ; Resurrec-
tion (early work), Last Supper (1549), S.
Martino, ib.; Head of Christ, A Bishop,
Academy, ib.; Crucifixion, Adoration of the
Shepherds, Museo Civico, Verona ; Corona-
tion of the Virgin, God Father and Holy
Family, Museo Civico, Padua ; several in
Bergamo Gallery; Nativity, Resurrection,
Basle Museum. — Lubke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii.
624.
GIROLAMO DA SERMONETA, born at
Sermoneta about 1510 (?), died in Rome
about 1580. Umbrian school. Real nam<
Girolamo Siciolante ; pupil of Perino del
Vaga, whom he assisted in his frescos in
Castello S. Angelo and in other works.
Employed by Gregory XHL in the decora-
tions of the Sala Regia in the Vatican ; also
executed works in many churches in Rome.
His heat work is the Madonna and Saints,
in S. Bartolommeo, Ancona. Said to have
been a good portrait painter. His style is
antiquated, more like that of the Perugi-
nesques than of any of his contemporaries.
—Vasari, ed. LeMon., x. 170, 185 ; ed. MiL,
vii. 571 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne.
GIROLAMO DA TREVISO, the elder, of
Padua, latter half of 15th century. Vene-
tian school. Probable pupil of Squarcioue,
but painted chiefly at Treviso, where he is
said to have finished an altarpiece and fres-
cos in S. Niccol6 in 1470. His oldest known
picture is the Death of the Virgin, at Lo-
nigo, painted in 1478. Better than this is
the Christ at the Column, in Casa Rinaldi,
Treviso, in which there is an echo of Aiito-
nello da Messina. Virgin with Saints, Du-
omo, Treviso (1487).— C. <fc C, N. Italy, L
855 ; Kugler (Eastlake), i. 294
GIROLAMO DA TREVISO, the younger.
See PewuKchi, Girolamo di Pier 1 Maria.
GIRON, CHARLES, born at Geneva;
contemporary. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Cabanel. Medals : 3d class, 1879 ;
2d class, 1883. Works : Education of Bac-
chus, Musee Rath, Geneva ; The Two Sis-
ters, Mary (1883); Portraits.
GIRONDISTS, LAST OF THE, Karl von
Piloty, George A. Drummond, Montreal ;
canvas. Scene : the Place de la Revolu-
tion, now called Place de la Concorde, with
the guillotine in background, left ; in front,
the Girondists dragged to execution in carts,
amid the jeers of the fishwives, who ait, knit-
ting in hand, on platforms under umbrellas.
In the rear cart is the dead body of Valaze,
who stabbed himself with a concealed dag-
ger on the passing of the sentence. Photo-
gravure in Art Treasures of America, ii. 66.
GIEOUX, ANDRE, born in Paris, April
30, 1801. Genre and landscape painter, son
and pupil of the animal painter, Achilla G.,
of Thibault, and of the Ecole des Beaux
Arts ; won grand prii de Rome in 1825.
Medals : 2d class, 1822 ; 1st class, 1831 ; L.
of Honour, 1837. Works : Preparing the
Market (1819); The Basement, Stable, Mar-
ket by the Sea-shore (1822); Fish-Market,
Orpheus and Eurydice (1824); View of
Capri (1827); View in the Sabine Country,
Shepherd of Casaprota, Sixtus V. and the
Gypsy Women (1831); View at Larco Os-
i near Rome (1831), Douai Museum ;
Plain of Gresivaudan near Grenoble (1834),
Luxembourg Museum ; French Alps (1837),
Ministry of Interior, Paris ; Ruins of Resti,
Chalets (1837); Knife-Grinder's Shop (1857);
Ravine of Colling in Austria (1863); Valley
of Gresivaudan near Grenoble (1866); Val-
ley of the Dranse in Savoy (1868); Valley
of Mag Ian in Savoy, Mill at Vichy, View at
Willegen, Switzerland (1874); Landscape,
Ravene Gallery, Berlin. — Bellier de la Cha-
vignerie, i 663 ; Meyer, Gesch., 772.
GIRSCHER, BERNHARD, born at Ro-
thenburg, Silesia, in 1822, died in 1870.
Landscape painter, pupil in Breslau of Beech,
went to Munich in 1849, studied four years
there and from nature in the Bavarian High-
lands and the Tyrol ; lived some time at
edbyG00gk
Liegnitz, and in 1864 went to Berlin.
Works : Mill in Sileaia ; Windmill ; Moon-
light Night in Tyrolese Alps ; Tauern Moun-
tain.
GIRTJN, THOMAS, born at Southwark,
Surrey, in 1776, died in London in 1802.
Landscape painter, one of the founders of
the English school of painting in water-col-
ours, and nest in importance to Turner,
with whom he was intimate ; exhibited at
the Royal Academy in 1791-1801. Works :
View of Bridge north, Great Hall in Conway
Castle, Ethel Castle, Melrose Abbey, View
of Ripon, York Cathedral, Interior of Can-
terbury Cathedral and others, British Mu-
seum, London ; Rievaulx Abbey (1798), View
on the Thames, Warkworth Hermitage,
three others, South Kensington Museum, ib. ;
View of St. Asaph, Jedburgh Abbey, Nation-
al Gallery, Dublin.
Miller, Turner and Girtin's Picturesque
Views (London, 1864).
GISBERT, ANTONIO, born at Alcoy,
Valencia ; contemporary. History and genre
painter, pupil of Madrid Academy. Direc-
tor of S. Fernando Museum, Madrid. Med-
als : Paris, 1865, 1867 ; Officer L. of Hon-
our, 1870. Works ; Landing of Puritans
in North America ; Execution of Padilla ;
Death of Don Carlos ; Francis L meeting
his Betrothed; Columbus embarking at
Palos ; Paolo and Franceses ; Guitar Player,
Grandfather's Birthday, Flute Player, In
the Garden, Students' Household ; Modern
Paris and Three Graces (1882) ; Prestidigi-
tator, William Astor, New York.— Mailer,
209.
G I S L E R , EDOtJARD ; contemporary.
History painter, pupil of Navez. Works :
Jeremiah on Ruins of Jerusalem (1836), St.
Gudule's, Brussels ; The Virgin (1841).—
ImmerzeeL i. 280.
GIULIANO, BARTOLOMMEO, born at
Susa, North Italy, in 1825. Genre and land-
scape painter, professor at Milan Academy.
Works : Faust and Marguerite ; Parisina ;
Difficult Passage ; In Thoughts ; Drinking
Girl (1866).— Mailer, 209.
GIULIO ROMANO, born in Rome in
1492, died in Mantua, Nov. 1, 1546. Real
name Giulio Pippi de' Gi-
annuzzi, but called Romano
from his birthplace. Um-
brian school ; became the
assistant of Raphael when
quite young, and with II
Fattore and Pellegrino da
Modena sided him in the '
decoration of the Vatican.
He was Raphael's favour-
ite pupil and was, with H
Fattore, his heir and art executor. He
painted frescos in Rome in the Villa Lanti,
in the Villa Madama, which he built, and
in Trinita de' Monti. Having fulfilled Ms
duties towards Raphael by finishing his
incomplete works in the Vatican, and in
painting, with II Fattore, the Assumption
which Raphael had promised to the Convent
of Monteluce, now in the Vatican, he went
(1524) to Mantua and entered the service of
Duke Federigo Gonzaga. There he directed
works in architecture as well as in painting,
having under him many scholars and assist-
ants. While under Raphael's care he was a
cloae imitator of his style ; but when left to
himself his taste soon became depraved, and
he was largely responsible for the decay of
Italian art. Among his works in Mantua
are frescos in the Palazzo del T&, which he
built They represent the Defeat of the
Giants, and the History of Cupid and Psyche,
the latter with a licentious freedom of treat-
ment which ill accords with the traditions of
the school in which he was bred. He also
painted other frescoB in the Uffizio della
Scaccheria and in several churches in Man-
tua. In 1646 he was chosen architect of St.
Peter's, Rome, as successor toSansovino, and
was about to Bet out for that city when he
died. Among the best of his few easel pic-
tures are : Madonna del Bacino, Pan and the
young Olympus, Dresden Gal; Martyrdom
of St Stephen, S. Stefano, Genoa; Madon-
na, Sacristy of St Peter's, Rome ; Julius BL
(copy of Raphael), Fornarina (copy of the
edbyGoogle
Barberini picture), Venus, Borghese, Borne;
Galatea (copy of Raphael's fresco), Accad.
S. Luca, Rome ; Madonna, TJffizi, Florence ;
Dance of Muses, PaL Pitti, ib. ; Madonna
della Gatta, Naples Mus ; Nativity, Triumph
of Titus and Vespasian, Venue and Vulcan,
Madonna and St John, Repose of Holy
Family, and portrait of himself, Louvre ;
Madonna and Child, da with St John,
and several others, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Infancy of Jupiter, Vision of the
Magdalen (fresco), Capture of Carthage,
Continence of Scipio, Abduction of the Sa-
bine Women, Nat GaL, London ; Juno and
Hercules, Bridgewater House, London ; Ma-
donna with Saints, S. Francesco, Brescia ;
Madonna with Saints, S. M. dell' Anima,
Rome. — Vasari, ed. Le. Mod., x. 87 ; ed.
Mil, v. 523, 563 ; Burckhardt, 8, 128, 179,
180 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecoto ombrienne ; Dohme,
2iii.
GIUNTA PISANO, of Pisa, first half of
13th century. First mentioned as master
in 1210, and still living at Pisa in 1255.
Frescos by him or by artists of his school
are in S. Pietro in Grado, near Pisa. He
is said to have painted in 1236, in the
upper church of S. Francesco Assisi, a Cru-
cifixion with Father Elias. Other pictures
in the Academy, and in the Campo Santo at
Pisa, are ascribed both to him and to Cima-
bue.— C. & C, Italy, L 166; Ldbke, Gesch.
ital. MaL, i. 86 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., L 221,
307 ; Morrona, Pisa Illustrate (Leghorn,
1812), ii. 116.
GIUSEPPINO. See Cesare, Giuseppe.
GIUSTO D' ANDREA DI GIUSTO, Flor-
entine school, flourished second half of 15th
century. Son of Andrea di Giusto, Masac-
cio's assistant ; worked under Neri di Bicci
in 1458-59, with Fra Filippo in 1460, and
assisted Benozzo Gozzoli in the Campo
Santo, Pisa. His style is a mixture of that
of Fra Filippo and of Gozzoli, but inferior
to both. By him are, perhaps, a Madonna
and Saints in 8. Gimignano Gallery (attrib-
uted to Gozzoli); do. in S. Girolamo, Vol-
terra ; do. in Gallery Comunale, Prato ; do.
in Florence Academy. — C. & C, Italy, ii.
516 ; Vasari, od. Le Mon., ii. 268 ; iv. 191.
GIUSTO DI GIOVANNL See Menaboi.
GLADIATORS (Combat de Gladiateurs),
Jean Leon Ger&me, Mrs. A T. Stewart, New
York ; canvas. Scene in the Coliseum, Roma
The victor in a gladiatorial combat stands
over his prostrate foe and turns to the spec-
tators for the signal of life or death, given by
turning the thumbs, whence the picture is
sometimes called Polliee Verso.
GLAESEB, GEORG, born at Altorf, near
Nuremberg, in 1719, died at Boirenth in
1748. Portrait and history painter ; became
court-painter to Margrave Frederic of Bai-
reuth, who sent him to Vienna and then to
Italy, where he remained seven years.
Works : Death of Lucretia, Death of Cleo-
patra, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; Alex-
ander's Entry into India, Baptism of Christ,
Portraitof a Rabbi (1735), Landauer Brflder-
haus, ib.
GLAIZE, ATJGUSTE (BARTHELEMY),
born at Montpellier, Dec 15, 1813. Genre
painter, pupil of the brothers Deveria ; be-
longs to the realistic school ; is more suc-
cessful with mythological than with Chris-
tian subjects. Medals : 3d class, 1842 ; 2d
class, 1844, 1848, and 1855 ; 1st class, 1845 ;
L. of Honour, 1865. Works : Flight into
Egypt, Luca Signorelli lamenting his Son
killed in a Duel (1836); After the War
(1838); Faust and Marguerite, Angels com-
ing for the Body of the Magdalen (1839) ;
Vision of Saint Theresa (1841); Flight into
Egypt, Interior with Holy Family, Psyche
(1842); Women Bathing, Humility of Saint
Elizabeth (1843); Susannah at the Bath, St
Elizabeth begging her Bread (1844); Acia
and Galatea (1845); Blood of Venus (1816),
Montpellier Museum ; Dante writing under
the Inspiration of Beatrice and Virgil (1847);
Death of the Precursor (1848), Toulouse
Museum; Women of Gaul (1852), Autun
Museum ; The Pillory (1855); What One sees
at the Age of Twenty (1855), Montpellier
Museum ; Cupids at Auction (1857), Beziers
Museum ; Before the Shop of a Money-
ed byGoOglC
Changer (1857) ; Address of the Emperor
on the Distribution of Eagles (ordered by
State in 1855); Around the Bowl (1861),
Anvera Museum ; Misery (1861); Dangerous
Reefs (1864), Luxembourg Museum ; Slav-
ery (1865), Narbonne Museum ; St Gene
vieve stopping Attila, St Genevieve saving
Lives of Prisoners, Devotion to St Gene-
vieve (1865, frescos), St Gervais, Paris ;
Monna Belcolore (1866); Posterity address-
ing Joan of Arc (1867); Blood of a Martyr
(1868); Caligula's Jest (1869); Insulting
Christ (1869), Ministry of Fine Arts, Paris;
Jesus the Saviour, Psyche Abandoned (1870);
Spectacle of Human Folly (1872); Path in
Eosebois (1874); Two Neighbors (1879);
Psyche (1880); First Steps (1881); Foolish
Virgins, Subject from Mubbbub (1882); Vote
of Gaspard Duchatel (1883); Around the
Truth, Hours of Life (1884).— Bellier de la
Chavignerie, i 665 ; Claretie, Peintres, etc
(1874), 199 ; Larousse ; Meyer, Gesch., 403 ;
Muller, 209.
GLAIZE, (PIERRE PAUL) LEON, born
in Paris, Feb. 3,
1842. History and
genre painter, son
and pupil of Aug-
uste, and pupil of
GerSine ; received
honourable mention
in 1859 for his >
Treason of Delilah. '. '
Medals : 1864, 1866,
and 1868 ; 1st class,
1878 ; L. of Honour, 1877. Works: Faun
and Nymphs (1861), Montauban Museum ;
Samson taken by the Philistines (1861) ;
^eop at House of Xanthus (1863), Dijon
Museum ; Samson breaking his Bonds
(1864), Mulhouse Museum ; Christ and
the Ten Lepers (1866), Church of White
Friars, Paris ; Penelope's Nights (1866),
Brussels Museum ; Minerva's Shield (1867),
Montauban Museum ; Young Girl facing
Death (1869) ; The First Duel (1870), Aries
Museum ; Death of Saint Louis (1872),
Church of St Louis d'Antin ; Lucia, Bielle
the Bouquet-Seller (1874) ; Conspiracy in
Early Rome (1875), Luxembourg Museum;
Orpheus (1876) ; Fugitives (1877) ; portrait
of J. L. Gerdme (1879) ; The Awakening
(1881) ; Feast in Honour of Theseus (1885).
—Bellier de la Chavignerie, L 665 ; Muller,
209.
GLANTSCHNIGG, ULRICH, born at
Hal!, Tyrol, in 1661, died at Bozen in 1722.
German school ; history painter, pupil of
Deutenhofer, then in Venice of Heinrich
Frisch and Carlotto; travelled in Italy,
Switzerland, visited Munich, and settled in
Bozen in 1686. Painted also attractive
genre pieces, with figures in Tyrolese cos-
tume, found in many private collections.
Works : Legend of St Francis of Assisi
(1712), Franciscan Church, Bozen ; The
Three Magi, St Catharine, Parish Church,
ib. ; Christ feeding the Five Thousand, City
Hall, ib. His son and pupil, Josef Anton
(1695-1750), was also an able and versatile
artist, who worked for many years at Wurz-
burg.— Wurzbach, v. 205.
GLASS, JAMES W., bom about 1825,
died in 1857. Historical genre painter, pu-
pil of Huntington in New York in 1845.
Lived and painted in London from 1847 to
1856. His Last Return from Duty, an
equestrian portrait of the Duke of Welling-
ton, painted in England, was bought by
Lord EUesmere, and repeated for the Queen.
Works: Free Companion ; Puritan and
Cavalier ; Edge Hill ; Battle of Naseby,
Wright Collection ; Royal Standard.— Tuck-
erman, 421.
GLAUBER, JAN, called Polydor, born at
Utrecht in 1646, died at Amsterdam or
Schoonhoven in 1726. Dutch school; land-
scape painter, pupil of Berchem. After
spending a year (1671) in Paris with the
flower-painter, Picard, and two years in
Lyons with Arij van der EabeL he went to
Rome, in company with his brother, Jan
Godlieb, and his sister, Diana, also a skilful
artist, and was received under the name of
Polydor into the society of Dutch and Ger-
man artists there, called the S chil derbent
MbyGooglc
Having spent two years in Borne, one year
in Padua, and two years in Venice, he went
in 1680 to Hamburg, and resided there and
in Copenhagen until 1685, when he settled
in Amsterdam, in the house of Gerard de Lai
resse, who painted figures in his landscapes.
His pictures show a conception kindred to
Poussin, combining elevated composition
with excellent drawing. In colouring, chi-
aroscuro, and individuality, he often sur-
passed his model. Works: Landscapes in
the Louvre, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Bruns-
wick, Cologne, Berlin, Vienna, and Madrid
Museums, and Augsburg, Munich, Dresden,
Copenhagen, Oldenburg, and Christiania
Galleries, and Historical Society, New York.
— Ch. Blanc, ficole hollandaiBO ; Immerzeel,
i, 280 ; Kramm, ii. 57S ; Riegel, Beitrage,
a. 411
GLAUBER, JAN GODLD2B, called Myr-
tiL born at Utrecht in 1656, died at Breslau
in 1703. Dutch school; landscape painter,
brother and pupil of Jan, whom he after-
ward accompanied to Italy, where his charm-
ing pastorals earned him the nickname
Myrtil. After his return he sojourned in
Vienna, Prague, and Breslau. His pictures,
in the style of his brother Jan, are of poetic
composition, warm in colouring, and care-
ful in execution. Works : Landscapes,
Augsburg Gallery, and Vienna Academy ;
Snake in the Grass, Glasgow Gallery. — Im-
merzeel, i. 280 ; Krntnm, ii, 575.
GLAUCION, painter of Corinth, date un-
known. Master of Athenian.-— Pliny, xxxv.
40 [134],
GLEANER, Jules Breton, Luxembourg
Museum ; canvas, H. 7 It. G in. x 4 ft. 1 in.
Full-length, with bare head, arms, and feet,
standing with her left arm akimbo, her
right holding a sheaf upon her left shoul-
der ; in background, other gleaners. Salon,
1877.
GLEANERS, Jean Francois MOlet, Bis-
Bchoffabeim Collection, Paris. Three wom-
en gleaning in the foreground of a wheat-
field ; in background, two great stacks of
grain, on one of which men are packing
sheaves which another man is pitching up
from a wagon drawn by oxen. Salon, 1857;
Exposition universelle, 1867.
GLEANERS, RECALL OF THE (Rappel
des Glaneuses), Jules Breton, Luxembourg
Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft x 5 ft 9 in. The
gleaners, a dozen or more women and girls,
at work in a field on a sultry evening, are
called from their labours by a " garde oham-
petre," who, leaning against a post at left,
with his dog beside him, is shouting with
both hands up to his mouth. Painted in
1859.— Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), iL 288.
GLEICHAUF, RUDOLF, born at Hflfin-
gen, Baden, July 29, 1826. History painter,
pupil of Munich Academy under Julius
Schnorr, whom he followed to Dresden,
where he copied in the Gallery, then studied
in the Stadel Institute in Frankfort, and
devoted himself especially to monumental
painting. Works : Decorations in New
Theatre at Carlsruhe ; Frieze in Castle Heili-
genberg on Lake Constance ; Frieze in
Trinkhalle at Baden-Baden ; Scenes from
's Aventiure ; sevoral altarpicces ;
allegories in fresco in kuilding of United
Col. at Carlsruhe.— Mailer, 210.
GLEICHEN-RUSSWURM, HEINRICH
LUDWIG VON, Baron, born at Greifen-
stein-ob-Bonnland, Bavaria, Oct 25, 1836.
Landscape painter, grandson of Schiller,
pupil of Weimar Art School under Max
Schmidt and Theodor Hagen. Works : On
the Harbour-Pier at Bregenz ; Summer
Afternoon ; Beech Wood in Autumn ; In
Harvest-Time.— Mailer, 211.
GLEIBE, CHARLES GABRIEL, born
at Chevilly, Switzerland, May 2, 1806, died
in Paris, May 5, 1874. Genre painter, pu-
pil in Paris of Hersent for a short time, then
worked by himself until he went to Egypt,
where he spent several years ; visited Italy
his way home, in 1833, and in 1840 ex-
hibited at the Salon his St John, which at-
tracted much attention. In 1849 he had a
quarrel with the administration, and thence-
forth sent his pictures to Swiss exhibitions.
He had many pupils. Medals in 1843, 1845.
edbyGoOgk
Works : Young Nubian Woman, Diana in
the Bath (1838); Vision of St. John (1840);
Lost Illusions (1843),
W. T. Walters, Balti-
more ; Departure of
the Apostles (1845);
Nymph Echo ; Dance
of the Bacchantes
(1849) ; Venus on a
Bam (1855); Death of
Major Duval, Battle of
Lake Leman (1858),
Portraits of General
Jomini and of M. W. Haldimand, Lausanne
Museum ; Diana Hunting, Nausicaa, Daph-
nis and Chios, Virgin with Christ and St
John, Joan of Arc in the Forest, Ruth and
Boaz, Deluge, Return of Prodigal Son (all
before 1863) ; Hercules and Omphale (1863) ;
Minerva and the Graces, Sappho ; Pentiums
panned by the Mainades, The Charmers,
Basle Museum ; Young Roman's Bath (1868),
C. S. Smith, New York— Gaz. des B. Arts
(1875), xi. 233, 404 ; Larousse, viii. 1301 ;
Meyer, Gesch., 393 ; Clement, Life (1858).
GLDBMANN, PHHJPP ALBERT, born
at Wotfenbuttel, Brunswick, Dec 26, 1822,
died in Dresden, April 25, 1872. Portrait
painter, pupil of the Dresden Academy
under Julius Hubner. Was for many
years the favourite portrait painter in Dres-
den. Works : Jew's Head, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Portrait of King John of Saxony,
Leipsic University. — Allgem. d. Biogr., ix.
236.
GLINK, FRANZ XAVTER, born at Bur-
gau, Bavaria, in 1795, died in Munich, Feb.
22, 1873. History painter, pupil of the
Munich Academy under Peter von Longer ;
went in 1824 to Rome, and after bis return
painted altarpieces and subjects from Ger-
man epics and from Taaso ; then
JKJ^ turned again entirely to religious
yfX art Works : Flight into Egypt ;
* *• Mary's Visit to Elizabeth ; Madon-
na ; Christ as a Gardener ; St Cecilia ;
Christ in Glory ; Sermon on the Mount ;
Cycle from Wilkina Saga and the Niebel-
ungen ; Scenes from Tasso ; Story of An
tharis. — Allgem. d. Biogr., is. 237.
GLINZEB, KARL, born at Breitenau,
near Cassel, in 1802, died at Cassel in 1878.
History and landscape painter, pupil of
Munich Academy, and, in 1825, of Dussel-
dorf Academy under Schadow, then of Gros
in Paris ; visited Rome and Naples in 1833.
Works : Susanna at the Bath (1837), Kunst-
lialle, Hamburg ; Joseph's Bloody Coat
(1838); Good Samaritan; Slave Dealer
(1840); Pan and Syrinx (1852).
GLORIA, LA, Titian, Madrid Museum ;
canvas, H. 11 ft 4 in. x 7 ft 10 in.; signed.
High in the heavens, in a. halo of light, the
Father and the Son are seated, with crystal
orbs and sceptres in their hands ; around
them countless cherubim and seraphim fad-
ing away in a brilliant mist ; lower down in
the clouds the Virgin stands interceding for
sinners, at whose head Charles V., to the
right, with the crown at his feet, is kneel-
ing ; behind him is the Empress ; lower
down Mary of Hungary, Philip and his sis-
ter, all in winding-sheets, praying; still
lower are Job (portrait of Vargas), Moses,
Noah, and the Magdalen, and to the left in
ascending lines the Evangelists and Proph-
ets. Painted in 1554 for Charles V., who
ordered it as a record of his intention to
quit the throne. On his abdication (1555),
he took it, with other pictures, to the Monas-
tery of Yuste, where it was hung at the foot
of his bed. Charles ordered the picture,
which he called the Lost Judgment, to be
placed after his death on the high altar of
the Monastery, but Philip removed it to the
EscoriaL from which it passed to the Mu-
seum. Sometimes called also the Trinity.
Engraved by Cort ; in reverse by Hondius.
— Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 451 ; C. & C, Titian,
ii. 232 ; Gachard, Retraite et Mort de Charles
V. (Brussels, 1855), ii 90 ; Revue Universelle
des Arts, iii 227.
GLO VACKL JOHANN NEPOMUK, born
at Cracow in 1802, died there, July 28, 1847.
Landscape and portrait painter, pupil of
Cracow Academy, then studied in Prague
edbyGoOgk
and under Steinf eld at the Vienna Academy,
and after his return to Cracow became pro-
fessor at the university. Visited Munich,
and having spent two years in Borne, re-
turned in 1835. His landscapes, views in
the Carpathian mountains and in Oalicia,
were in great demand, and are mostly in
private collections at Cracow. — Wurzbach,
v. 220.
GOBAUT, GASPABD, born in Paris,
December 27, 1814. Landscape and battle
painter, pupil of his father and of Simeon
Fort. Medal, 3d class, 1847 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1871. Works: Eleven water-colour
views in Algiers, nine views near Paris
(1847); Siege of Borne in 1849 (1852); Bat-
tles and Skirmishes in Italian Campaign of
1859 (10, 1861); Views in Jura Mountains,
Pyrenees, etc. (1864-70) ; Battles of Magenta
and Solferino (1870); Arm of the Seine,
Skirmish at Villeraexel in 1871 (1877).—
Bellier de la Chavignerie, i 667.
GOBBO, ANDREA DEL. See Solario,
Andrea.
GOBBO DA MILANO. See Solario, An-
drea,
GOBEL, KARL, born in Vienna in 1824
Portrait, genre, and landscape painter in
water-colours, son of Karl Peter, pupil of
Vienna Academy ; travelled extensively in
France, Spain, Italy, Hungary, and Russia.
Works: Fisherman's Family returning
Home ; Camp of Army-Train ; Gibraltar ;
Cathedral of Valencia ; Escorial ; Painters
in Gypsy Camp ; Pilgrimage to Mariazell ;
Coal Sledge ; Pifferari.— Mttller, 92 ; ffun-
bach, v. 234.
GOBEL, KARL PETER, born at Wurz-
bnrg in 1791, died in Vienna in 1823.
Portrait and history painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy, where he won several
prizes. Works : Jacob blessing Sons of
Joseph (1820), Vienna Museum ; Moses
(1821); Death of Dido (1822).— Wurzbach,
v. 234
GOD THE FATHER, WITH SAINTS,
Fra Bartolommeo, Lucca Gallery ; wood,
figures under life-size ; dated 1509. The
Eternal, enthroned on the clouds, attended
by cherubim and seraphim, with right hand
raised in benediction ; below, Si Catherine
of Siena on the left, and Mary Magdalen on
right, both kneeling in testacy and raised
from the ground by a band of cherubim.
Painted for Convent of S. Pietro Martire,
Murano ; but it remained in the hands of
Fra Bartolommeo, who is supposed to have
presented it to the Prior Santi Pagnini, of
the Convent of S. Romano, Lucca ; removed
lately to the gallery. — Vasari, ed. Mil, iv.
192 ; Marchess, ii. 52, 246, 363 ; C. & C,
Italy, iii 44a
GOD APPEARING TO NOAH, Raphael,
Stanza d' Eliodoro, Vatican ; fresco on ceil-
ing. God the Father, accompanied by two
angels, descending from heaven, and about
to address Noah, who kneels in adoration ;
one of Noah's sons is near him, the two
others with their mother, who, holding one
in her arms, looks oat from the door of her
house. Vasari calls this the Covenant with
Abraham. Painted in 1513-14 Engraved
by Fr. Aquila; Michel Comeille; S. Rouille-
mont — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 346 ; Mttntz,
370 : Passavant, ii. 128.
GODDESS OF DISCORD, Joseph M
W. Turner, National Gallery, London ; can-
vas, H 4 ft 11 in. x 7 ft The Goddess of
Discord choosing the apple of contention in
the Garden of the Hesperides. The three
daughters of Hesperus, Jigle, Hespere, and
Erythels, dwelt in the garden, where they
had charge of the tree of the golden apples,
the gift of Earth to Juno on her wedding-
day. The Hesperides and the garden were
guarded by the dragon Ladon, destroyed by
Hercules in his eleventh labour. The God-
dess of Discord, not having been invited to
the marriage feast of Peleus and Thetis,
procured one of these apples, and writing
upon it, "For the most beautiful" threw it
among the guests at the feast It was
claimed by Juno, Minerva, and Venus.
Jupiter, to end the strife, ordered that the
dispute should be settled by Paris, the
Mt Ida. The Judgment of
edbyGoOgk
Paris, who awarded it to Venus, that god-
dess having promised him Helen of Sparta
for his wife, led to the Trojan war. In
Turner's picture, a glorious mountain land-
scape, with the River Lethon and nymphs
in foreground, the Goddess of Discord is
seen receiving the apple from the Hesperi-
des ; in the background, the fiery dragon is
lying at length along the summit of a lofty
crag. British Institution, 1806. Engraved
by T. A. Prior in Turner Gallery.
GODS AND THEIR MAKERS, Edwin
Long, Thomas Taylor, London ; canvas, H.
4 ft. 9in.x7ft.9in. Interior of an Egyp-
tian studio, with grotesque images against
the wall ; at right a sculptor modelling a cat
after a living model, held by a negress ; at
left, young girls seated on floor painting
images. Royal Academy, 1878 ; sold at
Thomas Taylor's sale (1883), for £2,725.
GOES, HUGO VAN DEB, born in Ghent
about 1430, died in the Booden Cloister,
near Brussels, in 1482. Flemish school;
history and portrait painter. In 1465 he
was a member, and in 1473-75 dean, of the
painters' guild at Ghent, where, in 1468, he
assisted in preparing decorations for the
marriage of Charles the Bold and Margaret
of York. About 1475 he took refuge in the
Booden Cloister, of the Augustine Choir-
Masters, whence, in 1479-80, he was called
to Louvain, as one of the greatest painters
in the country, to value an unfinished pict-
ure by Dierick Bouts. About 1481 he be-
came insane. The one authentic picture by
Hugo van der Goes is the altarpiece in the
Hospital of S. Maria Nuova, Florence, which
was ordered at Bruges by Tommaso Porti-
nari, and painted about 1470-75. The mid-
dle picture represents the Adoration of the
Shepherds ; on the wings are the portraits
of Tommaso Portinari and his two sons,
presented by S9. Matthew and Anthony,
and of Folco Portinari, with his wife and
daughter and their patron saints, Margaret
and Mary Magdalen. Heads earnest and
severe, draperies broken into stiff folds,
colour wanting in harmony, cold, though
clear in tone. Attributed to him is also an
Annunciation in the Old Pinakothek at Mu-
nich.— Allgem. d. Biogr., is. 322; Ch. Blanc,
£cole flsmande ; Ed. De Busscher, Recher-
ches but lea peintres Gantois, 65, 105, 113,
117, 205 ; C. & G., Flemish Painters, 155 ;
Forster, Denkmale, XL iii 1 ; Immerzeel,
ii 62 ; Kramm, iii. 764 ; Wauters, Hugues
van der Goes, etc (Brussels, 1872) ; W. &
W., ii 27.
GOETZLOF, KARL WTLHELM, born in
Dresden in 1803, died at Naples in 1866.
Landscape painter, went to Italy in 1823 ;
member of Dresden Academy in 1835.
Sorrento, Capo di Monte, Naples, with
dancing Italians (1830), Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; Two Scenes from Taking of Catania,
Berne Museum.
GOLDEN CALF, Claude Lorrain, Gros-
venor House, London ; canvas, H 4 ft 7 in.
X 8 ft 1 in. ; dated 1653. Companion to
Sermon on the Mount. The golden calf
upon a high pedestal in a rocky valley, with
Israelites worshipping it Liber Veritatds,
No. 129. Engraved by Jazet, Paris, by
Lerpiniere (1781), and in Grosvenor Gal-
lery. Study in bistre, British Museum;
sketch in Louvre. — Pattison, Claude Lor-
rain, 73, 218, 234 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii
171.
GOLDEN CALF, Tintoretto. See Moses
on the Mount
GOLDEN HORN, Sandford R Oifford,
private gallery, New York ; canvas, H. 2 ft.
3 in. x 4 ft. The harbour of Constantinople,
so named in ancient times from the wealth
of its commerce. The picture shows an ex-
panse of rippled water, to which the noon-
day sun gives a golden glow ; on each side
rows of shipping extend back until almost
lost in the golden haze through which the
roofs and spires of the city are just visible.
GOLDMANN, OTTO, bom in Berlin,
April 8, 1844. Genre painter, for a short
time pupil of Berlin Academy ; since 1878
has followed the realistic manner of Karl
Gussow. Works: Not Alone? Check and
Mate ? In Great Expectation ; Disturbed
^abyGoOglC
Rest ; Quod erat demonstrandum. — Hlustr.
Zeitg. (1882), ii. 435 ; Leixner, D. mod. K,
ii. 67 ; Rundschau, iviii. 306.
GOLTZIUS, HENDRIK, bom at Mubl-
brecht, Duchy of
Julich, in Feb.,
1558, died in Haar-
lem, Dec. 29,
161G, or Jan. 1,
1617. Dutch
school; history,
portrait, and land-
scape painter, al-
u though his great
1 reputation rests
upon his skill as an engraver, which was ex-
ceptional He did not begin to paint until
he was forty-two years old. Unhappily
married to a rich widow much older than
himself, he lost his health, and by the ad-
vice of his physicians travelled through
Germany (1590), then went to Borne and
(1592) to Naples. After his return to Haar-
lem he suffered from the harsh climate and
gradually declined. He was a versatile,
skilful, and extravagant mannerist^ who, like
Spranger, delighted in forced attitudes and
unnaturally-developed muscles, and carica-
tured the style of Michelangelo, whom he
endeavoured to emulate. Works r Female
portrait, Brussels Museum ; Adoration of
the Magi, St Maurice Chapel, Nuremberg ;
Adoration of the Shepherds, Stuttgart Gal-
lery ; Ecce Homo, Gotha Gallery ; The Del-
uge (1592), Oldenburg Gallery; Titius at-
tacked by the Vulture (1613), Haarlem
Museum ; Mercury presenting the Eyes of
Argus to Juno (1615), Rotterdam Museum ;
Adam and Eve, Wiesbaden Gallery; Circum-
cision, Baptism of Christ, Adam and Eve,
Hermitage,St.Peters- __
burg; Family Group, [wl "Iwl
Historical Society,
New York.— Allgem. w fifty _ /fr
d. Biogr. ix. 361; jHMy \Hf
Ch. Blanc, Eoole hoi- ■* *** - 1 W
landaise ; ImmerzeeL i. 287 ; Kramm, ii
584 ; Van der Willigen, 133, 34a
GOMEZ, JACINTO, born at San Hdefon-
so in 1746, died in 1812. Spanish school.
History painter, pupil of Francisco Bayeu ;
chamber painter to Charles IV. Works :
The Angelic Hierarchy adoring the Holy
Spirit, Madrid Museum.
GOMEZ, SEBASTIAN, called El Mulato
de Murillo, born about 1646 {?), died in Se-
ville in 1682 (?) or 1690 (?). Spanish school,
the mulatto slave of Murillo ; learned his
art by watching his master at work. Accord-
ing to the story, he once ventured to finish
a Virgin's head which had been sketched
by .Murillo, who thereupon encouraged and
aided him. His pictures, mostly religious
subjects, are defective in drawing and in
composition, but are much like Murillo's
in colouring. Works : Holy Family, Seville
Cathedral ; Conception, Seville Museum ;
St. Francis of Assisi, Hermitage, St Peters-
burg.— Stirling, ii. 928 ; Viardot, 226 ; Cur-
tis, 340.
GONNE, (CHRISTIAN) FRIEDRICH,
bom in Dresden, May 30, 1813. Genre,
history, and portrait painter, pupil of Dres-
den and Antwerp Academies ; lived then in
Berlin, Munich, and Borne, visited France,
England, and Sweden, and became professor
at the Dresden Academy in 1857. Honor-
ary member of the Dresden Academy in
1864, and of Antwerp Academy in 1859.
Works : Card-Players ; Antiquary ; Bobber's
Repentance ; Ballad-Singer ; Conventional
Marriage ; Kiss of Judas ; Burning Mem-
ories (1869), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Lady
Macbeth (1872) ; Banquet in 16th Century
(1874) ; Portrait of King John of Saxony,
City Hall, Leipsic ; Clown in State of De-
jection, Pennsylvania Academy, Philadel-
phia.— Brockhaus, viii. 190 ; Mailer, 212.
GONZAGA, FEDEBIGO, Marquis of
Mantua, portrait, Raphael, lost (?). Begun
in 1513, but left unfinished. Represents a
young man of great beauty, dressed in black,
with a white shirt, and a red cap on his
head. Waagen and Passavant think it the
portrait at Charlecote Park, near Warwick,
England, which was formerly in collection
edbyGoOgk
of Charles L, and then in possession of Mr.
Edward Gray, London ; but Gampori is of
opinion that it perished in the sack of Man-
tua in 1630.— Muntz, 389 ; Waagen, Treas-
ures, ii. 476 ; Passavant, ii. 96 ; Campori,
Gaz. des R Arts (1872), ii 357.
GONZAGA, ISABELLA. See JStte Gon-
zaga ; Belie Ferronierre.
GONZALES, BARTOLOME, born in Val-
ladotid in 1664, died in Madrid in 1627.
Spanish school ; pupil of Patricio Caxea in
Madrid ; employed by Philip HL at the
Pardo in 1608, and afterwards in various
works in Burgos, Valladolid, Lerma, and
the Escorial ; succeeded Fabricio Castello
as royal painter in 1617. Painted many
portraits of the qneen and the infantas, and
devotional subjects for convents. Works :
Portraits of Queen Margaret of Austria, and
of the Infanta Clara Eugenia, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Interior with Young Scholar and
Wife, Family Group in Painter's Sitting-
Boom, Cassel Gallery; Portrait of Infanta
Margareta Franceses, Germanic Museum,
Nuremberg. — Stirling, i 431 ; Madrazo.
GONZALES, JtJAN ANTONIO, bom at
Chiclana, Spain ; contemporary. Genre
painter, pupil of Pils and of Rodriguez.
Medal Paris, 3d class, 1876. Works :
Sancho Panza relating the Adventures of
Don Quixote (1869); Gallery of Armour-
Museum of Cluny, Before the Evening Party
(1870); After the Ball (1872); Coquetry,
Young Woman and Cat (1873) ; Persuasion
(1874); Music Lesson, Grandpapa's Portrait
(1875); Return from Baptism (1876); Wed-
ding Presents (1877); At the Impresario's
(1879) ; Romance (1880) ; Grandparents'
Visit (1882).— La Bustracion (1877), it 241 ;
(1883), ii 179.
GONZALES, PEDRO RUIZ, born in
Madrid in 1633, died there in 1709. Span-
ish school ; pupil of Escalante and of Car
refio ; painted chiefly religious compositions,
but also water-colour and crayon pieces. —
Stirling, iii. 1028.
GONZALVO Y PEREZ, PABLO ; con-
temporary. Architecture painter, in Sai-a-
gossa; has acquired reputation especially
since the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876.
Medal, Paris, 3d elass, 1867. Works : Ca-
thedral de lo Seo in S&ragossa, Chapels and
Mausoleum of Ferdinand and Isabella in
Granada Cathedral, Chapel in Avila Cathe-
dral, Sacristy in do. (1876); View of Canal
Grande, Interior of S. Marco, Venice. —
Mailer, 212.
GOOD, THOMAS SWORD, born at Ber-
wick-on-Tweed, Dec 4, 1789, died there,
April 15, 1872. Genre painter. Bred a
house-painter, then studied Wilkie's style,
and in 1820 sent his picture, A Scotch Shep-
herd, to the Royal Academy, where he ex-
hibited for fourteen years. Went to Lon-
don to reside in 1822, but in 1833 inherited
a fortune and gave up painting. Works :
Scotch Shepherd (1820); Music, Two Old
Soldiers, Northumbrian Piper, Rummaging
an Old Wardrobe ; Practice (1828); Idlers
(1829); The Truant (1830); Medicine (1831);
Industrious Mother ; Merry Cottagers ;
Smugglers Resting ; Fishermen (1832), No
News, The Newspaper, Study of a Boy, Na-
tional Gallery, London. — Redgrave ; Cat
Nat Gal
GOODALL, FREDERICK, born in Lon-
don, Sept 17, 1822.
Genre painter in oil
and water-colour, son
and pupil of Edward
Good all, engraver;
won silver medal of
Society of Arts for his
first oil picture, Find-
ig of Dead Body of '
a Miner by Torchlight;
first work exhibited
at Royal Academy, French Soldiers playing
Cards (1839) ; elected an A.R. A. in 1852, and
RA. in 1863. Has sketched in Ireland,
France, Italy, and Egypt Works : Tired
Soldier (1842), Village Holiday (1847), Na-
tional Gallery, London ; Hunt the Slipper
(1849); Woodman's House (1850); Raising
the Maypole (1851) ; Last Load (1852) ; Cran-
merat the Traitor's Gate (1856); Summer
edbyGoOgk
Song, Song of the Nubian Slave (1864);
Rising of the Nile (1866); Bedouin Mother
and Child (1872); Arab Improvisators, Sub-
siding of the Nile (1873); Time of Roses,
Egyptian Water-Carriers (1877); Palm Sun-
day, Daughter of Laban (1878); Water for
the Gamp (1879); Road to Mecca, Return
from Mecca, Artist and Model, Rebecca
(1881); Memphis (1882); Caf6 at Cairo,
Crossing the Desert (1883); Gordon's Last
Messenger (1885). His son, Frederick
Trevelyan Goodall (died April 11, 1871),
was a painter of much promise. — Art Jour-
nal (1850), 213 ; (1855), 108 ; Sandby, ii.
831 ; Cai Nat. Gal.
GOODWIN, ALBERT; contemporary.
Water-colour landscape and genre painter.
Exhibits at Royal Academy and Grosvenor
Gallery. Works : Venice, from S. Giorgio,
Venetian Butterflies (1875); Sixth Voyage
of Sindbad the Sailor, An Arabian Night
(1879); Low Tide in the Harbour (1880); A
Summer Sea, St. Michael's Mount— Corn-
wall (1881) ; Voyage of Sindbad the Sailor,
Fisherman and Genius (1882); Enchanted
Lake, Scene from Tempest (1883) ; Pass-
ing, Unveiling of the Enchanted Palace
(1884).
GOOL, JAN VAN, born at The Hague in
1690 or 1691, died there in 1765. Dutch
school ; landscape and animal painter, pupil
of Mattheus Terweaten and of Simon van der
Does. Imitated Paul Potter. He published
" De nieuwe Schonburg der Nederlantsche
Kunst-schilders," biographies of the artists
of the Netherlands, which work may be
considered as a continuation of that by Ar-
nold Houbraken. Twice visited England.
His works show the decadence of the
Dutch school in colouring, effect, and style.
Works : Landscape with Cattle, Amsterdam
Museum ; Girl milking a Cow, Rotterdam
Museum ; Landscape with Satyrs, Lille Mu-
seum ; Wood Landscape with Figures and
Herd (1719), Schwerin Gallery.— Immense!
GOOSE GIRL (Gardeuse d'Oies), Jean
Francois Millet, private gallery, New York.
A little peasant girl watching a flock of
geese. Sold by PiUet in Paris (1881), for
35,000 franca
GORDON, Sir JOHN WATSON, born in
Edinburgh in 1790, died there, June 1,
1864. Son of Captain Watson, RN., and
nephew of George Watson, portrait painter;
assumed name of Gordon in 1826. Having
first tried historical painting with little suc-
cess, he turned his attention to portraiture,
and became the leading portrait painter in
Edinburgh, after the death of Raeburn.
Elected in 1841 an A.R.A., and in 1851
HA.; succeeded, in 1850, Sir William Allan
as President of the Scotch Academy, being
appointed at same time limner to the Queen
in Scotland, and knighted. Works : Sir
David Brewster, National Gallery, London ;
Marquis of Dalhousie, De Quincey, Profes-
sor J. Wilson, National Portrait Gallery, ib. ;
Lord Murray, Lord Cockburn, Sir Walter
Scott, Grandfather's Lesson, six other male
portraits, National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Earl
of Hopetoun, Earl of Dalhousie, Archers*
Hall, ib.; Sir James Hall, Royal Society, ib.
— Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 416 ; Sandby,
L 287.
GORGASUS, painter and modeller in
clay. Decorated, in company with Damo-
phUns, the Temple of Ceres, Liber, and
Libera, at Rome (dedicated 494 rc). — Pliny,
xxxv. 45 [164] ; Brunn, i. 530; ii 57.
GOSSART(Go«saert),JAN. Seeifofc/se.
GOSSE, NICOLAS LOUIS FRANCOIS,
born in Paris, Oct. 2, 1787, died at Sonoourt
(Haute-Marne), Feb. 9, 187a History and
portrait painter, pupil of Vincent ; painted
in a hall of the Louvre scenes from Greek
and Roman mythology. Medals : 3d class,
1819; 2d class, 1824 ; L of Honour, 1828 ;
Officer, 1870. Works : Crossing the Styx
(1819); Adoration of the Magi (1827) ; The
edbyGoOgk
Wounded of the July Revolution (1833) ;
St Vincent de Paul (1824), formerly in
Luxembourg Museum ; Death of St Vin-
cent Ferrer (1845), Vannes Cathedral ; Bish-
op of Lhtieux protecting Protestants on St
Bartholomew's Night (1835), Lisieux Muse-
um ; Napoleon receiving Queen of Prussia
at Tilsit, Meeting between Napoleon and
Alexander at Erfurt, Arrival of Charles X.
at Notre-Darae, Louis Philippe refusing
Crown of Belgium offered to Due de Ne-
mours, Portrait of Marshal Contades, Ver-
sailles Museum.— Bdli or de la Chavignerie,
L 676; Vapereau (1880), 834.
GOSSELIN, CHARLES, bom in Paris,
Jan. 26, 1834 Landscape painter, pupil of
Gleyre and Busson. A distinguished painter
of the realistic school Medals : 1865, 1870 ;
2d class, 1874 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works :
Woods in Autumn (1863) ■ Autumn Evening
(1864); Eoad (1865) ; Environs of Bougival
(1866) ; In the Woods (1867) ; Drinking-
Place, Twilight in Woods (1868) ; Hollow
Boad, Environs of Foncine-le-Bas (1869) ;
Road in the Woods (1870); Summer Even-
ing (1872); Environs of Crotoy, Farm of
H£douville (1873); Woodsmen (1874) ; Low
Tide, Borders of the Woods (1875) ; Pasture
on the Downs (1876) ; Forest of Isle Adam
(1877) ; Mouth of the Somme (1878) ; De-
cember Landscape (1879) ; Ford of St
Martin 1'Eghse (1880) ; Moor of Varenge-
ville (1881) ; Horses in a Meadow (1882) ;
Castle of Arquea (1883) ; Between Dieppe
and Tourville (1884).
GOTTLAND, PETER Sbo Roddelstedt.
GOTZENBERGER, JAKOB, born at
Heidelberg in 1800, died in Darmstadt, Oct
6, 1866. History painter, pupil of Corne-
lius from 1820 in Dusseldorf, and from 1824
in Munich ; went in 1828 to Rome, and in
1832, with Forster and Hermann, painted the
frescos representing the Faculties, in the
aula of the university of Bonn. Was made
court-painter and director of the Mannheim
Gallery, visited Paris and London with Cor-
nelius, and being dismissed for some misde-
meanour, went in 1847 to England, where
he executed several decorative fresco paint-
ings for English lords, as well as portraits.
In 1863-65 he was in Lucerna Works :
Jurisprudence, Medicine, Philosophy (1832),
Bonn University (cartoons in Carlsruhe Gal-
lery) ; Cycle in fresco, Chapel at Nierstein,
Hesse ; Series with Fairy-Tales from Black
Forest (1644), Trinkhalle, Baden-Baden ;
Decorative Cycle in fresco, Bridgewater
House, England. — Allgem. d. Biogr., is. 515;
Fdrster, v. 11 ; Kunst-Chronik, ii. 7.
GOUBATJ (Goubou, Goebouw), AN-
TOINE, born at Antwerp, May 27, 1616,
died there, March 11, 1698. Flemish school;
landscape and genre painter, pupil of Jan
de Facius (Farms?); master of the guild in
1636, then spent several years in Italy.
Works : Study of Arts in Borne (1662), Pi-
azza Navona, ib. (1680), Museum, Antwerp;
Last Supper, St James', ib. ; Italian Market
(1651), Baron de Pret, ib.; do., Lille Muse-
um ; Landscape, Hague Museum ; Landscape
with Roman Ruins, Brunswick Museum ;
Adoration of the Magi (1670), Amalienstift,
Dessau ; do., and Soldiers at Cards, Schwcrin
Gallery ; Rocky Landscape with Ruins and
Figures, Augsburg Gallery ; Vestal in a
Landscape, Old Man playing Guitar, Uffizi,
Florence. — Cat du Musee d'Anvers (1874),
190 ; Kramro, ii 579; Messagerdea sciences,
historiques (1868), 346; Riegel, ii. 119;
Rooses (Reber), 95, 408 ; Van den Branden,
1010; Zeitschr. 1 b. K, xlv. 844.
GOUBATJ, FRANS, born at Antwerp, Sept
27, 1622, died there, Oct 20, 1678. Flemish
school; history and portrait painter, prob-
ably pupil of Geeraard Zegers ; master of
the guild in 1649. Works: Adoration of
the Holy Sacrament (1650), Museum, Ant-
werp ; The Dead Christ (1655), Portrait of
Pastor Frans van den Bossche (1657), St
James', ib. — Cat du Musue d'Anvers (1874),
190 ; Van den Branden, 931.
GOUBIE, JEAN RICHARD, born in
Paris, Jan. 12, 1842. Genre and animal
painter, pupil of Gcrdme. His animals are
well drawn, but rather carelessly painted.
Style spirited and subjects interesting.
MbyGoOglC
Medal, 3d class, 1874. Works : "So Fond
of those Animals," An Academy in the 18th
Century (1874) ; Return from Hunting Sea-
Birds (1875) ; Wedding Journey (1876) ;
Flight across the River, Horse and Donkey
(1877) ; Buying Mares, Amorous Lion, Edu-
cation of Fillette, Theft of the Crow (1878) ;
Lunch in the Ruins of Hunaudaye (1879) ;
Chasseurs walking their Horses, Morning
Meeting (1880) ; The Ladies' Carriage, Vis-
iting the Mothers (1881) ; Sunday After-
noon in the Zoological Garden in Paris,
Catching a Crab (1882) ; On the Way to the
Fair (1883); Chamant's Equipage at Belcroix
(1884) ; A Bowl of Milk, Spring (1885).
GOULD, WALTER, born in Philadelphia
in 1829. Portrait and subject painter, pu-
pil of J. R Smith in Philadelphia, and a
student in Paris. Has lived and painted in
Florence, Italy, since 1849, making sketch-
ing tours in the East Works : Portrait of
Kossuth, Governor of Hungary (1851,
painted in Asia Minor) ; Grand Vizier, Res-
chid Pasha, Sir Stratford Canning (painted
in Constantinople) ; An Eastern Story Teller,
Matthew Baird, Philadelphia.
GOUPIL, JULES ADOLPBE, born in
Paris, May 7, 1839, died at Neuilly, April
30, 1883. Genre and portrait painter, pu-
pil of Ary Scheffer. His genre pieces are
carefully drawn and bright in colour, but of
no great depth. Medals : 3d class, 1873,
1874 ; 1st class, 1875 ; 2d class, 1878 ; L.
of Honour, 1881. Works : Trying on the
Dress (1864) ; Calling on a Young Mother
(1865) [ Charity (1866) ; News, For the
Poor (1867) ; Sister's Festival (1869); News
in the Provinces (1872) ; Young Citizen of
the Year V. (1873) ; The Betrothal (1874)
In 1795, Interior of a Studio (1875) ; Visit
of Condolence (1877); A Village Woman,
Not at the
/d&4 f€MplT\ MeVt* n
* / / ' (1878) ; The
— ■ '' Agreeabl.
Friend, Rest (1879) ; Mme. Roland's Last
Day in Prison (1880), Luxembourg Muse-
; A Dining-Room (with David de Noter),
New York Museum.
GOURLIER, PAUL DOMINIQUE, born
in Paris, June 13, 1813, died there, March
7, 1869. Landscape painter, pupil and imi-
tator of Corot Medals : 3d class, 1841 ;
honourable mention, 1855. Works : Cima-
bue and Giotto, Island of Capri (1841); In-
fancy of Bacchus (1844), Cbartres Museum ;
Baptism of Christ (1846); Autumn Evening,
Seine at Meudon, Grottos of Cervara (1848);
Sunset (1850), Rodez Museum ; Street in
Rome (1852) ; Village of Saint Georges
(1853); Springtime, Autumn (1855); Au-
tumn Day (1857), Nancy Museum ; Banks
of the Seine (1863); Banks of the Tiber
(1867); Baptism of Christ (1868).
GOVAERTS (Goyvaerta), ABRAHAM,
born at Antwerp, baptized Aug. 30, 1589,
died there, Sept. 13, 1626. Flemish school;
landscape painter in the manner of Jan
Brueghel, and possibly his pupil ; master
of the guild in 1607, its dean in 1623.
Works : Oak Wood (1612), Hague Museum ;
Allegory of Autumn (attrib. to Jan Brueghel),
Brussels Museum ; Repose of Diana (1614),
Bordeaux Museum ; Landscape with Abra-
ham's Sacrifice (1615), Brera, Milan ; The
Four Elements (1624), Brunswick Museum;
Wood Landscape with Huntsmen, GOttingen
University; do. Schwerin Gallery ; Two
Landscapes, Augsburg Gallery. — Gaz. des
B. Arts (1868), i. 119 ; Michiels, v. 374 ; Ke-
gel, Beitrage, ii. 95 ; Van den Branden, 461 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., xvi. 59 ; xx 217.
GOW, ANDREW C, born in London in
1848. Genre painter,
pupil of bis father and
student at Heatberly's
School of Art First
exhibited picture at
Royal Academy, A Sus-
. picious Guest (1870).
- Member of Institute of
Painters in Water Col-
ours in 1868 ; elected
an A.RA in 1881.
Works : Belief of Leyden (1876); Tumult
edbyGoOgk
in House of Commons (1877); War Dispatch
at Hotel de Vffle, News from the Front
(1878); No Surrender, Musical Story by
Chopin (1879); Last Days of Edward VL
(1880); Montrose at Kilsyth (1881); Jacobite
Proclamation (1882); Consuelo, Trophies of
Victory (1883).— Art Journal (1881), 95.
GOYA T LUCEENTES, FRANCISCO
JOS£ DE, born at
Fuendetodos, Ara-
gon, March 30,
1746, died at Bor-
deaux, April 15,
1828. Spanish
school ; history,
genre, and portrait
painter, pupil for
five years of Lujan
Martinez at Sara- \1 <}$ls".it
gossa ; spent several years in Borne, paint-
ing little, but making a careful study of the
great pictures there. In 1772 he took the
second prize at the Academy of Parma, and
three years later returned to Madrid and
painted many genre pictures which soon
made him popular. In 1780 he became a
member of the Academy of San Fernando,
in 1795 director of the same, and painter in
ordinary to Charles IV. , an honour continued
under Ferdinand VII. Goya painted also
religions compositions and portraits, hut he
is beat known as a satirist and caricaturist
of very remarkable, though eccentric, genius,
as his many etchings and sketches abundant-
ly show. He has been called the Hogarth
of Spain. Works : Equestrian Portrait of
Charles IV., do. of Queen Maria Luisa,
Charles IV. on foot, Queen Maria Luisa do.,
Charles IV. and his Family, Episode in
French Invasion of 1808, Scenes of May 3,
3808, thirteen others, Madrid Museum ;
Equestrian Portrait of Ferdinand VH., do.
of Prince of the Peace (Godoy), Madhouse,
Bull-Fight, Gallant Dressed, Gallant Nude,
and others, Academia San Fernando ; Cruci-
fixion, Mnseo de Fomento ; St Francis
Preaching, S. Francisco el Grande, Madrid
Treason of Judas, Toledo Cathedral ; Sts.
Justina and Rufina, Seville Cathedral ; St
Francis de Borja's Farewell to his Family,
Valencia Cathedral ; Portraits (2), Valencia
Museum ; do. (2), Louvre ; Frescos in Er-
mita de San Antonio de Florida, Madrid,
and Madonna del Pilar, Saragossa. — Stir-
ling, iii. 1260 ; Viardot, 305 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole espagnole ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1867),
xxii. 198 ; (1868), xxiv. 169, 385 ; (1875),
iii 506 ; (1876), xiii. 336 ; (1876), riv. 500 ;
La Bustracion (1882), i 371 ; Madrazo, 404 ;
Portfolio (1879), 38, 67, 99 ; L'Art (1877),
ix. 25 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, x. 193 ; xx 254.
GOYEN, JAN VAN, born at Leyden, Jan.
13, 1596, died
at The Hague
in 1656. Dutch /
school ; became '
pupil of Esaias
van de Velde in
Haarlem about
1616, after hav-
ing studied
under various
artists of no
great repute, and made a tour through
France. In 1618 settled in Leyden and
married ; in 1631 removed to The Hague,
where in 1640 he was president of the guild.
The date 1657, on a picture which he left
unfinished at the time of his death, was
added by his son-in-law, Jan Steen, who
painted in the figures. Works : View of
Nymwegen, Grosvenor Gallery, London;
River Views (2), Marine, Winter Scene, two
others, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge ;
River Scene (1644), Marine View, Canal in
Holland (1647), River in Holland (1653),
Banks of Canal (1656), Louvre, Paris ; Land-
scapes (8), Rothan Collection, ib. ; River
Scene, Lille Museum ; View of Dordrecht
(1644), Brussels Museum; River Scene
(1645), The Valkenhof at Nymwegen, View
ou the Meuse, Amsterdam Museum ; River
in Holland, Rotterdam Museum ; Halt of
Travellers (SaL Ruisdael?), Darmstadt Mu-
seum ; Landscapes (4), Cassel Gallery ; da
(7), Augsburg Gallery; do. (3, 1629, 1640,
edbyG00gk
1643), Old Pinakothek, Munich; do. (3,
1633, 1643), Dresden Gallery; View on
Canal (1653), Leipsic Museum ; Village
Scene (1623), Pasture (1635), Brunswick
Museum ; Flat Country with Halt of Trav-
ellers (1628), do. with Peasants Conversing
(1631), View of Nymwegen (1642), FortLillo
on the Scheldt (1643), Goths, Musenm ;
Canal with Boats, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ;
do. (2), Musee Bath, Genera ; Landscape
(1645), Am al ion stiff, Dessau ; View of Forti-
fied Town, Marine (?), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
Winter (1621), Summer, View in the Downs
(1629), View of Arnheim (1646), do. of Nym-
wegen (1649), Winter Landscape (1650),
River-Bank, Berlin Museum ; Flat Country,
Museum, Vienna ; Marine View, Academy,
ib. ; Dutch City (1645), Copenhagen Gallery ;
Village on Canal, View of Vliessingen (1643),
Downs near Scheveningen, Landscape with
Skaters (1645), View of the Meuse (1645),
Canals with Buildings (2), Hermitage, St
Petersburg; Moordyke, Metropolitan Mu-
seum, New York ; Castle and Seaport, His-
torical Society, ib. ; Moonlight, River Scene,
Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia. — All-
gem, d. Biogr., is. 522 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
hollandaise ; Dohme, lii. ; Gaz. dea B. Arts
(1876), xii. 138, 298 ; (1878), xvii. 134 ; Im-
merzeel, i 290 ; Krftmm, U. 596 ; Kunat-
Chronik, xix. 26, 602 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii.
362 ; Zeitschr. 1 b. K., ix. 12.
GOTET, EUGENE, born at Chalon-sur-
Saone, Feb. 7, 1798, died in Paris, May 17,
1857. History and genre painter, pupil of
Gtob. Son of Jean Baptiste Goyet, genre
painter (1779-1864). Medals: 2d class,
1831 j 1st class, 1839. Works : Cimabue
or the Renaissance of Painting (1831) ;
Chancellor Voysin and Louis XIV. (1833);
Christ (1839), Chalon Museum ; Foulques
de Villaiet (1841), Versailles Museum ; St
Luke healing a Sick Child (1841), St Lake's,
Paris; Four Evangelists (1842), Church
of St Medard, ib. ; Simon the Just,
St Cecilia (1842); St Germain, Bishop of
Auxerre (1843), Montpellier Cathedral ; Ap-
parition of Christ to St James (1844); Jesus
in the Garden of Olives (1845); Portrait of
Pius IX. (1848); Massacre of the Innocents
(unfinished, 1857), Montpellier Museum. —
Bellier de la Chavignerie, L 684.
GOZZOLL BENOZZO, born in Florence
in 1424, died
there in 1498.
Florentine
school. Real
di
Lese di Sandro;
pupil of FYs An-
gelico, whom, he
followed to
Rome, and bis
assistant at Or-
vieto in 1447. He parted from him in
1449, and established himself at Montefaloo,
near Foligno, where he remained until 1456
and executed many important works in the
manner of his master, though they are far
from approaching him in spiritual power.
Those in S. Fortunato consist of a Madonna
with Saints and Angels, an Apotheosis of
the titular Saint, an Annunciation, and St
Thomas receiving the Girdle, now in the
Museum of St John Lateran, Rome. In 3.
Francesco, Benozzo filled the choir with a
triple course of episodes from the life of St
Francis, and painted a Madonna and Saints
and other frescos in the Chapel of St Jerome
in the same church. In 1456, after paint-
ing in Perugia the Madonna and Saints,
now in the Academy, Benozzo returned to
Florence, and was employed by Piero de*
Medici to paint a series of frescos represent-
ing the Journey of the Magi to Bethlehem,
in the Chapel of the Palazzo Biccardi. Id
these, like the realists, he made Scripture
incidents a vehicle for the treatment of rich
costume, animal life, and landscape. In
1463-67 he painted in S. Agostino, San
edbyGoOgk
Gunignano, a series of scenes from the life
of St. Augustine, and other subjects in the
Piere. Between 1469 and 1485 he painted,
in the Campo Santo, Pisa, a series of frescos
representing 24 subjects from the Old Tes-
tament, the most pleasing of which is Noah
and his Family, which contains the charm-
ing episode of the vintage and a rich archi-
teotnral and landscape background. Among
his extant easel pictures are the Triumph of
St Thomas Aquinas, Louvre ; Conception,
Pisa Academy ; Miracles of St Hyacinth,
Vatican, Borne ; Madonna with Saints, Vi-
enna Museum ; Miracles of S. Jacinto, Vati-
can ; Madonna with Saints, Eape of Helen,
National Gallery, -.
London; Historyof fl \ f /.Sv^/r^
Lucretia, National (J J CWfOw
Gallery, Dublin.— •" \J t)
0. & C, Italy, ii. /) /">
498 ; Vasaxi, ed Le l\ ff^ / '
Mon.,iv. 184; Bal- U \/0\>0^-
dinucci, L 490 ; Ch. * '
Blanc, £cole florentine ; Burckhardt, 538;
L'Art (1881), xxvii. 125; Lflbke, Gesch.
& ital Mai., i. 818; Gautier, Guide au
Louvre, 91.
GBAAT, BABEND, bom in Amsterdam
in 1628, died there in 1709. Dutch school;
landscape, genre, and history painter, pupil
of his uncle, an animal and landscape
painter ; studied much from nature, and
took Pieter van Laar for his model He
established a school of design at his house,
where the best artists of his time congre-
gated to draw from life. Works : Home
Scene, Buckingham Palace, London ; Hunt,
Coursing (both with Beinier de Vries), New
York Museum. — Immerzeel, i 290 ; Kramm,
ii. 598.
GBAATJW, HENDRIK, born at Hoorn,
North Holland, in 1627, died at Alkmaar in
1682. Dutch school ; history and portrait
painter, pupil of Pieter de Grabber and of
the architect Jacob van Campen; was then
employed by Prince Maurice of Nassau to
paint frescos in the cupola of the Palace in
the Wood, which established bis reputation ;
went in 1648 to Borne, where he was inti-
mate with Poussin ; returned after three
years, and lived successively at Amsterdam
and Utrecht until 1672, when he removed to
Hoorn. For the family of Bronckhorst he
painted a series of historical and fabulous
subjects, which were much admired. — Im-
merzeel, i. 291.
GBACES, THREE, Palma Vecchio, Dress-
den Gallery; wood, H. 3 ft 1 in. x 4 ft. 4 in.
Three young women, half-length, grouped
in a landscape. Sometimes called Palma's
daughters, but it is doubtful whether they
were painted from three models or from
one. In 1525 in collection of Taddeo Con-
tarini, then in Giusbiniani and Comari
families ; bought from the ProcurateBsa
Comaro della Casa Grande for 600 ducats.
— C. & C, N. Italy, ii 480 ; Bottari, Bao-
colta, vii 374
By Raphael, Due d'Aumale, Chantilly ;
wood, H. 6J in. x 4} in. Three Graces,
nude, grouped in the classical form, each
holding one of the apples of the Hesperides.
Probably suggested by the antique marble
group in the Opera del Duomo, Siena.
Painted in Perugia in 1504-5? Passed from
the Borghese Collection to M. Reboul,
edbyGoOgk
then through the hands of the Woodbnrns
to Sir Thomas Lawrence ; thence to Lord
Word, afterwards Earl Dudley ; sold (1885)
to Due d'Aumale for £25,000. Sketch of
two Graces in Venice Academy. Engraved
by P. Foster; J. K. Sherwin.— C. & C,
Raphael, i- 207; Grayer, Raphael et l'Anti-
quite, L 229 ; Miratz, 90, 220; Passavant, ii.
50; Perkins, 63 ; Lubke, Raphael, 19, 135.
GRACHT, JACOB VAN DER, born at
The Hague in 1593, died in 1647. Flemish
school; pupil of Raphael van Coxcyen.
Principally known through a meritorious
work on anatomy for artists, published at
The Hague in 1634, but must also have been
a good painter, to judge from an excellent
portrait by him in the Weimar Museum.
Spent most of his life in Italy. — Kramm, ii
59a
GRAEB, KARL (GEORG ANTON), born
in Berlin, March 18, 1816, died there, April
8, 1884 Architecture and landscape painter,
pupil of Gerst and of Berlin Academy ;
visited Switzerland, Southern France, and
Paris, and in 1843 Italy and Sicily. Was
made court-painter in 1851, professor in
1855, and member of the Berlin Academy
in 1860. Great gold medal in 1854 ; mem-
ber of Amsterdam and Vienna Academies.
Works : View of Palermo (1848) ; Cross-
Way in Hatisbon Cathedral (1850); Interior
of Halberstadt Cathedral (1854), Italian
Landscape (1855), Cross-Way in a Monas-
tery, Fontana Medina in Naples, Ravene
Gallery, Berlin ; Strand of Amain, Mauso-
leum of Charlottenburg (1855); City, Castle,
and Park of Muskau, Stolzenfela ; Graves of
Mansfeld Family in Eisleben (1860), View
in Halberstadt Cathedral (1860), Thurin-
gian Mill, National Gallery, Berlin ; Old
City Hall in Berlin (1867) ; Choir of St
George's in Tubingen (1869) ; Interior of
Synagogue in Prague ; two views of ancient
Athens and of Olympia, Berlin Museum. —
Allgem. Kunst-Chronik, ix 114 ; Brock-
baus, viu. 254 ; Rosenberg, Berliner Maler-
schule, 348 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 445, 462 ;
IT. 181.
GRAEB, PAUL, bom in Berlin in 1842.
Architecture painter, son and pupil of Karl
Graeb ; travelled in Germany, Switzerland,
and North Italy. Works : Vestibule of St
George's, Tubingen (1869), Raczynski Gal-
lery, Berlin ; S. Fosca at Torcello near Ven-
ice.— Mailer, 215.
GRAEF, GUSTAV, born at Konigsberg,
Dec 14, 1821. History and portrait painter,
pupil of Dusseldorf Academy under Th.
Hildebrandt and W. Schadow ; was in Ibily
in 1846-50, acquired a simpler and grander
style, and settled in Berlin in 1852 ; visited
Munich and Paris in 1853, Vienna and North
Italy in 1872, London and Scotland in 1873,
and Italy in 1874-75. Since 1862 has de-
voted himself more especially to portrait
painting. Member of and professor at Ber-
lin Academy. Works: The Niebelungen
Lay (1846) ; Jephthah and Ms Daughter ;
Charlemagne and Wittekind ; four scenes
from Myth of Hercules and Theseus ; De-
parture of Prussian Landwehr (1860) ;
Voluntary gifts in 1813 (1861), National
Gallery, Berlin ; Farewell of Lithuanian
Landwehrman, Solon, Phidias and Demos-
thenes (1868-70), Konigsberg University. —
Blustr. Zeitg. (1880), ii 346 ; MttUer, 215 ;
Rosenberg, Berliner Malerschule, 137 ; Leix-
ner, Mod. K., i 23 ; ii 44 ; D. Rundschau,
ix. 470 ; Zeitsch., xv. 47.
GRAFF, ANTON, born at Wuitertuur,
Switzerland, Dec. 20,
1736, died in Dres-
den, June 22, 1813.
German school ; por-
trait painter, pupil of
Johann Ulrich Schel-
lenberg ; went about
i 17 56 to Augsburg,
- — • _ whence, being ham-
"^ pered by the guild in
the free exercise of his art, he proceeded
to Ansbach, where he aided the court-
painter Schneider in his portraits of fam-
ous personages, and studied industriously
after Rigaud and Kupeczky. In 1759 he
returned to Augsburg, and soon acquired
edbyGoOgk
great reputation ; in 1766 was called to
Dresden as court-painter and professor at
the Academy. There he developed an ex-
traordinary activity, painted temporarily
also in Berlin and Leipeic, besides making
excursions into Southern Germany and
Switzerland. According to his own state-
ment, he painted, in 1766-73, 943 portraits
and family groups, besides copying old mas-
ters for the Russian court and for his own
improvement Works : Portrait of Frederic
Augustus of Saxony, do. (3) of himself, of
Gellert, and six others, Dresden Gallery ;
do. of the Actor Eckhoff (1774), Gotha Mu-
seum ; do. of the Pointer Zingg, Saint Gall
Museum ; seven portraits, Leipsic Museum ;
six do., Weimar Museum ; two do., Zurich
Gallery ; two do., National Gallery, Berlin ;
two do., Kunsthnlle, Hamburg ; Prince
Friedrich Albrecht of Anhalt, Brunswick
Museum ; portraits of himself in Old Pina
kothek, Munich, and Christiania Museum ;
do. of Leasing, Herder, Schiller, Moses
Mendelssohn, Weisse, Rainier, Sulzer (Berne
Museum), Hagedorn, Tiedge, Gluck, Chodo-
wiecky, King Frederic William IL His
son, Earl Anton (born in Dresden, March
10, 1774, died there, March 9, 1832), was an
able landscape painter, pupil of Zingg in
Dresden. — Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 565 ; Brock-
hauB, viii 269 ; Muther, Ant. Graff, sein
Leben, etc. (Leipeic, 1881).
GRAFLE, ALBERT, bom at Freiburg,
Baden, May 2, 1809. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Munich Academy under
Cornelius and Schnorr ; and in Paris in 1840
under Winterhalter ; returned to Munich,
went in 1848 to Alaace, where he painted
portraits, then to England, again to Paris,
and settled in Munich in 1852. Medal,
Paris, 3d class, 1846. Works : Madonna,
Triumphal Procession of Arminius, Carls-
ruhe Gallery ; altarpieces in Lahr and Dun-
denbeim, Baden ; Four Seasons, Royal Pal-
ace, Carlsruhe ; Procession in Dachau ;
Intimate Friends at Beethoven's ; Dance of
Elves ; Woman with a Rose, Provinzial Mu-
seum, Hanover ; portraits of Queen Victoria
and Family, Princess of Wales, Crown Prince
and Crown Princess of Prussia, Grand Duch-
ess Louise of Baden, Emperor Maximilian
and Empress of Mexico. — Mailer, 216.
GRAHAM, JOHN, born in Scotland in
1754, died at Edinburgh in 1817. History
painter, first apprenticed to a coach painter
in Edinburgh, then in London pupil at the
Royal Academy, where he exhibited from
17S0 to 1797. Appointed in 1798 master
of Trustees' Academy in Edinburgh, where
he had among his pupils Wilkie, Allan,
Burnett, and Gordon. Works : Daniel in
Lions' Den (1780) ; Una (1783) ; Ceres in
Search of Proserpine (1786); Escape of Mary
Stuart from Lochleven (1788), Portrait of an
Alderman, Stationers' Hall, London ; Mary
Stuart before Execution (1792); David in-
structing Solomon (1797) ; The Disobedient
Prophet, National Gallery, Edinburgh.
GRAHAM, MART, portrait, Thomas
Gainsborough, National Gallery, Edinburgh ;
canvas. The Honourable Mrs. Graham, wife
of Thomas Graham, of Balgowan, afterwards
Lord Lynedoch ; full length, standing.
Painted in 1778 ; after death of Lord Lyne-
doch (1843), came into possession of Robert
Graham of Rodgorton, who bequeathed it
in 1859 to National Gallery. Study for the .
head in same Gallery. Etched by Waltner ;
C. 0. Murray in Portfolio. — Brock- Arnold,
Biog. Great Artists, 50 ; Portfolio (1880),
2 ; Athenaeum, Aug., 1869, 250.
GRAHAM, PETER, born in Edinburgh
in 1836. Landscape
painter, pupil of
School of Design,
Edinburgh ; removed
to London in 1866;
elected an A.R.S.A.
in 1860, but resigned
in 1877, when he was
made an honourable
member ; A.RA. in
1877, RA. in 1882.
Paints chiefly Highland scenes with cattle,
and rocky shores. Works : Spate in the
Highlands (1866), Hermon sale, 1882, £787 ;
^abyGoOglC
Crossing the Moor (1876); Glint of Son-
shine, Gently Heaving Tide (1877); Wan-
dering Shadows (1878); Cloudlsnd and
Moor, Sea-Birds, Resting Place (1879) ;
Mountain Road, Scotch Cattle (1881); After
Bain (1882); Quiet Noon, Lonely Shore
(1883); Dawn, Sea Mist (1884).— Portfolio
(1870), 148.
GRAHAM, THOMAS, born in Scotland ;
contemporary. Figure painter, educated
in Edinburgh ; studio in London. Works :
Monks playing Bowls (1867); The Dominie
(1868); Laird's Pew, Billet-Doux (1869);
Wayfarers (1870); Imogen in the Cave
(1874); The Tire-Woman (1877); Mudlark,
Philosopher's Breakfast (1878); Clang of
Wooden Shoon (1879); Pleasant Pasture,
Spring-Time (1881); Eyes to the Blind
(1883); Stobhall— Perthshire (1884).
GRAHAM-GILBERT, JOHN, born at
Glasgow iu 1794, died there, June 5, 1866.
Portrait and genre painter, pupil at Royal
Academy, London, where he won the gold
medal in 1821, then studied for two years
in Italy, especially the Venetian masters ;
returned to London, and in 1827 went to
Edinburgh, where he was made member of
the Academy in 1830 ; soon after settled at
Glasgow, where his collection of paintings
forms a valuable feature of the Corporation
Galleries. Works : Women at a Foun-
tain (1846) ; Roman Girl (1864) ; Portrait of
Walter Scott, National Portrait Gallery,
London ; do. of Watson Gordon, John Gib-
son, sculptor, Italian Nobleman, Bandit's
Bride, National Gallery, Edinburgh. — Bryan
—Graves, 592.
GRAN, DANIEL, born at Vienna or in
Moravia in 1694, died at St Polten, Nether
Austria, April 14, 1757. German school ;
history painter, said to have studied in Vi-
enna under Ferg and Wernle, and afterwards
in Venice under Ricci and in Naples under
Solimena, though this is doubtful After
his return from Italy he became the first
German fresco painter of bis time, and exe-
cuted frescos and oil paintings for churches
and palaces in Vienna and Moravia. Be-
came court-painter between 1720 and 1726.
Works : Ceiling frescos, Court Library
(1730) and Schwarzenberg Palace, Vienna ;
do., Summer Palaces at Hetzendorf (1742)
and Schonbrunn ; do., Scbwarzspanier
Kirche, Vienna ; Holy Family, Vienna Mu-
D.Cran nk°
scum ; Si Elizabeth, Karlskirehe, Vienna. —
Allgem. d Biogr., is. 578 ; Brockhaus, viii.
280 ; Wurzbach, v. 307.
GBANACCI, FRANCESCO, bom in
Florence, July 23, 1477, died there, Nov.
30, 1548. Florentine school; pupil of Do-
menico and David Ghirlandajo at same time
with Michelangelo, with whom be formed an
intimate friendship. His early tendency
was to imitate the Michelangelo sque, at the
same time endeavouring to acquire the tech-
nical improvements of Mariotto Albertinelli
and of Fra Bartolommeo. He was one of
those whom Michelangelo invited to Rome
in 1508 to aid in the frescos of the Sistine
Chapel, but be did not satisfy him, and this
led to their estrangement After that Gra-
nacci came under Raphael's influence. On
his return to Florence be became Ridolfo
Gbirlandajo's partner, and devoted himself
chiefly to the painting of banners and stage
scenery. Among his best pictures are Vir-
gin in Glory, Uffizi, Florence ; Holy Fam-
ily, Palazzo Pitti, ib. ; Virgin and Saints,
Academy, ib. ; Madonna and Saints, The
Trinity, Berlin Museum ; The Virgin ador-
ing the Child, Four Saints, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Nativity, Hermitage, St Peters-
f CfCurUttCt
burg.— C. & C, Italy, iii. 534 ; Vasari, ed.
Le Mon., ix. 217 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole floren-
tine ; Baldinucci, ii. 89 ; Lubke, Gesch. d.
ital. Mai., ii. 181.
^byGoOgk
Borne;
rsion of I I g^ I
'££,H,(7randi
GRANDL ERCOLE DI GIULIO, born in
Ferrara about 1462, died there, July, 1531.
Lombard school. Called also Ercole da
Ferrara. Son of Giulio Cesare Orandi ;
was in the service of the Duke of Ferrara in
1492-99. He was a disciple of Costa, or
rather of Francia as represented by Costa,
in his later period. Among his typical
works may be cited the Martyrdom of St
Sebastian in 8. Paolo, Ferrara, and the St.
George and the Dragon in the Corsini Gal-
lery, Borne
Conversion
St Pa _,
tional Gallery, fj t WGLtKMh
London. — C. & / /*) ft
C, N. Italy, L ' J L U
531, 550; Cit- '
tadella, Notizie di Ferrara, 422 ; Vasari, ed
MiL, iii. 141 ; ed. Le Mon., iv. 247 ; Burck-
hardt, 582.
GRANDL EBCOLE DI EOBERTO, died
in Ferrara before 1513. Lombard school
Called also Ercole da Ferrara or Ferrarese.
Son of Roberto Grandi, and partner of his
brother as a painter and gold-beater in Fer-
rara in 1479. Salaried by the Duke of Fer-
rara, by whom he was frequently employed;
finished a view of Naples in 1490-93 ;
and painted in 1494 the likeness of Hercules
L for Isabella of Mantua. Vasari, who con-
founds him with Ercole the disciple of Costa,
ascribes to him the frescos in the Garganelli
Chapel of S. Pietro, now destroyed. His
Capture and Procession to Golgotha in the
Dresden Museum (the centre-piece, belong-
ing to these, a Pieta, is in the Royal Insti-
tution at Liverpool) show that he was a
close follower of Mantegna rather than of
Cost.ii. In similar style are ! Christ on the
Mount, Ravenna Gallery ; Crucified Saviour,
Museo Civico, Venice ; and the Lucretia,
Modena Gallery.— C. & C, N. Italy, i. 530 ;
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iv. 247; ed. Mil., iii.
141; Cittadella, Notizie di Ferrara, 583;
Burckhardt, 582.
GRANDSD3E, EUGENE, born at Or-
leans, March 18, 1825. Landscape painter,
pupil of J. Noel and Jules Dupr& Teacher
of drawing in the Ecole des Arts efc Metiers,
Paria L. of Honour, 1874. Works : Pout
du Moulin (1865), Orleans Museum ; The
Brook (1866), Nantes Museum ; River
Meurthe (1874); Mill of Siinoneau, Boad to
Fountain of St Guinole (1877) ; View near
Gratain, Pasture in Sologne (1878) ; Valley
of Plainfaing (1879) ; Valley of Bains, River
Meurthe (1880) ; Port of Dieppe, Canal at
Treport (1881), Luxembourg Museum ; Val-
ley of the Bagnerot in November (1882) ;
The Campine at Antwerp, Dieppe (1883) ;
Kattendyk at Antwerp, Canal at Antwerp
(1884) ; Sunrise, Sunset— Antwerp (1885).—
Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 687.
GRANET, FRANCOIS-MARITJS, born
in Aix, Provence,
Dec. 17, 1775,
died there, Nov.
21,1849. Archi-
tecture painter,
first instructed
by an unknown
Italian, then by '
the landscape
painter Constan-
tin, and after-
wards by David in Paris. In 1802 he went
to Borne, where he spent the greater part of
his life and painted most of his pictures.
They were chiefly interiors of churches,
monasteries, etc., with historical scenes.
Returned to Paris in 1819, made custodian
of the paintings of the Louvre in 1826, and
member of the Institute in 1830. After
the revolution of 1848 he retired to Aix, and
bequeathed to his native city his fortune
and all his pictures to found a museum.
Medal, 1808 ; L. of Honour, 1819 ; Officer,
1833 ; Order of St Michael, 1826. Works :
Interior of the Coliseum (1806), The Painter
Sodoma carried to the Hospital (1815), In-
terior of the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi
(1823), Ransom of Prisoners in Algiers
(1831), Portrait of Himself, Louvre, Paris;
Funeral Honours to the Victims of Fieschi's
Infernal Machine (1839), Invalides, ib. ;
edbyGoOgk
Godfrey of Bouillon hanging up the Trophies
from Ascalon in the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre, Versailles Museum ; Choir in
Capuchin Monastery near the Piazza Bar-
barini at Bome (1819, was repeated fifteen
or more times) ; replica in Buckingham
Palace ; St Louis delivering French Prison-
ers at Damietta (1827), Amiens Museum ;
Captivity of Vert^Vert (1834), Reception of
a Cardinal by Carthusian Monks in Bome
(1836), Hermits building a Chapel (1843),
Eudorus the Martyr visiting the Catacombs,
Michel Nostradamus, Christians drawing a
Martyr's Corpse from the Sewers of Bome,
A Quarter of on Hour before Service, Cele-
bration of Mass in Beign of Terror (1847),
Capuchins Writing (1849), Burial in a Crypt,
and several others, Aix Museum ; Choir of
St Scolastica at Subiaco, Reception of
Jacques de Molay into the Order of Tem-
plars (1843), Avignon Museum ; Choir of
Capuchin Monks of Piazza Barbarini, Ex-
amination of Savonarola (1846), Lyons Mu-
seum ; Ruins of the Coliseum, Dijon Muse-
um ; Alchymist's Laboratory, Stafford House,
London ; Savonarola in Mb Cell, New Pina-
kothek, Munich ; Jacques Stella in Prison
painting the Madonna (1810), Leuchtenberg
Gallery, St Petersburg ; Franciscan Monks
at Early Mass (1818), Hermitage, ib. ; Choir
^^ of Church at Assisi,
f -~ . r—^- Academy, ib.;Bene-
\fr\J\ N L I dictinefl ia tne O^-
tory, New York Mu-
seum. — Bellier de la Cbavignerie, i. 688 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole francaise, iii.; Larousse,
viii. 1453 ; Meyer, Gesch., 145.
GRANGER, JEAN PERIN, born in Paris,
May 10, 1779, died there, Dec 1, 1840.
History painter, pupil of David, and a skil-
ful imitator of hia style. "Won the grand
prix de Rome in 1801. Painted chiefly
Greek and Roman mythology and history.
Medals, 1812, 1817, and 1820. Works:
Ganymede (1812), Bordeaux Museum ;
Apollo and Cyparissus (1816), Leipsic Mu-
seum ; St Charles Borromeo (1819), Church
of St Sulpice ; Homer and Glaucus the
Shepherd (1819), Dijon Museum ; Titus re-
ceiving the Homage of the Campanians
(1822), Amiens Museum ; Jesus healing the
Sick (1839), Notre Dame, Park ; Marshal
Boucicault forcing Bajazet to raise the Siege
of Constantinople (1840), Versailles Muse-
um ; Mercury carrying Bacchus into Olym-
pus, Besancon Museum ; Wounded Soldier,
Nancy Museum. — Bellier de la Cbavignerie,
i.689.
GRANICTJS, PASSAGE OF THE, Charles
Lebrun, Louvre, Paris; canvas, H. 15 ft 5
in. x 33 ft 9 in. Alexander, contrary to the
advice of his generals, crosses the rapid
stream at the head of his cavalry, under a
shower of missiles from the Persians, who
occupy the opposite bank. He is attacked
by Rossaces and Spithridates, two Persian
captains, but, aided by Clytus, overthrows
them ; and the Macedonian phalanx cross-
ing at the ford, the Persians are put to
rout (Plutarch, Alex., xvL). Series of His-
tory of Alexander. Engraved by G. Audran
(1672).— Landon, Musee, iii. PL 45 ; Filhol,
i. PL 5.
GRANT, Sir FRANCIS, born at Kilgas-
ton, Perthshire,
Scotland, in 1804,
died in London,
Oct. 5, 1878.
Portrait painter,
relinquished the
law for art, and
first became
- known in 1835-
40 as a painter of
sporting pictures
containing portraits of noted huntsmen and
horses, such as Meet of the Queen's Stag-
Hounds (1837),and The Melton Hunt (1839),
well known through engravings. Later he
turned bis attention to portrait painting ;
in 1841 exhibited an equestrian portrait of
the Queen, and was elected an Alt A.; in
1851 became K.A., and in 1866 succeeded Sir
Charles Eastlake asP.R A., andwas knighted.
His portraits were noted for striking resem-
blance, elegance, and simplicity. Among hia
edbyGoOgk
many distinguished flitters were the Duke
and Duchess of Beaufort; Dukes of Cam-
bridge, Roxborough, Rutland, and Backing-
ham ; Duchess of Sutherland ; Earls of Derby,
Fife, and Elgin ; Lords Falmerston, Her-
bert, and Stanley; Sir Colin Campbell, Gen-
eral J. Sir Hope Grant (his brother), Dis-
raeli, Landseer, Macaulay, and Lockhart —
Ottley ; Art Journal (1878), 232.
GRAN VASCO. See Fernandez Yasco.
GRANVELLA, NICHOLAS, portrait, lo-
tion, Besancon Museum ; canvas, figure to
hips, large as life. The Chancellor, in state
dress, with white beard falling to his chest ;
gians (1848) ; Russian Bear Hunt ; St Was-
sUy ; Russian Pilgrims ; Odalisque ; Horses
in Flight ; Russian Invalid ; Halt of Geor-
gians ; Till Eulenspiegel ; Fight between
Circassian and Russian ; St. William ; Scene
from Nathan the Wise ; Portrait of Franz
Liszt Many dog and horse portraits. —
Kunst-Chronik, xi. 614.
GRASS, EARL GOTTHARD, bom at
Serben, Livonia, Oct 8 (19), 1767, died in
Rome, Aug. 4, 1814 Landscape painter,
pupil in Zurich of Ludwig Hess, visited
Paris in 1801 and with Rehf ues went to It-
aly in 1803, where he spent considerable
Piihii of Hi. Grinieui, CI
the chain of the Golden Fleece round his
neck. Painted in Augsburg in 1548. — C. &,
C., Titian, ii. 183.
GRASHOF, OTTO, born at Prenzkui,
Brandenburg, in 1812, died in Cologne,
April 23, 1876. German school ; history,
genre, portrait, and animal painter, pupil of
Dusseldorf Academy under Schadow ; spent
several years in Russia, visited Mexico, and
the La Plata States in South America, and
settled in 1845 at Cologne. He became
blind in 1861. Works : Realm's Salvation
(1834); The Cid (1835); Guardian Angel
(1845); Christ and Samaritan Woman (1846);
Presenting the Sword, Wolves by Dead Horse
(1847) ; Battle of Shumla, Vanguard of Les-
time in Sicily. Works : Spring Morning
in Valley San Angelo di Brolo ; Concordia
Temple near Girgenti ; Falls of Carcacci
under Mt Etna ; Idyl after Theocritus ;
Two views of Mt Etna (1811).— Brockhaus,
viii. 303 ; Tielemann, Karl Grass (Riga,
1818).
GRASSHOPPER AND ANT (Cigale et
la Fourmi), Jehan Georges Vibert, Comte
de Camondo, Paris. Illustration of La Fon-
taine, Fables, i. 1. Salon, 1875.
GRASS! JOSEF, born in Vienna, April
22, 1757, died in Dresden, Jan. 7, 1838.
German school ; portrait and history paint-
er, pupil of Vienna Academy ; was in War-
saw during the revolution of 1793, and
^eabyGoOglC
underwent great perils, but escaped by the
aid of Kosciuszko. Went by invitation of
the Duke of Courland to Sagan, and thence
to Dresden, where in 1799 he became pro-
fessor at the Academy. In 1816-21 was in
Borne as director of the Saxon art pension-
aries. Distinguished and decorated by the
King of Saxony and the Duke of Got ha ;
also member of several Academies. Works :
St John Baptist, St Peter, Dresden Gal-
lery ; The Arcadians, Callisto asleep, St.
Ann instructing the Virgin, Female Figure
walking, Fairy on Chariot, Portrait of Duke
Frederic IV. of Saxe-Gotha, do. of Minister
yon Lindenau (1814), and copies after Al-
bani, Correggio, and Raphael, Gotha Gal-
lery. — Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 592 ; Wurz-
bach, v. 314.
GRATELLA See FUippi, Sebastiano.
GRAY, HENRY PETERS, born in New
York, June 23, 1819,
died there, Nor, 12,
1877. Portrait and
genre painter, pupil
of Huntington. Vis-
ited Europe in 1840,
studied in Rome and
Venice ; went abroad
- again in 1846, and to
Florence in 1871, re-
maining four years.
Elected N. A in 1842, President of National
Academy from 1869 to 1871. Works : Pride
of the Village, R M Olyphant ; Wages of
War, Metropolitan Museum, New York ;
Portrait of William Cullen Bryant, Histori-
cal Society, ib.; Cupid begging his Arrow,
Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia ; Judg-
ment of Paris, Corcoran Gallery, Washing-
ton ; Twilight Musings ; Blessed are the
Pure in Heart ; Truth ; Ophelia ; Normandy
Girl ; Jessica or the Pride of the Rialto ;
Model from Cadore ; Immortality of the
Soul, Edwin Hoy t; Birth of our Flag(1875);
Flower of Fiesole, Just Fifteen (1875), M.
0. Roberts, New York ; Apple of Discord
(1876).— Tuckerman, 442.
GRAYSON, CLTFFORD PREVOST, born
in Philadelphia in 1857. Genre painter,
pupil of Pennsylvania Academy and in Paris
of Gcrome. Works : Breton Idyl (1881) ;
Going to Market (1882) ; Un fichu temps
(1883); Ohe, le canot! (1884); Fisher-chil-
ren at Concarneau (1885). — Art Journal
(1884), 222.
GRAZIANI, ERCOLE, bom at Bologna
in 1688, died in 1765. Bolognese school
History painter, pupil of Donato Creti
(1671-1749, a coronation of Charles V., by
whom is in the Bologna Gallery), whom he
surpassed in both design and colouring ;
painted a great number of pictures for pub-
lic buildings at Bologna and Piacenza, and
especially for the churches of Bologna.
Works : St Peter consecrating St Apollin-
aris amidst an Assembly of Early Christians,
Bologna ; Marriage of St Catherine, St
Ann teaching the Virgin to read, S. Bar-
tolommeo di Reno, ib. ; Ascension, Chiesa
della Purita, ib. ; Annunciation, Madonna
delle Rondini, ib. ; replica of first-named, and
Baptism of Christ, Sant' Apollinare, Rome.
GREATOBEX, FTJZA, born at Manor-
Hamilton, Ireland, Dec. 25, 1820. Land-
scape painter ; settled in New York in 1839.
Pupil of Emile Lambinet in Paris, in 1861 ;
earlier helped by the criticisms of Cafferty,
W. W. Wotherspoon, and James M Hart
Has visited Europe repeatedly. Elected an
A.N.A. in 1868. Studio in New York.
Works : Road Scene in Connecticut ; Old
House in Bloomingdale ; Joy Bridge — Pel-
tigor, Ireland ; Amsterdam ; Fort Hamil-
ton — Long Island ; Bay Ridge ; Normandy
Cottage (1881) ; Fontainebleau Forest, Cres-
sonicres-VeulesenCaux{1882); Laurel Run
— Virginia ; Louis Philippe House in 1868
— Bloomingdale, M. de Mendon$a ; Somer-
endyke Lake— Bloomingdale (1884). Eate
and Eleanor, daughters of Mrs. Greatorex,
also paint and exhibit at the National Acad-
emy ; they have studied abroad and under
their mother, whose studio they share.
Miss Eate Greatorex has exhibited : Last
Bit of Autumn (1875); Goethe's Fountain
—Frankfort (1876); Thistles (1877); Alge-
edbyGOOgk
iian Messenger Boy (1682) ; Hollyhocks
(1883). From Yuba's Kitchen— Ober Ani-
inergau, was exhibited by Misa E. Great-
ore je in 1876, and The Bath in 1884— Am.
Art Rev. (1881), 12.
GREBBER, FRANS P1ETERSZ DE,
born at Haarlem in 1570 or 1579 (?), died
there in 1619. Dutch school ; history and
portrait painter, pupil of Jacques Savery.
Sean of the guild at Haarlem in 1627.
Works : Four Banquets of City Guard Offi-
cers (1600, 1610, 1619), Haarlem Museum ;
Lot and his Daughters (?), Schwerin Gallery.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., is. 618 ; Schlie, 220 ;
Tan der Willigen, 135.
GREBBER, PIETER DE, born at Haar-
lem in 1600, died after 1665. Dutch school ;
history and portrait painter, son and pupil
of Fran s Pie tersz and scholar of H. Goltzius.
His pictures recall Rubens and Lastmaim.
Works : The Shepherds (1628), Works of
Charity (1628), Barbarossa and the Patri-
arch of Haarlem (1630), Hippocrates refus-
ing the Presents of Artaxerxes (1637), Haar-
lem Museum ; The Apostles giving Alms to
the Poor, Oudemannenhuys, Haarlem ; Ja-
cob receiving from his Sons the Bloody
Garment of Joseph, City Hall, Haarlem ;
Portraits (3), Moses in the Bulrushes
(1634), Dres-
den Muse-
um ; Hera-
clituB and
Democritus,
Oldenburg
Gallery.—
Allgem. d.
Biogr., ix. 618 ; Van der Willigen, 137
Rembrandt, see Precurseurs, etc., 76.
GRECHETTO, IL. See Cantiglione, Gio-
vanni Benedetto.
GRECO, EL, born in Greece (or in Ven-
ice of Greek parents?) about 1548, died in
Toledo in 1625. Spanish school; Real
name Domenico Theotocopuli (Teoscopoli) ;
surnamed in Venice, where he studied under
Titian, B Greco (The Greek). Settled at To-
ledo about 1577, and became known by on
altarpiece, Parting of Christ's Raiment, in
the sacristy of the cathedral, quite in Ti-
tian's style. Called
to Madrid to paint
at the Escorial by
Philip II. Hi a
best work is the
Burial of the
Count of Orgaz,
S, Tome, Toledo.
Later he adopted
a grayish style of
colouring, and
greatly deteriorated. He left some good
portraits. Works : Dead Christ in the Arms
of God the Father, St. Paul, Crucifixion, An-
nunciation, Holy Family, Baptism of Christ,
Male Portraits (8), Madrid Museum. — Stir-
ling, i. 276 ; Viardot, 107 ; Ch. Blanc, Erole
espagnole.
GREENGROCER, Gerard Dou, Louvre,
Paris ; wood, H. 1 ft. 3 in. x 9 in. ; signed,
<5V*eo6er-
te&e/t,
dated 1647. At right, a woman, the green-
grocer, standing behind a table holding bal-
ances in her hand ; on other side of table,
edbyGoOgk
GREENHILL
an old woman counting money ; a young
servant with, a wooden pail, and a boy carry-
ing a vase. The whole is Been through a
window, on the sill of which are vegetables
and a jug. Beunengen sale, Amsterdam
(1716), 1,200 florins ; Backer sale, Leyden
(1766), 7,150 florins; Bandon de Boiaset
sale (1777), 15,500 livres ; Comte de Vau-
dreuil sale (1784), 16,901 livres ; Due de
Praslin sale (1793), 34,850 livres. Engraved
by Dambrun.— Filhol, v. PL 356.
GREENHUJj, JOHN, born at Salisbury
in 1649, died in London, May 19, 1676.
Pupil of Sir Peter Lely, whose style he imi-
tated both in oil and crayons. Left a few
fine portraits, but dissolute habits injured
his reputation. Died suddenly by an acciden-
tal fall in Long Acre. Works : Bishop Seth
Ward, Town Hall, Salisbury ; Charles IL,
Earl of Shaftesbury, National Portrait Gal-
lery, London. — Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 60.
GREFE, KONRAD, born in Vienna,
Sept 7, 1823. Landscape painter, pupil of
Schindler, then of Vienna Academy under
Mosamer and Gaellhofer, but studied chiefly
from nature ; devoted himself for several
years to etching, and sines 1855 has painted
in water-colours the mediaeval churches of
Austria. Works: Woodland in Fog, Sun-
set (1852); Ruin in Park of Schonbrunn,
View near the Schneeberg (1853); Ruins
near Hain burg, Evening Landscape (1855);
Old Jewish Cemetery at Prague (1856);
Deserted Kill (1858); Storm Landscape
(1859).— Wurzbach, v. 321.
GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN, born at
Southampton in 1850.
Portrait and landscape
painter, pupil of
Southampton and
South Kensington Art
Schools. Elected
member of Institute
of Painters in Water
- Colours, where he ex-
hibited his St. George
in 1876. First exhib-
ited at Royal Academy in 1875 ; elected an
A.RA. in 1883. Visited Italy in 1882.
Works : Portrait of Duncan McLaren, M.P.
(1877); Portrait of Rev. Thomas Stevens
(1879); The Signal, A Rehearsal (1882) ;
Piccadilly — Drawing-Room Day, Grand
Canal — Venice, Boat-Builder's Yard — Ven-
ice, Gates of Arsenal — Venice, Ca d'Oro —
Venice (1883); Startled, Fishing in Marlow
Backwater (1884).— Art Journal (1883), 96 ;
Portfolio (1878), 161 ; Mag. of Art (1884),
353.
GREGORY PROMULGATING THE
DECRETALS, Raphael, Camera della Seg-
natura, Vatican ; fresco, right of window.
Pope Gregory IX. (portrait of Julius H)
seated, blessing the Decretals, which he
hands to a kneeling jurist of the Consistory;
among the prelates around him are Giovanni
de' Medici (Leo X.), Alessandro Farnese
(Paul DX), and Antonio del Monte. Blus-
trates the consecration of Canon Law; com-
panion piece to Justinian promulgating the
Pandects. Painted in 1511. Engraved by
Ft. Aquila ; Giangiacomo. — Passavant, ii.
87 ; Mttntz, 345 ; Vasari, ed. Mil, iv. 337.
GREGORY, ST., MIRACLE OF, Andrea
Saccki, Vatican ; figures life-size. Some
ambassadors desiring to cany certain relics
into their country were given by Gregory
the Great a vase containing cloths which had
touched the bodies of saints They having
expressed dissatisfaction at the gift, Greg-
ory took one of the cloths, and, piercing it,
showed them, to their astonishment, drops
of blood f allin g from it. Carried to Paris
in 1799 ; returned in 1815, — Landon, Mu-
sce, 2d Col., ii. PI. 41.
GREGORY, ST., SUPPER OF, Giorgio
Vasari, Bologna Gallery ; wood, H. 12 ft 2
in. x 8 ft 4 in. ; signed, dated 1540. Pope
Gregory I. (the Great) always had twelve
poor men to sup with him ; but one night
he saw thirteen at the table, though his
steward could count but twelve, and he be-
lieved the odd one to be Christ himself.
The picture represents this scene. For-
merly in refectory of monastery of S. Mi-
cbele in Bosco. Engraved by G. Tomba,- —
edbyGoOgk
Pinac. di Bologna, PL 19 ; Vasari, ed. Mil,
vii 664.
GRETL, ALOIS, bora at Linz, Upper
Austria, in 1841. Geure painter and illus-
trator, pupil of Vienna Academy under
Christian Ruben ; lived alternately in South-
ern Germany and Upper Austria, and in
liiracla at St Gregory. Andna Sacchi, Vatican.
1873 settled in Vienna. His water-colours
fetch high prices, and are to be found in
many private galleries. Works : Imperial
Huszars marching through Suabian Coun-
try Town (1880) ; School Examination
(1882) ; Knight Drama (1883). — Neue
illustr. Zeitg. (1881), i 27 ; (1882), L 8, 14 ;
(1883), i 3.
GRENIER DE SAINT MARTIN, FRAN-
COIS (Francisque Martin Grenier), born in
Paris, July 22, 1793, died there, Dec. 21,
1867. History and genre painter, pupil of
Pierre Guerin, of David, and of the £cole
dea Beaux Aria. He was a skilful genre
painter, and several of his works have been
engraved. Medals : 2d class, 1810 ; 1st
class, 1834 ; L. of Honour, 1841. Works :
Atala Dying (1810); St. Genevieve allaying
a Storm (1822, 1827); Sentinel by a Gabion
(1822), Montpellier Museum ; Battle of Cam-
'pillo de Arenas (1823); Surrender of Ulm
(1831); Little Peasants surprised by a Wolf
(1833), Nantes Museum ; Little Thieves ar-
rested by a Gamekeeper, Old Vagabond
(1834); Marriage Proposals (1836); Battle
of Muga (1838), Incident in Battle of Aus-
terlitz (1840), Versailles Museum ; Stolen
Child (1841), Rodez Museum ; Napoleon's
Farewell to his Son (1844) ; Smuggler
(1848); Poacher asleep in his Hiding- Place
(1866); Rabbit Hunt (1857), Marseilles Mu-
seum ; Country Doctor (1859); A Discovery
(1863); Young Mother (1864); The Brook
(1866). His sons, Henri Gustave and Theo-
phile Yves Ren£, were also painters. — Bel-
lier de la Chavignerie, i. 693 ; Meyer, Gesch. ,
158.
GRETCHEN. See Marguerite.
GREUZE, JEAN BAPTISTE, born at
Tournus (Sadne-
et-Loire), Aug.
21, 1725, died
in Paris, March
21,1805. French
school; genre
and portrait
painter, pupil in
Lyons of Gran-
don, and in Paris
of the Academy '
in 1755. Hi« picture of the Father reading
the Bible to his Children was exhibited and
greatly admired in the same year, at the
close of which he was taken to Italy by the
Abbe Goujenot. After his return he ex-
hibited at the Salons of 1757, 1759, and
1761, at which latter his Accordee du Vil-
lage (Louvre) excited the greatest enthusi-
asm. Angry at being received into the
Academy (1767) as a genre and not as a
history painter, Greuze retired for a time to
Anjou, whence he returned to exhibit pict-
ures in his studio which attracted all Paris.
He amassed a large fortune, but lost it at
the Revolution. Neglected by the public,
which admired only the new school of David,
edbyG00gk
GREVEDON
Greuze passed his last years in misery and
regret His wife, Mile. Babuty, whose
charming face appears in so many of his
pictures, was an extravagant and worthless
woman, from whom he was separated long
before his death. Works : Septimius Sev-
erus reproaching Caracalla (1769), Village
Bride (1761), Broken Pitcher, Father's Curee,
Punished Son, Portrait of Greuze (1761),
Portrait of the Painter Jeaurat (1769), two
studies of Young Girls, Head of Young
Girl, do. of Young Man, Danae, Artist's and
two other portraits. Louvre, Paris; Pelo-
tonueuse, Inconsolable Widow, Female Por-
trait, two Children's Heads, Duo de Momy,
ib. ; Return from Tavern, Little Lazy One,
Madeleine, and others, Baron Rothschild,
ib.; Triumph of Galatea, Study of a Child,
Aii Museum ; Lady with Spaniel, Angers
Museum ; Boy's Portrait, Girl's Head, Be-
sancon Museum ; Male Portrait, Cherbourg
Museum ; Psyche crowning Love, Lille Mu-
seum ; Artist's Portrait, Lyons Museum ;
Male Portrait, Marseilles Museum ; Danao,
Bacchante, Boy's Bust, Mole Portrait, Metz
Museum ; Morning Prayer, Twelfth Cake
(1774), little Mathematician, The Paralytic,
Idle Child (1755), six studies of Girls,
Montpellior Museum ; Portraits of M de St.
Maurice and Son, Nantes Museum ; Girl's
Head, Narbonne Museum ; Old Woman's
Head.Nimes Museum ; Male Portrait (1776),
Troyes Museum ; Napoleon as Consul, Por-
trait of Fontenelle (1793), Versailles Muse-
um ; Old Woman with Crutch, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Girl with Apple, two studies of
Girls, National Gallery, London ; La Trom-
pette, two studies of Girls, Buckingham
Palace, ib.; Innocence, Portrait of Artist's
Mother, South Kensington Museum, ib. ;
Innocence, Girl with Doves, Reflections, Sir
It Wallace, ib.; Throwing a Kiss, Young
Girl with Watch, The Letter, Baron Alfred
de Rothschild, ib. ; Portraits of Madame de
Pompadour and of Louis XVL, Hampton
Court Palace ; Beggar Boy, Fitzwilliam Mu-
seum, Cambridge ; Interior of Peasant Cot-
tage, Girl with Dead Canary, Boy with
Lesson Book, two studies of Girls, National
Gallery, Edinburgh; Child's Head, Sulky
Boy, Glasgow Gallery ; Young Woman and
Child, Rotterdam Museum ; Portrait of
Louis XVI, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Emperor
Caracalla, Gotha Museum ; Young Girl, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; do. (1787), Berlin
Museum ; do., Leipsic Museum ; Father
reading the Bible to his Children (1755),
Dresden Museum ; Paralytic with his Chil-
dren, Young Girl, Boy with School-book,
Male Portrait, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Girl with Doll, Academy, ib. ; nine pictures
in Leuchtenberg Gallery, ib. ; Five Studies
of Heads, Academy, Vienna ; Others in
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Contemplation,
Accadenria San Luca, Rome ; Study for Head
in Father's Curse, Museum, New York ;
Nymph of Diana, Portrait of Louis XV-tT.,
do. of Due de ChoiseuL Replica of L'Aveu-
gle troinpe, Virginie, two Female Heads,
Historical Society, ib. Nearly all of his
works have been engraved. — Bellier de la
Chavignerie, i. 695 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole fran-
caise ; Dohme ; Gautier, Guide au Louvre,
181 ; Goz. des B. Arts (1860), vii. 349 ; viLL
196, 236 ; (1862), xiiL 401, 612 ; (1870), iv.
277 ; (1874), x. 193 ; (1877), xvL 201 ; Gon-
reuze
court, L'art du XYDX Siecle, i 291 ; Hous-
saye, GaL du XVDX Siecle, iv. 161 ; Jal, 658 ;
Meyer, Gesch., 7 ; Renouvier, Hist de l'art
pendant la RevoL, etc. (Paris, 1863) ; Wurz-
bach, Fr. Maler des XVHI. Jahrh., 36; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K, xx. 251.
GREVEDON, (PD3RRE LOTJIS) called
HENRI, born in Paris, Oct 17, 1776, died
there, June 1, 1860. Portrait painter and
lithographer, pupil of Regnault After ex-
hibiting (1804) a picture of Achilles landing
edbyG00gk
on the Shores of Troy, for which he received
a first-class medal, he spent several years in
St. Petersburg, where he painted many flat-
tered portraits, and was made
Member of the Academy.
In 1812 he went to Stock-
holm, then painted portraits
in England, and after his re-
turn to France in 1816 be-
came popular as a lithographer. Medals : 2d
class, 1824 ; 1st class, 1831 ; L. of Honour,
1832.— Bellier de la Chavignerie, i 697.
GKEVEN, ANTON, born in Cologne in
1810, died there in 1836. Portrait and
genre painter, studied in Dtlsseldorf and
Munich. Works : Drinking Monks ; Coffee-
Drinkere ; Knight and his Sweetheart ;
Count Eberhard the BauBchebart, The To-
per (1834).
GREY, LADY JANE, EXECUTION OF,
Paul Ddaroche, H. W. Eaton, M P., London ;
canvas. Beheading of Lady Jane Orey in
the Tower of London, February 12, 1554.
She is kneeling upon the scaffold beside
the block, her eyes bandaged, her hands ex-
tended, while a priest encircles her form
with his arm and whispers consolation ; at
right, the executioner, standing, holding bis
aze ; at left, two women overwhelmed with
grief. Painted in 1834. Bought at San Do-
nate sale (1868), 110,000 francs. Engraved
by P. Mercury.— LTUustration (1870), i 100.
GRIEF. See Qryeff.
GRBSN or GRUN. See Baldung.
GRIEPENKERL, CHRISTIAN, born at
Oldenburg, March 17, 1839. History and
portrait painter, pupil in Vienna of Rahl ; a
masterly colourist, with a predominant fancy
for allegories ; executed decorations in the
Vienna Opera House with Bitterlich after
Bahl's compositions, then in 1878 in the
Augnsteum at Oldenburg, afterwards in the
Academy of Science at Athens, and in the
new Houses of .Parliament in Vienna. Pro-
fessor at Vienna Academy since 1875.
Works : GMipus led by Antigone, Scenes
from Anacreon, Baron Todesco, Vienna ;
Myth of Orpheus, Opera House, ib. ; Coro-
nation of Esther, Sentence of Hainan, Palais
Ephrnssi, ib. ; Poseidon's Wedding Proces-
sion, Demons of Storm, Guardian Spirits of
the Sea, Baron Sina, Venice ; Wedding of
Aphrodite and Adonis, Villa Simon, Hiet-
zing, near Vienna ; Venus Urania, Genii of
Truth and Fancy, Myth of Prometheus, Al-
legorical Figures of Plastic Art (1878),
Augusteum, Oldenburg; Myth of Prome-
theus, Academy of Science, Athens ; thirteen
pictures from Antique Mythology and His-
tory, House of Lords, Vienna, — Brockhaus,
viii. 417 ; IUustr. Zeitg. (1865) ; Kunst-
Chronik, i-iv. ; xx. 755; Mailer, 217.
GRUTIER, JAN, born in Amsterdam in
1656, died in London in 1718. Dutch
school ; landscape painter, pupil of Boeland
Rogman, in whose atelier he became ac-
quainted with Rembrandt, RuysdaeL Adriaan
van de Velde, and Lingelbach. In 1667 he
went to London, where he painted Italian
landscapes with ruins, and views of the
Thames. As the latter found great favour,
he bought a vessel in 1695 and sailed about
between Windsor and Graveaend in order
to study coast scenery. In 1695 he sailed
for Rotterdam, but was wrecked and lost all
his property. Nevertheless, he bought a
new vessel and again cruised from place to
place to paint. In 1787 he returned to
England, where his pictures were greatly
valued. Works : Ruins, View of Windsor
Castle, Hampton Court Palace ; Landscape,
Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge ; View on
the Rhine (2), Louvre, Paris ; do. Bordeaux
Museum ; River View, Amsterdam Museum ;
Landscapes (2), Stuttgart Gallery ; da (2),
Augsburg Gallery ; do. (2), Brunswick Mu-
J. 6-K.irrtER
(f. GR1FF1EK.
seum ; Winter Landscape near Leyden, with
Skaters, Gotha Museum ; do. (15), Dresden
edbyGoOgk
Gallery ; Soldiers crossing a River, Stock-
holm Museum ; Rhino Views (2), Vienna
Museum ; landscape, Hermitage, St Peters-
burg. His younger son, Jan (died about
1750), was noted as a copyist of Claude Lor-
rain. — Cb, Blanc, £cole hollandaise ; Immer-
zeel, L 285 ; Kramm, il 604 ; Quellen-
sohrif ten, xiv. 425.
GRIFFTER, ROBEBT, born in London,
Oct 7, 1688, died there or in Amsterdam in
1750. Dutch school ; son and pupil of Jan
Griffier, whom he often surpassed in painting
Rhine views, marines, and battle pieces. He
had an extraordinary talent for imitation, and
deceived even connoisseurs with his clever
copies after
Wouwer-
US-fde Velde,
and Saft Lo-
in. Works:
iffy
Landscape, Amsterdam Museum ; da,
Darmstadt Museum; do., Schwerin Gallery;
do., Hermitage, St Petersburg. — ImmerzeeL
1296.
GRIGOLETTL MI CHEL, ANGIOLO,
born at Borai-grande di Pordenone, Aug.
29, 1801, died in Venice, Feb. 10, 1870.
History painter, pupil of Venice Academy.
Visited Florence and Rome, and settled in
Venice, where in 1839 he became professor
at the Academy. His works, distinguished
for their fine colouring, recall the old Ve-
netian masters. Works : Jupiter caressing
Love (1825) ; Last Interview of the two
Foacari, Museum, Vienna ; St James and
St Joseph, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Fran-
cesca da Rimini ; Odalisques at the Bath ;
Jacob receiving Joseph ; St Paul preaching
at Ephesus ; Prodigal Son ; Madonna, St
Anthony's, Trieste ; Christ on Sea of Galilee,
Brescia Cathedral ; Altarpieces for Cathe-
drals of Erlau and Arad, and Assumption
(1846) for Cathedral of Gran, Hungary.—
Wurzbach, v. 336.
GRUFF. See Qryeff.
GRIMALDL GIOVANNI FRANCESCO,
born at Bologna in 1606, died in Rome in
1680. Bolognese school. Called sometimes
11 Bolognese. Pupil of the Carraoci ; be-
came one of the leading landscape painters
of his day. Employed many years in Rome
by different popes, and in Paris by Cardinal
Mazarin and Louis XIV. Works : Scenes
from Old Testament, Quirinal, Rome; Series
of Landscapes, Palazzo Borghese, ib. ; Land-
scapes with Figures (2), Washerwomen,
Louvre, Paris ; Landscapes, Bibliotheque
nation alo, ib.; da, National Gallery, Edin-
burgh ; Baptism of Christ, Darmstadt Mu-
seum. — Lanzi, iii. 132 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecoie bo-
lonaise ; Burckkardt, 764, 808.
GEIMANL ANTONIO, Doge, portrait,
Titian, Palazzo Giustiniani, Padua ; canvas,
H. 3 ft 10 in. x 3 ft 3 in. Painted in 1521;
in Titian's house till his death ; sold in 1581
by Pomponio VeceUi to Cristoforo Barber-
igo, and inherited by Count Giustiniani.
Another, painted same time, in possession
of Mr. De Rosenberg, Vienna ; and a third,
also same date, in Morosini-Gattersburg
Collection, Vienna.— C. & C, Titian, i 243.
GRIMANI, DOGE, KNEELING BE-
FORE FAITH. See Fede.
GRIMER, ABEL, born at Antwerp about
1575, died there before 1619. Flemish
school ; history and landscape painter, son
and pupil of Jacob Grimer ; master of the
guild in 1592. Works : Christ bearing the
Cross (1593) ; Skaters under the Bridge of
Sint Jorispoort — Antwerp (1604), Th. van
Lerius, Antwerp ; Christ with Martha and
Mary (1614), Brussels Museum. — Van den
Brauden, 300.
GRIMER, JACOB, born at Antwerp about
1526, died there before May, 1590. Flem-
ish school ; landscape painter, pupil of Ga-
briel Bouwens, Matthys Cock, and Christiaan
van den Queeckborne ; master of the guild
in 1547. One of the best landscape painters
of his time. Works : View of the Kiel at
Antwerp (1575), City Hall, Antwerp; Village
Kirmess (1586), Th. van Lerius, ib.; Legend
of St Eustace, Brussels Museum ; Christ
and the Adulteress, Ghent Museum. — Booses
(Reber), 116 ; Van den Brandon, 297.
edbyGoOgk
GRIMM, LCDWIG T^MTT., born at Ha-
nau, Ma? 14, 1790, died at Camel, April 4,
1863. History, genre, and portrait painter,
pupil in Munich of Earl Hess ; took part in
the campaign of 1814 against France, re-
turned to Cassel, and in 1815 spent some
time in Munich. Visited Italy in 1816, and
then settled in Cassel, where he became
professor at the Academy in 1833. Works :
Madonna (1818) ; Holy Family ; Baptism of
the Moors ; Death of Si Elizabeth ; Hessian
Peasant Girl in Sunday Attire ; Young Peas-
ant Girl going to Church ; Peasant Woman
at a Grave ; Portraits of Artist, of Ludwig
Hassenpflug, Baron Ton Ddrnberg, Clemens
Brentano. — AUgem. <L Biogr., is. 689 ; An-
drogen, v. 117.
GRIMMER, HANS, German school, 16th
century. Portrait painter, pupil at Mentz
of Matthias Granewald. Works: Altar wings,
Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Portraits (1570),
Vienna Muse- y y^
um ; do., Rat- If i
bbo-Ctailer,; f . UfU/lf] £R.
Male and Fe- <^*7
male Portrait, * J *i I
Germanic Museum, Nuremberg. — Kugler
(Crowe), i 188 ; W. & W„ ii. 440.
OBIMOU (Grimoux, or Grimoud),
A LEXIS (Jean ?), barn at Romont, Switzer-
land, about 1680, died in Paris about 1740.
French school. Trained himself by copy-
ing works of Van Dyck and Rembrandt ;
painted mostly female half figures, repre-
sented as singing or playing, or as pilgrims.
Received into the Academy in 1705, but
struck off the list in 1709 on account of his
habitual drunkenness and disorderly life.
Works : Portrait of Himself (1724), Man
Drinking (1724), Young Officer (2), Female
Pilgrim (1729), louvre ; Mme. Lcba'if, Ver-
sailles Museum; Portrait of Little Girl,
Nimes Museum ; Young Woman, David
and Goliath, Besancon Museum ; Female
Portraits (3), Avignon Museum ; Capuchin,
Young Pilgrim, Female Musician, Bordeaux
Museum ; Head of a Young Man, Grenoble
Museum ; Portrait of an Architect, Nantes
Museum ; do. of on Actor, Orleans Museum ;
Artist's portrait, Perpignan Museum ; Girl
as Page, Basle Museum ; Female Portraits
(2, 1731), Carlsruhe Gallery; Portrait of
Young Man, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Boy
playing a Flute, Dresden Museum ; Por-
trait of a Woman, Dulwich Gallery ; copy of
Murillo's Good Shepherd, Lord EUesmere ;
Woman holding a Mask, M Furtado ■ Head
of a Young Woman, M Adolphe Fould. —
Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 699 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole francaise ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 422 ;
Mariette, Abecedario, 2.
GBISWOLD, C. C, born in Ohio in
1834. Landscape painter, formerly had a
studio in New York ; has lived several years
in Rome. Elected an A.N.A. in 1866, and
N.A. in 1867. Works: Autumnal Scene,
December, Last of the Ice (1864); Winter
Morning (18G5) ; August Day — Newport
(1866) ; Early Spring (1869) ; Purgatory
Point, Newport, Seaside Landscape (1870);
Logo de Nemi (1874); Ponte Nolle across
the Tiber (1878), E B. Haskell ; View on
the Hudson, J. J. Astor, New York.
GRITTL ANDREA, Doge, portrait, Ti-
tian, Palazzo Giustiniani, Padua ; canvas, H.
3 ft. 11( in. x 3 ft 3 in. Painted in 1524 ; in
Titian's house until his death ; sold in 1581
by Pomponio Veoelli to Cristoforo Borbe-
rigo ; thence passed by inheritance to Count
Giustiniani. Many replicas by Titian ; cop-
ies by Pordenone in Czernio Collection, Vi-
enna, by Tintoretto in Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg, and by Rubens, exhibited in Royal
Academy, London, 1870.— C. & C, Titian,
L 299 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i 262 ; Vasari,
ed. MiL, vii. 438.
GROB, KONRAD, born at Andelfingen,
Switzerland, in 1828. Genre painter, pupil
of Munich Academy under Romberg, after
he had studied (1842-45) the elements of
art in Winterthur, and spent many years in
Italy. Works : Captured Mouse (1870) ;
Italian Beggar Children ; Painting a Peasant
Girl ; Painter on Study Trip, Zurich Gallery ;
Visit on the Ladder ; Sunday Afternoon in
Switzerland ; Father Pestalozzi (1879), Basle
edbyG00gk
Museum. Mtiller, 218 ; Kunst^Chronik, xi;
Zeitschr., xii. (Mittheilungen, v. 10).
GROGER, FRIEDRICH KARL, bora at
Ploen, Holstein, Oct 14, 1766, died in Ham-
burg, Not. 9, 1838. Portrait painter, self-
taught In 1789 he went with Aldenrath
to Berlin, frequented the Academy for some
time, then went to Hamburg, and in 1798
studied in Dresden. Painted for several
years in Kiel and Copenhagen, and finally
settled in Hamburg. Works : Portrait of
the Artist, Dresden Gallery; Portraits of
Man and Wife (1829), Portrait of Pastor
Klefeker, do. of Aldenrath, do. of himself,
hia adopted daughter, and Aldenrath (con-
jointly with the latter), Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; others in Lubeck, Kiel, Copenhagen
Galleries.— Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 708 ; Weil-
bacb, 218.
GRONLAND, THEUDE, bora at Altona,
Aug. 31, 1817, died in Berlin, April 16,
1876. Landscape and still-life painter, pu-
pil of Copenhagen Academy ; lived then for
three years in Italy, as long in England, and
twenty-five years in Paris. Settled in 1868
in Berlin, where he had many pupils. Mem-
ber of Copenhagen Academy. Medala :
Paris, 1st class, 1848; 2d class, 1855.
Work, Fruit-piece, National Gallery, Ber-
lin. His son, Ren6, bora in Paris, Oct 8,
1849, painted similar subjects. — Weilbach,
213 ; Jordan, 108 ; Rosenberg, BerL Mal-
ersch., 352.
GRONVOLD, MARCUS, born at Bergen,
Norway, July 5, 1845. Portrait and genre
painter, pupil of Copenhagen and of Munich
Academies, and studied from 1870 to 1878
under Wilhelm Diez, Otto Seitz, and Piloty ;
won several medals, visited Italy in 1874,
Berlin and DQsseldort in 1876, and Paris in
1878 ; member of jury at DOsseldorf Ex-
hibition in 1880. Works : The Burgomas-
ter ; Consolation ; Uninvited Guests ; Poach-
ers ; Sunday Morning ; Scene from Saga of
Wieland the Smith, Cologne Museum ; Por-
trait of Knut Baade.— Elustr. Zeitg. (1881),
L 41 ; Mailer, 218 ; Leixner, D. mod. K., ii.
79.
GROS, ANTOTNE JEAN, Baron, born in
Paris, March 16, 1771, died there, June 27,
1835. History and
portrait painter,
son of Jean Antoine,
miniature painter,
and pupil of David ;
competed unsuc-
cessfully for the prix
fde Rome in 1792,
1 supported himself by
painting portraits,
and in 1793 went to
Italy. In 1796 he was presented to Gen-
eral Bonaparte at Milan, and obtained his
favour by painting him on the bridge at
Areola. The General had the picture en-
graved by Longhi, gave the plate to Gros,
appointed him review inspector, and put
him on the commission charged to select
works of art to be sent to France. In 1799
he escaped from Genoa on an English ship,
arrived half dead at Antibes, and in 1801
gained at Paris a competition prize for
a sketch of Battle of Nazareth, an historical
picture never executed. Up to 1812, he
painted battles of the Empire and portraits,
then was commissioned to paint the cupola
of St Genevieve, which he finished in 1824,
when he was ennobled. In 1815 directed
the school of David during that painter's
exile ; in 1816 named member of the Insti-
tute, counsellor of Royal Museum, professor
of Ecole des Beaux Arts ; 1819, Order of
San Michel ; 1828, L. of Honour. His por-
trait of Charles X (1827), some ceilings at
the Louvre, and a Hercules exhibited in
1835, were so severely criticised that Gros
fell into a state of melancholy and drowned
himself. Between 1816 and 1835 he had
formed more than four hundred pupils.
Works : Girl Bathing (1791), Female Por-
trait, Besancon Museum ; Female Portrait
(1798), Marseilles Museum ; Battle of Naz-
areth (1801, sketch), Nantes Museum ;
Plague of Jaffa (1804), Battlefield of Eylau
(1808), Francis I and Charles V. visiting the
Tombs in St Denis (1812), Louvre, Paris ;
edbyGoOgk
.Battle of Aboukir (1806), Capitulation of
Madrid, Battle of the Pyramids (1810), In-
terview between Napoleon and Emperor of
Austria (1812), Louis XVHI quitting the
Tuileries in 1816 (1817), Charles X at the
Camp of Reirus (1827), portraits of Massena
and Due de Bellune, Eugene Beauharnais,
King Jerome (1808), Marshal Duroc, Count
Daru, General Count Fournier-Sarlovese
(1812), of himself, Versailles Museum ; Em-
barkation of Duchease d'AngoulGme (1819),
Bordeaux Museum ; Venus and Cupid (1832),
Hercules and Diomedes (1835), Portraits of
himself and Madame Gros, Toulouse Muse-
um ; eleven miniatures, Montpellier Muse-
um ; Portrait of Marshal Duroc, Nancy
Museum ; Portraits of Napoleon, King of
Westphalia, King of Naples, Louis XVlll,
Charles X., and many contemporary persons
s>
TO SllO 4
of note. — Delestre, Gros, Vie et (Euvres ;
Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 702 ; Cb, Blanc,
Ecole francaise ; Villot, Cat Louvre ; Clus-
man ; Chesnoan, Chefs d'&ole (Paris, 1883);
Meyer, Gesch, 109 ; Kunstblatt (1835), No.
71-73.
GROS, LUCIEN ALPHONSE, born at
Wesserling (Alsace) ; contemporary. Genre
painter, pupil of Meissonier ; his pictures
are well-drawn and characteristic. Medals :
1867 ; 2d class, 1876. Works : The Mis-
eries of War (1873); The Arquebusier, Fish-
ing with a Line, Cloister of St Barthelemy
at Nice (1874); Conspirators against Cardi-
nal Mazarin, A Smoker, House of a Peasant
near Nice (1875); Sitting for a Portrait
(1876); Lying-in-Wait, The Critic (1878);
The Blow with the Spur (1879); Pergolese
in Vernet's Studio (1880); Two Philosophers,
A Gentleman (1881); Maurice of Nassau
(1884).
GROSCLAUDE, LOTUS, born at Lock,
Switzerland, Sept 26, 1788, died in Paris,
Dec. 11, 1869. Genre painter, pupil of
Begnault ; widely known through bis agree-
ably-composed and well-coloured pictures.
Associate member of the Berlin Academy,
1827. Medals : 3d class, 1835 ; 2d class,
1838 ; 1st class, 1845 ; 1st class at Geneva
and Brussels. Works : The Drinkers (1827);
Soap Bubbles (1833); Toast to the Vintage
of 1834 (1835); Military Salute (1837); The
Little Breakfast (1838) ; Fortune- Teller
(1839); Three Gossips (1841); Marino Fall-
ero (1842), Drinker (1846), Neuehatel Mu-
seum ; Magdalen (1845), Collection of Duke
of Treviso; Norma (1845); Saint Cecilia
(1848); Beading the News of the Capture
of the Mftlakoff, Two Little Friends (1859);
Interior of a Stable near Geneva (1864);
Departure of the Enrolled (1869), Musee
Bath, Geneva. — Bellier de la Chavignerie, i.
703.
GROSS, RICHARD, born in Munich in
1848. Portrait and figure painter ; taken
to America in childhood ; pupil of the Na-
tional Academy schools, New York, and
studied in Munich. Bronze medal, Royal
Academy, Bavaria. Studio in Munich (1882).
Works : Savant ; Old Nuremberg ; Lady of
Shalott; Portrait of William Chambers,
Lady of the 17th century (1879); Initial
Painter (1882).
GBOSSE, FRANZ THEODOR, born in
Dresden, April 23,
1829. History and
portrait painter,
pupil of Dresden
Academy under
Bendemann, whom
he assisted in the
decoration of the
Royal Palace, and
then executed
paintings in the Dresden Museum ; went in
1858 to Florence, and in 1859 to Rome,
where he studied Raphael. After his return
he decorated (1864-71) the Loggia of the
Leipsic Museum ; became professor at the
Dresden Academy in 1867. Works : Leda
with the Swan (1852), Sketch for Curtain to
: eabyGOOglC
GROTTGEB,
Royal Theatre, Dante and Virgil (1879), Al-
legories in Cupola and Venetian Boom
{fresco, 1864), Dresden Museum ; Scenes
from History of House of Solms (1856-68),
Castle Wildenfels ; Abraham and the An-
gels (1862); Reign of Creative Power (1865-
71, fresco), Leipsic Museum ; Myth of Bac-
chus, cycle in fresco (1877), Foyer, New
Theatre, Dresden ; Science, Plato and Aris-
totle with their Disciples, Cicero (1886).
Frescos : Aula, St. Afras School, Meissen ;
Apollo and Marsyas (1885). — Brockhaus,
viii 636 ; Dlustr. Zeitg. (1872), i. 387 ;
(1873), i. 124; Eunst-Chronik, xx. 700;
ill 81.
GROTTGER, ARTHUR, born at Ottyno-
wice, Galicia, Nov. 11, 1837, died at Amelie-
les-Bains, Pyrenees, Dec 13, 1867. His-
tory, genre, and portrait painter, pupil in
Vienna of Earl Blaas ; painted many excel-
lent portraits, and, taking up political genre,
attained renown through his able and orig-
inal treatment of patriotic subjects. Works:
Meeting of John Sobieski with Leopold I.
(1859); Warsaw in seven scenes (1861);
Poland in nine, and Lithuania in six pic-
tures (1863); In the Valley of Tears— thir-
teen scenes (1866). — AUgem. d. Biogr., ix.
784 ; F. M. Aren, Arth. Grottger ; Brock-
haus, viii. 646; rUustr. Zeitg. (1866)—
(1867)—; Wurzbach, xL 420.
GROUX, CHARLES COKNETLLE AU-
GUSTS DE, born at Comities, West Flan-
ders, in 1825, died March 30, 1870. His-
tory and genre painter, pupil of Brussels
Academy under Navez. Medal, 1867 ; Or-
der of Leopold, 1860. Works : The Idler ;
Ash Wednesday ; Tavern-Brawl ; Last Fare-
well ; Sick ChUd ; The Walk (1855); Saying
Grace, Brussels Museum ; Protestant Ser-
mon ; Death of Charles V. ; Citizens of Ca-
lais before Edward HL; Pilgrimage ; Alms ;
Doctor's Visit ; Decorations in Market Hall
at Ypres.
GRUBER, FRANZ XAVER, born in Vi-
enna, Sept 28, 1801, died there, April 12,
1862. Flower painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy, where he obtained four prizes,
and of which he became professor in 1835.
In 1839 he was made member of the Milan
Academy. Works in the Museum, the
Academy, and Imperial Library, Vienna.
His brother, Earl Franz (1803-45), and his
sister, Katharina (1807-59), were also able
flower painters. — All gem. d. Biogr., ix. 791;
Wurzbach, t. 379.
GRUND, JOHANN, born in Vienna in
1808. History and genre painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy, where he obtained two
first prizes ; went then to Munich, Dflssel-
dorf, and Paris, lived for some time in Rome,
settled in Carlsruhe, and afterwards in
Baden-Baden. Works : Child and Guardian
Angel (1835) ; Hungarian Tinker (1838) ;
Bathing Girl (1840) ; Flight into Egypt,
Italian Robber Asleep, Italian Woman and
Child, Deborah, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Roman
Peasant Woman playing with her Child
(1848), Vienna Museum ; Invalid ; Playing
Sisters ; Girl going to Nunnery ; Country
Parson's Birthday ; Group of three Young
Girls (1853), Medea (1855), Last Rose (1865),
FQrstenberg Gallery, Donaueschingen ;
Young Smokers ; Margaret in Prison ; Deb-
orah ; Judith ; Hagar and Ishmael ; Diana ;
Esther ; Magdalen ; Rebekah at the Well
(1879) ; Ganymede (1885).— Muller, 220 ;
Wurzbach, v. 39a
GRUND, NORBERT, born in Prague in
1714, died there in 1767. Genre painter,
pupil in Vienna of Ferg ; travelled in Ger-
many and Upper Italy, and returned in 1741
to Prague, where he soon became the favour-
ite and the most prolific painter of his time.
His numerous excellent pictures, consisting
of battle scenes, kirmesses, pastorals, and
children's play scenes, landscapes, and ma-
rines, are in private collections in Prague
and in the castles of the Bohemian nobility.
A Rural Dance, and A Banquet in a Garden,
attributed to him, in the Dresden Gallery. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 34; Wurzbach, v.
397.
GBUNDMANN, OTTO, bora in Dresden
in 1848. Portrait and genre painter, stud-
ied under Professor Hubner and Van Lerius,
^abyGoOglC
GRIJNENWALD
And in Dresden, Antwerp, Dusseldorf, and
Paris. In 1876 became one of the directors
of the Boston Art Museum drawing and
painting schools. Medal at Dresden. Paints
chiefly interiors with figures, especially fish-
ermen. Works : The Lorelei ; Scene from
Schiller's Kabale und Liebe ; Portrait of
Iter. Dr. Waterston and of Franklin.
GRUNENWALD, ALEXANDER, born
in the Rosenau, near Coburg, March 22,
1819. Genre painter, pupil of Munich
Academy under Strahuber, Anschfltz, and
Diez ; studied especially the Dutch masters
of genre; visited England in 1875. Works :
Meeting after Boar-Hunt (1875) ; End of
Card Game (1876) ; Lansquenets at Dice
(1877) ; Retainer (1878).— MoUer, 221.
GRUNENWALD, JAKOB, born at Bunz-
wangen, Wttrtemberg, Sept 30, 1821. His-
tory and genre painter, pupil of Stuttgart
Art School under Dietrich and Neher; con-
tinued his studies in Munich, and became
professor at the art-school of Stuttgart in
1875. Works : Christ healing the Sick ;
Bridal Couple at Grandmother's; Shepherd's
Return ; Hail-Storm (1865), Stuttgart Gal-
lery; Interrupted Wedding Procession
(1868) ; Return Home ; German Family of
16th Century (1879) ; Surprised Gypsies ;
Battle of Sendling (fresco, 1863), National
Museum, Munich. — Brockhaus, viii. 572;
Kunst-Chronik, xiv. 78 ; Mailer, 221.
GRUNEWALD, MATTHIAS, bom at
Aschaffenburg, died there after 1520. Ger-
man school ; history painter, one of the
great masters, styled by Sandrart the Ger-
man Correggio, with whose works his show
a striking affinity; lived in his native town
and in Mentz the greater part of his life,
but called by contemporaries Mattb.es von
Aschaffenburg. Works : Altar of Isen-
heim, Colmar Museum ; St. Lawrence, St.
Cyriac, Frankfort Museum ; Conversion of
St Maurice, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Resurrection, Basle Museum (lately con-
tested); St Anthony, Cologne Museum ;
Crucifixion, Schleissheim Gallery ; Last
Judgment, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ;
several (recently verified), Vienna Museum.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 52 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
allemande; Dohme, 1L; Forster, Denkmale,
VEX iii. 11 ; Eunstblatt (1841), 104 ; (1846),
32, 48 ; KunsUJhronik, xv. 633 ; xvi. 721 ;
Repertorium f. K, i 411 ; vii 133, 245;
Woltmann, D. Kunst i. Elsaas, 247 ; W. &
W„ ii. 436 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K-, i. 257; vi.
138 ; viii. 821.
GRUSS, ANTON, born at Schaab, Bohe-
mia, in 1804, died in Vienna in 1872. His-
tory painter, pupil of Prague Academy
under Eadlik ; became director of the Har-
rach Gallery in Vienna. Works : St Aloy-
sius(1839) ; St Peter and St Paul ; Madon-
na ; St Wenceslaua ; Last Judgment ; Faith,
Hope, and Love. — Allgnm d. Biogr., x. 66.
GRUSS, JOHANN, bom at Schaab, Bo-
hemia, Nov. 22, 1790, died in Leitmeritz,
Aug. 8, 1855. History painter, pupil of
Prague Academy ; perfected himself by
copying in the Prague and Dresden Gal-
leries. Works : Great Altarpiece, Stadt-
kirche, Reichstadt ; St Philomena ; St Ce-
cilia, — Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 67.
GRtJTZNER, EDUARD, bom at Gross
Carlowitz, Sile-
sia, May 26.
1846. Genre
painter, pupil of
Munich Acad-
emy and of Pi-
loty; devoted
himself to hu-
mourous genre,
and at once at-
tained great suc-
cess with his scenes from Shakespeare. After-
wards the amusing sides of monastic and
hunting life became his principal themes.
Professor at the Munich Academy. Gold
ledal, Berlin, 1872. Honorary Member
of Munich Academy, 1885. Works : The
Seven Arte ; In the Convent Cellar; Tasting
Wine ; Sleepless Night ; Falstaff at the Inn
(1869) ; Tippling Scene from Ivanhoe ; Fal-
staff reviewing his Recruits ; Falstaff and
Companions in Woods (1870) ; Scene from
edbyGoOgk
As You Like It ; Scene in the 'Wardrobe,
Scene from Merry Wives, Mephistophelea
behind the Scene, Unmistakable Defeat
(1873) ; Capuchin mending his Cowl ; Dif-
ficult Choice ; Ekkehard aud the Cellarer ;
Hunter's Cant (1874) ; Convent Brewery ;
Once and Now (1877) ; Humourous Reading
in Convent Library (1879); Art Amateur in
Curiosity Shop, Sunday Hunter (1880) ;
Siesta in the Monastery, Bright as Gold
(1881); Peasant Theatre (1882); Tavern
Scene (1888) ; Monastic Hospitality, Sile-
sian Tippler and the Devil (1884) ; The
Convent Pike, In the Liquor Shop, Game
of Tarock, Faust in Auerbach's Cellar (1885);
Abbe '» Weakness, Testing Wines, John D.
Lankenau, Philadelphia. — Brockhaus, viii
578 ; Elustr. Zeitg. (1874), L 371 ; ii 190 ;
(1878), i 7, 13; ii. 285; (1881), ii. 368;
(1882), ii. 9, 608 ; (1884), L 479 ; Deutsche
Ulufitr. Zeitg. (1885), i 98 ; Die Kunst far
Alls, i 75 ; Kunst-Chronik, v. 122 ; ix. 240;
x. 475; xix. 486; xx. 744; Mailer, 222;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, viii 121; x. 31.
GRYEFF (Grief, Grijff), ADBIAAN DE,
born at Antwerp (?) in 1670 (?), died at Brus-
sels (?) in 1715. Flemish school ; landscape,
animal, and still-life painter in the manner
of Jan Fyt There is no evidence of his
birth at Antwerp, where he appears first in
1689, when married ; seems to have lived at
Brussels until 1692, then settled at Ant-
werp, where he entered the guild in 1699.
Said to have afterwards returned to Brus-
sels. Works : Landscape with Dead Game,
Huntsman and Dogs, Louvre, Paris ; Dead
Birds, Fruits and Vegetables, Lille Muse-
um ; Poultry, Dead Game, Cherbourg Mu-
seum ; Dead Game (2), Rouen Museum ;
Hares and Partridges, Dijon Museum ; Dogs
and Dead Game (3), Basle Museum ; Land-
scapes with Dead
» ./>/ Game and Dogs (2),
fV"L Poultry Yards (2),
Hermitage, St.
Petersburg; Allegory
on War and Peace, New York Museum ;
Dogs and Game, Historical Society, New
AS'i
York ; Babbits and Fowl, Mrs. Joseph Har-
rison, Philadelphia. — Van den Branden,
1106.
GSELLHOFER, KARL, born in Vienna,
Oct 28, 1779, died there, May 17, 1858.
History, portrait, landscape, and miniature
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under
FOger; became professor there in 1819. Many
of his landscapes are in the collections of
the Imperial family. — Wurzbach, v. 403.
GUARD! FRANCESCO, bom in Venice
in 1712, died in 1793. Venetian school ;
architecture and landscape painter, pupil
and imitator of Canaletto ; painted many
views of Venice, which, though leas precise
in perspective and architectural detail than
those of his master, are charming in style
and execution. Works : View of Venice, S.
M. do la Salute, Fete of Corpus Domini,
FSte of Jeudi Gras, Procession of Doge to
S. Zaccaria, Grand Hall in Palazzo Ducale,
Louvre, Paris ; Isle of S. Giorgio, Museo
Civico, Venice; Views (2) in Venice, Verona
Museum ; Views in Venice (3), Bergamo
Gallery; Grand Canal, Fondaco dei Tedes-
cbi, Modena Museum; Interior of S. Marco,
Brussels Museum ; Views (2) in Venice,
Nantes Museum ; do. (4), Berlin Museum ;
View in Venice, Church and Piazza of S.
Marco, National Gallery, London ; View on
the Grand Canal, Seven Views of Venice,
Bridgewater Gallery, ib. ; Church on Grand
Canal, South Kensington Museum, ib.;
Views in Venice, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cam-
bridge ; Church of San Giorgio, Piazetta of
San Marco, Glasgow Gallery ; The Doge's
j State Barge, Na-
fl f n , tionalGallery,
*. C tAsOstj/t Dublin ; The Ri-
/ alto, Santa Maria
»— * della Salute-
Venice, New YorkMuseum. — Seguier; Wurz-
bach, vi. 7.
GUARIENTO DA PADUA, 14th century
(1316-75). Venetian scbooL He painted
frescos in the Eremitani, Padua, which,
though much repainted, show that he in-
herited the Byzantine manner of the preda-
ted by GOOglC
■s of Cimabue and Giotto. He was the
first to adorn the Sala del Gran Consigho,
Venice, in 1365, with a Paradise, afterward
replaced by Tintoretto. A Crucifixion by
him is in the Piuacoteca, Bassano, and fres-
cos in the choir of the Eremitani, Padua. —
C. & 0., Italy, il 252 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon.,
vl 86 ; il 333, N. 3 ; Ridolfi, Le Maraviglie
dell'Arie(Venice,1648),27;Burckhardt,521.
GUASTA, BENVENDTO DI GIOVAN-
NI DI MEO DEL, died in 1517 (?). Sien-
ese school. Described in a record of 1455
aa employed in the baptistery of S. Gio-
vanni, Siena, but his first extant picture
(1466) is the Annunciation in S. Girolamo,
Volterra. Its counterpart is in the sacristy
of S3. Piero e Paulo at Buonconvento.
Other of bis pictures are in the Siena Acad-
emy, and in churches there. His hard and
precise style somewhat resembles that of II
Vecchietta.— C. &. C, Italy, iii. 70 ; Vasari,
ed. Le Mon,, iv, 163 ; xi. 173 ; rii 85 ; Lttb-
ke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 385.
GTJASTO, MARQUIS DEL. See Avaloa.
GTJAY, GABRIEL, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. Genre painter, pupil of Gerdme
and of Lequien. Medal, 3d class, 1878.
Works : Ulysses suspended over Charybdis
(1873) ; Slumber, After the Ball (1871) ; In
Carnival, Incorruptible (1876) ; In the ab-
sence of the Master, Latona and the Peas-
ants (1877) ; The Leviteof Ephraim (1878);
The Tallianum during the Persecution
(1880) ; Mater AmabUis, Souvenir de Veules
(1881) ; La Source, Cosette (1882) ; Father
Babu, Mother Race (1884) ; The Wounded
Dove (1885) ; Birth of Spring, Mrs. D. D.
Colton, San Francisco.
GUDE, HANS FREDRD2, born in Chris-
tiania, March 13, 1825. Landscape and
ine painter, pupil of Andreas Achenbach,
and of Dusseldorf Academy under Schir-
mer; visited Norway in 1843-46, lived
Christiania in 1848-50, became professor at
the DOsseldorf Academy in 1854 ; went to
England in 1862, and to Carlsruhe in 1864
as professor at the art-school. Since
professor at Berlin Academy. Member of Am-
sterdam, Hotter dam, Stockholm, Berlin, and
Vienna Academies. Great gold medal in
Berlin (1852 and
1860) and Weimar
(1861). Medal, Paris,
2d class, 1855, 1861,
1867. Numerous Or-
ders. Works: High
Plain with Reindeer
(1847); Bridal Pro-
cession on Hardan-
ger Fjord (1848) ;
Birch Wood (1848), Christiaiiia Gallery ;
Four landscapes from Sogne (1849-50), Oa-
carshall, near Christiania ; Night-Fishing in
Norway (1851) ; Mountainous Landscape
with Pine Wood (1852) ; Funeral in Sogne
Fjord, Lledr Valley in Wales, Stockholm
Museum; Norwegian Mountains; Mountain
Shepherdesses with Herd; Fishermen in
Evening Landscape; Summer Evening on
Norwegian Lake (1851, figures by Tide-
mand), Norwegian Coast (1870), National
Gallery, Berlin ; Christiania Fjord (1857),
Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Norwegian Harbour
of Refuge (1873), Bremen Gallery ; da,
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Calm-Sea, Cologne Mu-
seum ; do., Stuttgart Gallery ; Chiem Lake,
Vienna Academy ; Harbour of Christiania ;
Pilot-House on Norwegian Coast ; View on
Nether Rhine; Scotch Landscape (1878).—
Llustr. Zeitg. (1882), L 387 ; KunstrChronik,
v. 124 ; W. Holler, Dasseldf. E., 311, 343 ;
Wiegmann, 388; Zeitschr., vi. 176 ; xvi 151;
xxi 40.
GUDIN, (JEAN ANTOrNE) THEO-
DORE, born in Paris,
Aug. 15, 1802, died at
Boulogne -sur-Seine,
April 11, 1880. Marine
painter, pupil of Girodet-
Trioson, but soon aban-
doned his style. His
' early and best pictures,
$ landscapes, and marines,
are fine in colour and
bold in execution, but the
later ore tame and conventional in style.
edbyG00gk
He was marine painter to the court under
Louia Philippe and Napoleon ILL Medals :
2d class, 1824 ; let class, 1848, 1855; L. of
Honour, 1828; Officer, 1841; Commander,
1855. Works : Return of the Fishermen,
Burning of the Kent (1827) ; Rescue of the
Passengers of the Colomb, Frigate Siren in
a Gale, Explosion of the Emperor'a Fort at
Algiers, View of Constantinople looking to-
ward Fera, View of Salenelles at the Mouth
of the One, Schooner Hazard captured by
Boarding (1880 to 1840) ; On the Shore of
the Channel, Evening on the Shore of the
North Sea (1879), Sunrise on the Be de
Bourbon, Sun rising over Vesuvius (1880) ;
Sixty Marines (1838-55), Versailles Muse-
um ; View of Havre, Avignon Museum ; De-
votion of Captain Desse, Bordeaux Museum ;
Others in Nantes, Perpignan, and Rodez
Museums ; Coast Scene, Brussels Museum ;
Fishermen on the Beach, Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; View on French Coast (1826),
Schwerin Gallery; Coast of Brittany (1844),
Smugglers on Coast of Biscay (1845), Na-
tional Gallery, Berlin ; Coast Scene (1839),
Storm at Sea (1843), Ravene Gallery, ib. ;
Shipwreck on Coast of Genoa (1837), Agi-
tated Sea (1839), Leipsic Museum ; Naval
BatUe in Time of Louis XTV. (1862), Dres-
den Gallery ; Agitated Sea with Vessels,
Basle Museum.— Art Journal (1880), 300 ;
Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 706 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xv. 450 ; IUustr. Zeitg. (1880), i 37.
GTJELDKX, JOSEPH FERDINAND,
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Gerflme;
member of Inst Medal, 3d class, 1885. Works :
Regatta at Joinville (1881) ; Arrival from
Cruise (1882) ; Ferry-man at Bry-sur-Marae
(1883) ; On the Bluff (1884) ; Foundry (1885).
GUERCINO, IL, bom at Cento, Feb. 8,
1591, died in Bologna, Dec 22, 1666. Bo-
lognese school. Real name Giovanni Fran-
cesco Barbieri, but called Guercino because
he squinted. Son of a peasant and mostly
self-taught, but studied the works of the
Carracci; afterward studied under Bene-
detto Gennari and later in Venice and Bo-
logna. Went to Rome in 1621, returned
to Cento in 1623, and in 1642 established
himself in Bologna. His house in Cento,
Casa di Guercino,
contains many of his
works; others are
in the Church del
Roeario. His statue
by Galletti is in the -r
Piazza. Guercino |
painted at first
the manner of the
Carracci, but after-
ward inclined to imitate Caravaggio, and a
few of his latest works approach the man-
ner of Guido ; but he is very unequal, and
some of his pictures are crude and marked
by an insipid mannerism. His masterpiece
is St PetroniUa raised from the Tomb, Cap-
itoline Gallery, Rome. Works : Investiture
of St Guglielmo (1620), St John Evangelist,
Death of St Peter Martyr, Vision of St
Bruno in the Desert, Bologna Gallery ; St,
Sebastian (2), Madonna della Rondinella,
Apollo and Marsyns, St Peter raising Ta-
bitha, Moses, St Peter, Susanna at the
Bath, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Samian Sibyl
1651), Endymion, Uffizi, ib. ; Dying Cleo-
patra, Death of Cato, Holy Family, Palazzo
Brignoli-Sale, Genoa ; Mutius Scasvola, Pa-
lazzo Palavicini, ib. ; Andromeda, Death
of Cleopatra, Palazzo Balbi, ib. ; Dismis-
sal of Hagar, Brera, Milan ; Magdalen, Mar-
riage of St. Catherine, Deposition, Naples
Museum ; Mater Dolorosa, Return of the
Prodigal, Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; Persian
Sibyl, St. PetroniUa, Cleopatra and Octavius,
John Baptist, Capitol Gallery, ib. ; Au-
rora, Fame with Force and Virtue, Palazzo
Ludovisi, ib. ; Christ at the Well, Ecce
Homo, St Jerome, Palazzo Corsini, ib. ;
Death of Dido, Palazzo Spada, ib. ; In-
credulity of St Thomas, St Margaret of Cor-
tona, Magdalen, Vatican, ib. ; Martyrdom
of St Peter, Mare, Venus and Cupid, Mo-
dena Gallery ; Ecce Homo, St Francis of
Aaaisi, St Jerome, St Elizabeth Queen of
Hungary, St James, St Frances, Return of
Prodigal, and others, Turin Gallery ; Ma-
edbyG00gk
donna and Saints, Brussels Museum ; Venus
and Adonis (2), Birth of Adonis, Cepholi
and Procris, Diana, Seiniramis, Dorinda
Wounded, Lot and his Daughters, Holy
Family, and others, Dresden Museum
Christ crowned with Thorns, Madonna, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Prodigal Son, Return
of Prodigal, St John in the Desert, Sol-
dier counting Money, Museum, Vienna ;
Saint and Angel, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.;
Lot and his Daughters, Madonna, Raising
of Lazarus, Salome receiving Head of John
Baptist, Vision of St. Jerome, SS. Benedict
and Francis of Assisi, Madonna with Patron
Saints of Modena, Hersffia separating Rom-
ulus and Tatius, Circe, St Cecilia, John
Baptist, Portrait of Ouercino, Louvre, Paris ;
St Peter in Prison, Susanna at the Bath, St
Augustin, Magdalen, Allegory on Painting,
Diana, Disinterested Love, Madrid Museum ;
Angels weeping over Dead Christ, National
Gallery, London; Beatrice Cenci, Bridge-
water House, ib.; St Cecilia, Dulwich Gal-
lery ; Assump-
tion, Martyrdom
of St Catherine,
St Jerome, Her-
mitage, St Pe-
tersburg. — Cal-
vi, Life (Bologna, 1808) ; Malvasia, ii. 255 ;
Lanzi, iii. 108 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ;
Dohme, 2iii; Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii. 1.
GTJEBIN, (JEAN BAPTISTE) PATJLIN,
born in Toulon, March 25, 1783, died in
Paris, Jan. 19, 1855. French school ; his-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of Vincent.
Win pictures are heavy in style, though good
in colour. Medal in 1817 ; L. of Honour,
1822 ; professor, same year. Works : Cain
after Murder of Abel (1812); Christ Dead
( 1817), Catholic Church in Baltimore ; Christ
on the Virgin's Knees (1819); Anchises and
Venus (1822); Ulysses resisting the Attacks
of Poseidon (1821), Rennes Museum ; Adam
and Eve expelled from Paradise (1827); Holy
Family (1829), Toulon Cathedral ; Death of
Christ, Church of Noailles ; Chevalier Rose
during the Plague at Marseilles (1834) ; St
B/5
Catherine (1838), St. Booh, Paris ; Revery,
Conversion of St Augustine (1844); Ann of
Austria, Regent, Portraits of Marshals Roche-
fort, Boquelaure, and Duke de Chatillon,
Versailles Museum. — Bellier de la Chavig-
nerie, i. 714.
GUEBJN, JEAN MI CHEL PROSPER,
born in Paris, March 23, 1838. History
and portrait painter, pupil of H. Flandrin,
Dumas, and Cornu. Medal, 1867. Works :
Before the Feast of Bacchus (1865); Hagar,
The Refuge (1867); Pietl(1868); St Cecilia
dying hears a Celestial Concert (1869); The
Danaides (1876); The Golden Age (1877);
St Mary of Egypt (1878); Souvenir of Car-
nival (1879); Love of Thetis and PeleuB
(1880); Ugohno and his Children (1882);
St Agnes (1885).
GUERM, PD3RRE NABCISSE, Baron,
born in Paris, May
13, 1774, died in
Borne, July 16,
1833. French
school; genre
painter, pupil of
Regnault ; became
one of the most
successful paint-
ers of his day,
and had among
his pupils Gericault, Sigalon, Delacroix, and
Ary Scheffer. His pictures, though masterly
in technique, and correct in drawing, are
treated iu a somewhat cold and stiff style.
Guerin won the grand prix de Rome in
1797. L. of Honour, 1803 ; Order of St
Michael 1819 ; was made Member of Insti-
tute same year ; appointed director of the
French Academy in Borne, 1822 ; Baron,
1829 ; Officer of the L. of Honour, 1832.
Works: Offering to ^sculapius (1795),
Louvre, Paris ; Murder of Geta, Coriolanus
and the Body of Brutus (1796); Death of
Cato (1797); Beturn of Marcus Sextus (1799),
Louvre ; Orpheus weeping over the Grave
of Eurydice (1801); Phadra and Hippo-
lytus (1802), Louvre ; Replica in Bordeaux
Museum ; Napoleon pardoning the Rebels
edbyG00gk
in Cairo (1806), Versailles Museum ; Andro-
mache and Pyrrhus (1810), Louvre, Replica
in Bordeaux Museum ; Cephalus and Au-
rora (1810) ; Dido listening to Story of
jEneas (1817), Louvre ; Clytemnestra urged
by Egisthue to murder Agamemnon (1817),
Louvre , Murder of Priam, St. Louis ren-
dering Justice, Angers Museum ; Death of
Marshal Lannes in Battle of Essling, Valen-
ciennes Museum ; Portrait of Henri de la
Bochejacquelin (1817). — Bellier de la Cha-
vignerie, L 714 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole francaise ;
Larousse ; Leuonnant, B. Arts et Voyages,
i 142 ; Meyer, Gesch., 12S.
GUESNET, LOUTS F ELIX, born at
Fitzjamea (Oise), April 27, 1843. Genre
painter, pupil of Lamotho. Medals : 2d
class, 1872 ; 1st class, 1873. Works : Ma-
zeppa (1872); Roland at Boncevalles (1873);
Barbarians in a Boman Villa (1875) ; Hunt-
ing (1882).
GUET, CHARLEMAGNE OSCAR, born
in Meaux (Seine-et-Marne), Jan. 24, 1801,
died in Paris, Nov. 29, 1671. Genre painter,
pupil of Hersent and of Horace Vernet He
gathered his subjects from many countries,
and exhibited regularly from 1819 to 1850.
Medals : 2d class, 1822 and 1831 ; 1st class,
1839 ; L. of Honour, 1846. Works : Cui-
rassiers of the Guard (1822); Little Organ-
Player ; Soldier's Return ; Military Stable ;
Oyster-Bed at Grandville ; Fishermen of
Grandville and Cancale ; A Barbarism ;
Trout-Fishing ; Pluck the Rose in the
Morning of Life ; The Panniers, Marino
Faliero and Helena ; Norman and Breton
Sailors ; Sick Child ; Phcebus and Mme.
Gondelaurier ; Phcebus and Esmeralda with
Falourdel ; Return from the Fields ; Return
from Market ; The Fountain ; Mother's
Caresses ; Preparing for the Ball ; Mag-
nolia ; Woman Bathing ; Bevery, Coming
from the Bath. — Bellier de la Chavignerie,
i.717.
GUEVARA, JUAN NINO DE, born at
Madrid in 1632, died at Malaga in 1698.
History painter, pupil of Miguel Manrique
and of Alonso Cano. His works in Malaga,
Granada, and Cordova have been compared
to those of Van Dyck.
GUFFENS, GODFROm, bom at Haseelt,
Limburg, July 23, 1823. History painter,
pupil of Antwerp Academy under Nicaise de
Keyaer, then with his fellow-student Jan
Swerts visited Paris in 1847, the art centres
of Germany in 1850, and Italy in 1850-52.
After their return they worked conjointly un-
til 1874, when Swerts became director of the
Prague Academy. In 1858 they were sent
by the government to Munich, to report on
the first great German Art exhibition, which
caused the exhibition in Brussels in 1859 of
cartoons by Cornelius, Kaulbach, Schwind,
etc., greatly influencing Belgian art. Hon-
orary member of Munich, Dresden (1859),
and Amsterdam (1861) Academies, of Ger-
man Art Union (1859); corresponding mem-
ber of Institut de France (1873); member
of Brussels (1876) and Antwerp (1880)
Academies. Gold medals, Brussels, 1848,
1851 ; Order of Leopold, 1855 ; Officer,
1869 i Baden Order of Zahringer Lion,
1860 ; Order of Oaken Crown, 1861 ; Wei-
mar Order of White Falcon, 1865 ; Papal
Order of Gregory, 1871 ; Order of Francis
Joseph, 1875. Removed from Antwerp to
Brussels in 1871. Works : Galileo in Pris-
on ; Coronation of Virgin ; Count van Looz
granting Community of Hasselt the Privi-
lege of City ; Scene from Destruction of
Pompeii ; Prayer of the Three Sisters ; Im-
prisoned Blanca von Felsenstein in Prayer ;
Christ allaying the Storm ; Hymnus Mysti-
cub ; Lucre tia and her Women ; Pausias
and Glycera ; Bouget de Lisle singing toe
Marseillaise for the First, Time, Pennsylvania
Academy, Philadelphia ; Julia and her Moth-
er ; Return from Holy Sepulchre, Altarpiece
with Madonna and Saints ; Portraits. Fres-
cos : Seven Sorrows of the Virgin (1855-70),
Notre Dame at St Nicolas, near Antwerp ;
Scenes from Life of Christ (1859-71), St
edbyGoOgk
George's, Antwerp ; Episodes in History of I
Flanders (1861-69), Town Hall, Ypern ; '
Christ and Two Angela (1870), Ince Blun-
dell Hall, near Liverpool ; Scenes from
Local History (1873-75), Town Hall, Cour-
tray ; Fall of Man, Redemption, Baptism of
Christ (1879), St Quentin's, Hasselt ; Sacri-
fice of Melchisedek, Last Supper, Entry
with the Ark of the Covenant into Jerusa-
lem, Procession of Corpus Christi (1861),
St. Joseph's, Louvain.— Mailer, 223 ; Rie-
gel, Wandmalerei in Belgien, 19, 39, 42, 46
-62, 86, 106, 247 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1864),
xvii. 465 ; (1868), xiv. 74 ; Forster, Denk-
male, VHL iii. 23 ; UluBtr. Zeitg. (1872), i
227.
GUGEL, KARL, born at Bergzabern,
Rhenish Palatinate, April 12, 1820, died in
Munich, June 26, 1885. Genre and por-
trait painter ; painted at first in imitation of
Murillo's style, which he abandoned for the
representation of ideal female heads and
figures in the manner of Giorgione. Has
lived in Munich since 1852. Works : Lute-
Player ; Gypsy Girl ; After the Bath ; Girl
Writing ; Girl Reading ; Gardener-Maid ;
Mother and Child ; Reading Aloud ; Witch-
es' Ride to the Blocksberg ; Lady of 17th
Century, New Pinakothek, Munich. — Mai-
ler, 224 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 669.
GUIAUD, JACQUES, bom at Chambery
{Savoy), May 15, 1811, died in 1876. Land-
scape and architecture painter, pupil of
Watelet and of Cogniet Medals : 3d class,
1843 ; 2d class, 1846. Works : Landscapes
and City views in Italy, Tyrol, and Germany
(1831-42); do. in Italy, Spain, and France
(1847-76); Castles Gieberg and St Ulricb
at Ribeauville — Haut-Rhin, View of Procida
(1843); Castle of Henry IV. at Pau, View of
Steinach-Tyrol (1846); View of Antwerp
Cathedral, Amiens Museum ; Chateau de
Madrid and Bois de Boulogne, Chateau and
Park at Monceaux (1866), Galerie desCerfs,
Fontainebleau. — Bellier de la Chavignerie,
i.719.
GTJIBAL, NICOLAS, born at Luneville,
Nov. 29, 1725, died in Stuttgart, Nov. 3,
1784. French school ; history painter, son
of the sculptor Barthelemi G., pupil of Claude
Charles in Nancy, and of Natoire in Paris.
Called in 1749 to Stuttgart by Duke Charles
Eugene of Wurtemberg, who sent him in
1752 to Rome, where he studied under
Mengs. On his return in 1755 he was ap-
pointed first painter to the Duke, as well
as professor and director of the gallery
of paintings. Works : Ceiling of Bath
House, Schwetzingen ; Ce ilin gs in Library,
ib.; also at Hobenheim, Monrepos, and
chapel at Ludwigsburg ; Paintings in
churches at Zwiefalten, Gmtlnd, and Solo-
thurn. — Allgem. deutsche Biogr., x. 102;
Dussieux, Les artistes francais a 1 'stranger,
239 ; Haakh, Beitrage, 5 ; Zeitschr. f.b. K,
xiilfil.
GUCDI, TOMMASO DI GIOVANNI
See Masacrio.
GUIDO (Guido Reni), bom in Bologna,
Nov. 4, 1575,
died there, Aug.
18, 1642. Bo-
lognese school.
Son of Daniele
Reni, a musician ;
pupil of Denis
Calvart, afterward
of the CarraccL
For a time he was
the favourite pu-
pil of Lodovico, but he soon aroused so
much jealousy that he was dismissed from
the academy. After painting several years
in Bologna, where his pictures excited much
admiration, he went to Rome about 1608,
with his fellow-pupil Francesco Albani, and
notwithstanding the opposition of Caravag-
gio and of Annibale Carracci, then at work
in the Palazzo Farnese, he soon won an
honourable position. Caravaggio was then
the fashion in Rome, and when Cardinal
Borghese gave Guido an order for the Oru-
edbyGoOgk
cifixion of Si Peter, he coupled it with the
command that it should be in the manner
of that painter. Guido obeyed, but he gave
hie composition a grandeur and dignity be-
yond the powers of Garavaggio. Paul V.
employed him to decorate the private chapel
in the Palace of Monte Cavallo, a work which
gained him great reputation and made him
many enemies, even his friend Albani be-
coming inimical when he found that Guido 'a
fame was likely to exceed his own. After
an absence in Borne of twenty years, Guido
returned to Bologna, where he painted the
Massacre of the Innocents for S. Domenico,
now in the Bologna Gallery, and St. Paul
reproving St. Peter, for the Palazzo Zam-
pieri, now in the Brora, Milan. Paul V.
soon induced him to return to Rome, where
he executed works in S. M. Maggiore and
other public buildings, his most famous one
being the fresco Aurora, in the pavilion of
the Palazzo Rospigliosi. Guido's produc-
tions vary much in manner according to the
time of their execution, and may be assigned
to three different periods : The first, marked
by strong contrasts of light and shade; the
second or transition period, stronger and
more natural ; the third, pale-gray tones
and insipid sentiment Works : Massacre
of Innocents, Madonna della Pieta, Christ on
the Cross, Samson Victorious, St. Sebastian,
Madonna of the Rosary, Coronation of Vir-
gin, Ecce Homo, Bologna Gallery ; Bacchus
and Ariadne, Fortune, Cupid, Accademia di
S. Luca,Rome ; portrait of Beatrice Cenci (f),
Palazzo Barberini, ib. ; Concert of Angels,
Cappella di S. Silvia, near S. Gregorio, ib. ;
St. Andrew adoring Cross, S. Andrea, ib. ;
Head of Joseph, Palazzo Borghese, ib.; St
Sebastian, Capitol Gallery, ib. ; Salome,
study for Crucifixion of St Peter, Ecce
Homo, Mater Dolorosa, St John, Contem-
plation, Palazzo Corsini, ib.; Madonna, Pa-
lazzo Doria, ib. ; Aurora, Palazzo Rospigliosi,
ib. ; Rape of Helen, portrait of Cardinal
Spada, Palazzo Spada, ib. ; Madonna in
Glory and Saints, Crucifixion of St Peter,
Vatican, ib. ; Bacchus, St Peter, Rebecca at
the Well Death of Cleopatra, Charity, St
Elizabeth, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Cumean
Sibyl, Bradamante and Fiordaspina, portrait
of Guido, Madonna with St. John, Virgin,
Uffizi, ib. ; Christ on the Cross and Saints,
Lucca Gallery ; SS. Peter and Paul, Apostle
Reading, Brera, Milan ; Christ on the Cross,
Modena Gallery ; Atalanta's Race, Four
Seasons, Infant Christ, Naugioafi, Vanity
and Modesty, Museum, Naples ; Nativity, S.
Martino, ib. ; John Baptist, Madonna, Fame,
St Francis of Assisi, St Catherine, Apollo
and Marayas, Group of Cherubs, Lucretia,
Turin Gallery; David and Goliath, Annun-
ciation, Purification of Virgin, Madonna,
Madonna and St John, Christ and Samari-
tan Woman, Christ giving Keys to Peter,
Christ in the Garden, Ecce Homo, Magda-
len (?), St Sebastian, Union of Design and
Colour, Hercules and the Hydra, Hercules
and Achelous, Rape of DeJ antra, Death of
Hercules, Rape of Helen, Sleep of Jesus (at-
tributed), Louvre, Paris ; Lucretia, Cleo-
patra, Madonna de la Silla, St Sebastian, St
James, Assumption, St Jerome in the
Desert, Martyrdom of St Apollonia, Mag-
dalen, and others, Madrid Museum ; St
Jerome, Magdalen, Youthful Christ and St
John, Lot and his Daughters, Susannah and
the Elders, Coronation of the Virgin, Ecce
Homo, National Gallery, London ; St John
in the Wilderness, St. Sebastian, Dulwich
Gallery ; Venus and Graces, Ecce Homo,
National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Venus and
Cupid, Ninus and Semiramia, Ecce Homo
(2), Christ crowned with Thorns (2), Christ
appearing to Virgin, Madonna in Adoration,
Madonna with Saints, Bacchus, Dresden
Gallery ; Madonna and Saints, Berlin Mu-
seum ; Cleopatra, Cassel Gallery ; St Je-
rome, Apollo and Marsyas, Assumption, Mu-
nich Gallery ; Magdalen, Presentation in
Temple, Baptism of Christ, Vienna Museum ;
Adoration of Shepherds, Jupiter and Anti-
ope, Descent from Cross, Liechtenstein Gal-
lery, Vienna ; David and Goliath, Adoration
of Magi, St Joseph and Infant Christ, Ma-
donna and St Francis, St Peter, Dispute of
edbyGoOgk
the Fathers, Youthful Virgin with Maidens,
Hermitage, St Petersburg. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole bolo-
ise ; Des- — J *S
Vrio
Ilk?)" i UaJO KjLH^U
579;Burck- J ' cUaJlL afr
hardt, 764, *
770, 773 ; Lund (Roscoc), iii. 93 ; Malvasia,
ii. 5 ; Rosini, vi. 55.
OUTDO, portrait, by himself, Uffizi, Flor-
ence. Upper part of head broad and fine,
chin wants character. Eyes lively and in-
telligent Engraved by L. F. Manage. —
Wicar, ii. Part 22 ; Lavioe, 46.
GUIDO DI PIBTBO. See Angelico, Fra.
GUIDO RENI DI NAPOLL See Stami-
cni, Massimo.
GUIDO DA SIENA, Sienese school, lat-
ter half of 13th century. The Madonna in
S. Domenico, Siena, falsely dated 1221, was
painted probably in 1281 ; and Guido is
probably identical with Guido Graziaiii, who
appears in documents of 1278. The inscrip-
tion has been often retouched, and the
heads of the Virgin and Child have evi-
dently been entirely repainted. This is im-
portant, as upon it rests the question
whether Florence or Siena was the cradle of
the revival of painting in the 13th century.
By the rectification of the date, the priority
of the Florentine Cimabue to the Sienese
Guido is established, and the honour remains
to Florence. The Madonna in the Academy
at Siena, also ascribed to Guido, is much in-
ferior to the one at S. Domenico. A Ma-
donna with Saints, attributed to him, is iu
the Gallery of the Historical Society of New
York. — C. A C, Italy, i. 180 ; Vasari, ed. Le
Moo., L 233 and N. 1 ; Milanesi, Delia vera
eta di Guido Pittore Sienese (Florence,
1859).
GUTDOIINODIPrETRO. See Angelico.
GUIGNABD, GASTON, born at Bor-
deaux ; contemporary. Landscape painter,
pupil of Ferry. Medal, 3d class, 1884
Works : Foraging, After the Storm (1874) ;
Scouts in Flight (1875) ; Behind the Tav-
ern (1876); Halt of NomadB (1877) ; Farm
Yard (1878) ; "Winter (1879) ; Marsh of
Montf errand (1880) ; Morning Dawn in Au-
tumn (1881) ; Requisitions in Beauce in
1870-71, Return to the Park (1882) ; La-
gunes of Guyan-Mestraa — Gironde, Convoy
in Marshes of Quiberou (1883) ; In the Or-
chard (1884) ; Open Pasture (1885).
GUIGNET, ADEIEN, bom at Anneey,
Savoy, Jan. 21, 1816, died in Paris, May 19,
1854. History painter, brother and pupil
of Jean Baptiste G., and pupil of Blondel ;
took Salvator Rosa and Decamps for his
models. Medals : 3d class, 1844 ; 2d class,
1848. Works : Moses exposed on Nile,
Lost Travellers attacked by Bear, Joseph re-
lating his Dream, Hagar in the Desert
(1840) ; Salvator Rosa among the Bobbers
(1844) ; Defeat of Attila by iEtius ; Feast
of Belshazzar ; Gardens of Armida. — Nbu-
velle Biogr. generate.
GUTLIAUMET, GUSTAVE, born in
Paris, March 26, 1840.
Genre and landscape
painter, pupil of Pi-
cot, Barrias, and of
the Boole des Beaux
Arts. Won the 2d
prix de Rome in 1863,
and then made the
first of many visits to
Algeria. In 1865 he
painted the portrait
of the late Sultan Abdul Aziz. Medals :
1865 and 1867 ; 2d class, 1872 ; 3d class,
1878 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Even-
ing Prayer in the Sahara (1863), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Arab Market in Plain of
Tocria (1865), Lille Museum ; Flute-Players
at the Bivouac (1866) ; Am Eerma or Source
of the Figuier, The Douar (1867) ; Douar
Women at the River (1872), Dijon Museum;
Algerian Interior (1874) ; Bivouac of Camel-
Drivers (1875) ; Arab Market (1877); Peace
in the Evening (1878) ; Laghouat or Sou-
venir of the Sahara (1879), Luxembourg
edbyGoOgk
Museum ; The Palanquins {1880) ; Dwell-
ing on the Sahara (1882) ; La Seguice —
Algiers, Wool Spinners at Bou-Saada (1685).
— BelKer de la Chavignerie, i. 72fi.
GUILLEMET, JEAN BAPTISTE AN-
TOINE, born at
Chantilly (Oise);
contemporary. Stu-
dio in Paris. Land-
scape painter, pu-
pil of Corot and of
Oudinot. Medals :
v 2d class, 1874 and
1876 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1880. Works:
LowTideatVUler-
ville (1872), Grenoble Museum ; Bercy in
December (1874), Luxembourg Museum ;
Beach at Villiers (1878) ; Chaos at Yilliers
(1879) ; Old Quay at Bercy (1880) ; Old
Villerville, Beach at St Taast-la-Hougue
(1881); Morsalines (1882); Saint-Suliac
(1883) ; Villervffle, Meudon (1884) ; View
of Paris (1886).
GTJTLLEMIN, ALEXANDRE MARXE,
born in Paris, Oct. 15, 1817, died at Bois le
Boi (Seine-et-Marne), Oct., 1880. Genre
painter, pupil of Gros, painted scenes from
daily life of the middle classes, then sub-
jects from Brittany and the Pyrenees ; also
hunting pieces. Medals : 3d class, 1841 ;
2d class, 1845, 1859 ; L. of Honour, 1861.
Works; First Artistic Attempt (1840); Vic-
tim of Interesting News, Happy Family,
Souvenir of Glory (1841) ; Holy Family,
After Emigration, Picture Seller, Love in
the City (1845); Collector of Treasures
(1855) ; The Gallant Bearnese, The Blue
Boys passing Brittany in 1793 (1859) ;
Women winnowing in the Pyrenees, Distri-
bution of Consecrated Bread in Church of
Fontainebleau (1861) ; Joy at the Hearth,
Orden'del Senor Alcalde (1865) ; La Trills,
Sculptor's Studio (1869) ; Los Pordioseros,
La Mariposa (1877) ; Notre Dame d'Aragon
(1879) ; Pictures in Toulon Museum.— Bel-
lier de la Chavignerie, L 728 ; Meyer, Gesch.,
694.
GOILLON, ADOLPHE IRENEE, bom
in Paris, March 29, 1829. Landscape
painter, pupil of Noel and Gleyre. Trav-
elled much in Southern France, and then
settled at Vezelay (Yomie). Medal in 1867;
2d class, 1880. Works: Winter Morning
at Cannes, Moonlight at Cannes (1867)
River Cure in Burgundy, Beggar, Summer's
Day (1874) ; Vezelay (1880) ; August (1882) ;
Walnut Trees of Cordelle (1883) ; Vezelay
(1885).
GUILLOU, ALFRED, bom at Concar-
neau (Finistere) ; contemporary. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Cabanel and Bou-
guereau. Medals : 3d class, 1877 ; 2d class,
1881. Works : Low Tide at Concamean
(1874) ; Shrimp Fishing (1875) ; The Pilot
of Concsxneau (1879) ; Lobster Fishing at
Benodet (1880); The Last Seaman of the
Vengeur, Fishing with a Line (1881) ; De-
parture of the Fishermen, Return of Shrimp-
Catcbers (1882) ; The Fishing Lesson, Re-
turn of the Tide (1883) ; Chasse en Mer
(1884) ; Grandfather's Canoe, Marianne
(1885).
GUISE, DUG DE, ASSASSINATION
OF, Paul Delaroche, Due d'Aumale, Chateau
de Chantilly ; canvas. The body of Henri
de Guise lies near the foot of a bed, at right,
in a richly-furnished apartment ; at left,
the murderers, eight in number, with naked
swords ; one of them speaks to the king,
Henri HI., who enters at a door and casts a
timid and curious glance at his enemy!
M Geffroy, of the Comedie-francaise, is
said to have posed for the king. Salon,
1835 ; painted for Due d'Orleans, 10,000
francs ; engraved by T. V. Deschvux (1852).
— Larousse, i 768 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole fran-
caise, iii.
GULLIVER AND THE ULLffU-
TIANS, Georges Jean Vibert,Vf- T.Walters,
Baltimore ; canvas, H. 2 ft x 4 ft ; dated
1870. Gulliver fastened to the ground and
surrounded by the Lilliputians.
GTjNKEL, FRIEDRICH, born in Cased
in 1820, died by suicide in Borne, Feb. 24,
1876. History painter, pupil of Cassel and
edbyGoOgk
GUNTHER
Berlin Academies and of Cornelius ; went to
Borne in 1817. Works : Resurrection; Bat-
tle of Anninius, Muximilianeum, Munich ;
Drusus induced to Return ; Battle on the
Granicus.
GTJNTHER, OTTO, born at Halle, Sept.
30, 1838, died at Weimar, April 20, 1884
Genre painter, pupil in 1858-61 of Dllasel-
dorf Academy, and in 1863-66 of Weimar
Art School under Preller and Romberg.
Professor at Konigsberg Academy in 1877-
80, then returned to Weimar. Gold medal,
Berlin, 1876. Works: Wedding Procession
in Thuringia ; The Widower (1871), In
Prison (1878), National Gallery, Berlin;
Last Farewell of Emigrant Woman ; Dis-
puting Theologians (1876), Cologne Muse-
um ; Friendly Neighbours, Home Again ;
The Criminal (1877) ; Virgin, Lucifer, and
Death (1676) ; Last Visit (1879) ; Village
Bevolt (1880) ; Allegorical Figures in Cen-
tral Hall, Leipsic— Dlostr. Zeitg. (1875), i.
293 ; KunstnCbronik, xix. 484 ; is. 184 ;
Leaner, D. mod. K, i. 93 ; ii. 102 ; D.
Bundschau, xvii. 801.
GURK, EDUABD, born in Vienna in
1802, died in Jerusalem, March 81, 1841.
Architecture painter, pupil of the Vienna
Academy. Early favoured with orders by
the Emperor, and made court-painter, he
went with the Archduke Frederic on the
expedition to Syria, to paint the most in-
teresting monuments of Palestine for the
court. Works : St Thomas's Church in
Brunn ; Interior of Mariazell ; Cathedral of
KOniggratz ; Imperial Burg in Prague ; Cor-
onation of Emperor Ferdinand in Prague. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 182 ; Wurzbach, vi.
37.
GUBLITT, LCD WIG, born at Altona, Hoi-
stein, March 8, 1812. Landscape painter, pu-
pil in Hamburg of Bendixen ; then studied
in Munich in 1832-35, and at Copenhagen
Academy in 1835-38 ; visited Norway, Swe-
den, and in 1839 Upper Italy, Tyrol, and
Munich ; after his return became member
of the Copenhagen Academy. In 1843 he
went to DQsseldorf, and soon after to Borne,
Naples, and Sicily ; lived in 1846-48 in Ber.
lin, then at Castle Niachwitz in Saxony, and
in 1851-69 in Vienna, whence he visited
Dalmatia (1855), Italy (1856), and Greece
(1858). From 1859 he lived partly at
Gotha, partly at Castle Siebleben, which
Duke Ernest had placed at his disposal,
visited Spain and Portugal in 1867-68, set-
tled in Dresden in 1873, and lives now in a
villa at Plauen. Member of Copenhagen
and Madrid Academies ; professor. Works :
North Shore of Lake Garda (1839), Castell
Gandolfo (1846), View in Sicily, Leipsic
Museum ; Crissean Plain in Greece ; Plain
near Thebes ; Roman Campagna (1646) ;
Landscape in Albanian Mountains (1860),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Valley near Sor-
rento (1854), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Lake
of Nemi ; Landscape from Sabine Moun-
tains ; Keller Lake in Holstein (1865); Gib-
raltar (1877); Evening in Busaco Monastery
(1878), Dresden Gallery ; Beech Wood on
P15n Lake ; View in Jutland ; The Acropo-
lis at Athens, Gotha. Museum ; View near
Berchtesgaden, New Pinakothek, Munich. —
Brockhaus, vii. 633 ; lllustr. Zeitg. (1878),
ii, 143 ; Muller, 226 ; Zeitschr. UK,j.
(Mittheilungen, ill 26) ; Weilbach, 216 ;
Wurzbach, vi 88.
GUSSOW, KARL, born at Havelberg,
Brandenburg, in
1843. Genre and
portrait painter, pupil
of Weimar Art School
under Bamberg and
Pauwels; went in
1867 to Munich, and
after a visit to Italy .
returned to Weimar.
In 1871 he became
professor at the Art
School, in 1874 at the Carlsruhe Art School,
and in 1875 at the Berlin Academy. Gold
medal, 1875. Member of Berlin Academy
in 1883. Works: Diana Hunting (1870);
Faun and Nymph ; Woman going to Church ;
Blind Man's Buff; Sweetheart's Portrait
(1872); Sewing Giri Morning Hour (1873);
edbyGoOgk
GUTERBOCK
Little Cat, Lover of Flowers, Lost Happi-
ness, Feasant's Family (1876); 'Washing
Statue of Venus ; Welcome (1878); Still
Life, Studio, Fruit-Seller, Portrait of Old
Lady (1878); Two Old People (1880); Ar-
tilleryman's Story of the Battle, Ghent
Museum.— Ulustr. Zeitg. (1873), ii. 473;
Mailer, 227 ; Rosenberg, Berliner Maler-
schule, 308 ; Leixner, D. mod. K, L 42 ; D.
Rundschau, is- 319 ; xiii. 328 ; Zeitschr., xv.
45 ; xvi. 145.
GUTERBOCK, LEOPOLD, born in Ber-
lin, died March 21, 1881. Genre painter,
chiefly of historical and Oriental scenes,
which he executed with humour and fine
colouring. Works : Scene from Gutz yon
Berlichingen ; Severe Lecture ; Drug-Store
in 11th Century ; Old Toper ; Recruiting
in Thirty "Sears' War ; Columbus at La Ra-
bida ; At City Hall of a German Town at
the End of Thirty Tears' War ; Forbidden
Reading, Stettin Museum. — Mailer, 227.
GUTHERS, KARL, born in Switzerland
in 1844. Portrait and genre pointer, went
to America with his parents in 1851, and
painted portraits at Memphis, Term. ; went
in 1868 to Paris, where he studied under
Cabasson, Pils, and at the Ecole des Beaux
Arts ; studied in Brussels and Antwerp in
1870, and in 1871 went to Rome ; returned
to Memphis in 1873, and moved to St Louis
in 1874. Works: Awakening of Spring
(1871); Ecce Homo ; Evening on the Nile ;
Sappho; American Women. Many excel-
lent portraits. — Mailer, 227.
GUT, SEYMOUR JOSEPH, born in
Greenwich, England, Jan. 16, 1824. Genre
painter, pupil of Buttersworth and of Am-
brose Jerome, English painters. Settled in
New York in 1854; elected an A.N. A. in
1861, and N.A. in 1865. Studio in New
York. Works : The Spring (1865); Sorrows
of Little Red Riding Hood ; Orange Girl j
Fair Venice ; Supplication ; Knot in the
Skein ; The Gamut ; Children catching the
Bird ; Little Sweeper, C. P. Huntington,
New York ; Bedtime Story, T. B. Clarke,
ib.; Cash in Hand, First Up, T. M. Scott,
San Francisco ; Making a Train, G. Whit
ney, Philadelphia ; Spirit of 76 (1880) ;
Waiting (1882); See-Saw Margery Daw
(1884).— Sheldon, 65.
GYARFAS, EUGEN, bora in Hungary ;
contemporary. Genre painter. Works :
The First Tooth ; Judgment at the Bier
(1883); Joys of Winter (1884).— La Dus-
tracion (1884), L 395 ; Eunst-Chronik, xix
351 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xix. 230.
GYNECEUM (Le Gynecee), Gustave Bou-
langer, Paris. The female apartments in a
Pompeiian house. In a Corinthian, atrium
the mistress of the house, seated under an
awning, watches her children at play, while
her husband comes in at the background
and is greeted by the dog, which runs to
meet him ; around their mistress, maid-
servants drive away flies and water flowers.
Salon, 1875.
GYSELS (Geysels, Gijzena, Gysen), PEE-
TER, born in Antwerp, baptized Dec. 3,
1621, died there in 1690 or 169L Flemish
school ; pupil of Jan Boots, perhaps also of
Jan Brueghel the younger, but formed him-
self after Jan the elder ; painted flowers,
fruit, and still life, also small landscapes.
Master of the guild at Antwerp in 1660.
His works are distinguished for good com-
position and graceful treatment Works :
Dead and Living Animals, Mr. Hope, Lon-
don ; Dead Game, Marquis of Bute, ib. ;
do., Brussels Museum ; Still Life (last work),
Antwerp Museum ; Game with Hunting Im-
plements, Hague Museum ; do., Darmstadt
Museum ; A Town, Amsterdam Museum ;
ten pictures (landscapes and still life), Dres-
den Gallery ; Dutch Village, Landscape, Ber-
lin Museum ; Windmill in level Country,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; do., Schleissheim
Gallery ; Breakfast Table, Schwerin Gallery ;
Fruit-piece, Hermitage, St Petersburg. —
Immerzeel, i. 300 ; Kramm, ii. 615 ; Mich-
iels, v. 378 ; Booses (Reber), 416 ; Van den
Branden, 416.
GYSIS, NIKOLAUS, born in Isle of Tinos,
Greek Archipelago, March 1, 1842. History
and genre painter, pupil of Munich Acad-
edbyGOOgk
emy and of Piloty. In 1872 he went to
Athens and travelled through Asia Minor.
Since 1874 has resided
in Munich, where he
has painted several
Oriental subjects and
recently some large al-
legorical pictures.
Medal, Paris, 3d class,
1878. Works : Joseph
interpreting theDream; >■
Dog-Visitation (1870);'
The Orphans ; News
of Sedan (1871); The
Chicken Thief (1873) ; Betrothal of Children
in Greece ; Pilgrimage of Painters in the
East ; Child's Confession (1878), Darmstadt
Museum ; Art and its Genii (1879) ; Charity,
New York Museum. — Brockhaus, viii. 670 ;
Kunst-Chronik, vi 6 ; Mailer, 228.
HAACH, LUDWIG, bom in Dresden
in 1813, died in Borne, March 24,
1842. History painter, pupil of the
Drawing School at Meissen, and in 1880 of
Dresden Academy, then, in 1837, under
Hildebrandt, of DOsseldorf Academy ; in
1841 went to Borne, where he undermined
his health by overwork. In 1836 he deco-
rated a hall in the house of the bookseller
Earth at Leipsic with convivial scenes.
Works: Christ in the Storm (1838); Isaac
and Bebekah (1840); The Three Kings be-
fore Herod (1842, unfinished). — Andresen,
i 44 ; W. Mdller, DQsseldf. K., 42.
HAAG, KARL, born at Erlangen, Wur-
temberg, April 20, 1820. Genre painter,
pupil of Nuremberg Art School, continued
his studies in Munich and Borne ; went in
1847 to England, where he took up paint-
ing in water-colours exclusively ; visited It-
aly, and, in 1868, the Libyan Desert, dwelt
for months among the Bedouins, and has
since made repeated visits to Egypt and
other parts of the East Since 1867 has
lived at Hampstead, London. His pictures
are distinguished by ethnographic interest
as well as characteristic conception and
masterly chiaroscuro. Court - painter to
Duke of Coburg-Gotha ; member of Royal
Society of Painters in Water Colours since
1850 ; honorary member of Societe Beige
des Aquarellistes ; L. of Honour, 1878.
Works : Ancient Vestibule beneath Temple
Area in Jerusalem ; Golden Gateway ; Holy
Rock in Mosque of Omar ; Aghile Agha re-
ceiving Prince of Wales; Tribe of Anazeh
Bedouins leaving Palmyra ; Bivouac in the
Desert ; Arrival at Well in Desert ; Prepar-
ing Evening Meal ; Desert Hospitality ; On
the Alert; Ready for Defence; Terror of
the Desert ; Danger In the Desert ; Sabine
Woman ; Bedouin's Devotion ; Ruins of
Baalbek ; Panorama of Palmyra ; Sphinx of
Ghizeh ; Pyramid of Cheops (1880) ; View
in Bavarian Alps ; High-Priest at Nablus ;
A Dragoman ; Acropolis at Athens ; Young
Nubian Woman ; Nargileh ; Evening at Bal-
moral ; Royal Family ascending Loch-na-
Garaidh ; Stags brought Home ; Queen and
Prince Consort fording Pool TarfC — Art
Journal (1883), 71 ; Brockhaus, viii 672 ;
Muller, 228 j Men of the Time (1884), 608 ;
Portfolio (1878), 81.
HAANEN, GEORG GILLLS VAN, born
at Utrecht, Aug. 23, 1807. Genre and land-
scape painter, son and pupil of Caaparis van
Haanen (1778-1849); studied from nature on
his travels (about 1842) through Germany
to Vienna, whence he made study-trips to
Hungary, visited Antwerp, and since 1864
seems to have settled at Cologne. His pict-
ures are distinguished for exquisite light
effects and fine execution. Member of Am-
sterdam Academy in 1836. Works : Even-
ing School ; Peasant Inn ; Quiet Evening,
Vienna Museum ; Dutch Vestibule (1841),
Leipsic Museum ; Oak Wood in Hungary,
Meadow in the Woods after Bain, Lady|
with Artist's Sketch-book (1847) ; Dutch,'
School by Candlelight (1851); Market at
Night, View in Bakony Forest — Hungary
(1852); Paternal Instruction, Halt before
Dutch Inn, Old Dutch Church in Evening
Light (1863); Dutch Interior in Sunlight
edbyGoOgk
(1857). His sister and pupil, Elisabeth
Alicia (bom in 1809, died in 1845), mar-
ried to the genre painter, Petrus Kiers,
was an artist whose able work was cut short
by an untimely death ; honorary member
of Amsterdam Academy in 1838. — Immer-
zeel, ii. 2 ; Kramia, ii. 619 ; Wurzbach, vi.
100.
HAANEN, KEMY (Remigius Adrianus),
VAN, bora at Oosterhoudt, North Brabant,
Jan. 6, 1812. Landscape painter, brother
of Georges Gillis, pupil in Hilversum of
Ravenszwaay ; since 1834 has visited the
greater part of Europe, with long sojourns
in Frankfort, London, and St Petersburg,
and in 1842 settled in Vienna Member of
Amsterdam, Milan, Venice, and St Peters-
burg Academies. Has etched many of bis
own works. Works : Landscape on Theiss
Birer ; Winter Landscape (1835), National
Gallery, Berlin ; da (1846), Ravene Gal-
lery, ib. ; Oak Wood in Winter (1864);
View in Gelderland; Wood-Interior ; Storm
after Sunset ; Wood Landscape in manner of
Hobbema (1877); Wood Landscape (1884) ;
da (3, 1885). His son Cecil ib also an able
landscape painter. — Brockhaus, viii. 673 ;
Immerzeel, ii. 3 ; Eramm, ii. 619 ; Dio-
skuren, 1865-67 ; Muller, 229 ; Wurzbach,
TLlOL
HAARLEM, CORNELIS VAN. See Cor-
neliszen.
HAARLEM, GERRTT VAN. See Oeert-
gen van Sint-Jans.
HAAS, JOHANNES HUBEBTUS
LEONARDUS DE, bom at Hedel, North
Brabant, March 25, 1832, died in Brussels,
Aug. 16, 1880. Animal painter, pupil in
Haarlem of Van Oos, went in 1857 to Brus-
sels, and within a few years achieved a bril-
liant success. Gold medal, Munich, 1869.
Works: After the Flood (1861); Horses in
Rainy Weather ; Young Bull at the Ferry ;
Landscape with Cattle ; Bull with Cow ;
Donkey in the Downs (1869); Trio of Don-
keys, Lisbon Gallery ; Cattle on the Rhine ;
Three Comrades ; Cows at Pasture, National
Gallery, Berlin ; Pasture on Banks of the
YsseL Brussels Museum; Cattle-piece, Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; Milking Woman ; Common
Pasture ; Labourer's Cow ; Approach of
Storm ; Noonday Rest on North Sea ; Cat-
tle on River-bank in Holland. — Meyer, Con v.
Lex., xviL 427.
HAAS, MAURITZ FREDERICK HEN-
DRICK DE, bom in
Rotterdam, Dec. 12,
, 1832. Marine paint-
I er, pupil of Spoel and
Bosboom, and later of
Louis Meyer at The
Hague. Sketched
along the coasts of
- Holland and Eng-
land; in 1851 studied
water-colour in Lon-
don ; BetUed in 1858 in New York, where
he still resides. Elected an A.N.A. in 1863,
and N.A. in 1867. Works : Admiral Farra-
gut's Fleet passing New Orleans (1867)
Coast of France (1868) ; Sunset at Sea
(1871) ; Beach at West Hampton (1875)
Beach at Granville— Coast of France, Fish-
ing Smacks in the English Channel (1878);
Sunset at Pigeon Cove, H. P. Kidder, Bos-
ton ; Moonlight at Sea, H. B. Hurlbut Col-
lection, Cleveland ; Gros-Nez Castle— Isle
of Jersey, Leland Stanford, San Francisco ;
Sunrise in a Fog near Newport, E. L\ Mor-
gan Collection, New York ; Wreck on the
Isle of Jersey, Tropical Sunset at Sea, R, L
Stuart, ib. ; Shipwreck, August Belmont, ib.;
Sunset on Connecticut Coast, C. S. Smith,
ib.; Sunset at Sea, Mrs. Joseph Harrison,
Philadelphia; Sea View, C. H. Clarke, ib.;
After the Collision— Moonrise (1879); Men-
haden Boats off Long Island Beach (1880);
Herring Boats off Scheveningen (1881) ;
Breezy Day— Mouth of the Tyne (1882) ;
At Sea, Moonlight — New England Coast
(1883); Off Marblehead— Mass., Waiting for
the Mackerel, Fresh Breeze (1884).
HAA S, WILLIAM FREDERICK DE,
bom in Rotterdam, June 15, 1830, died in
FayaL July 16, 1880. Marine painter,
brother of preceding ; pupil of the Rotter -
edbyGoOgk
HABENSCHADEN
dam Royal Academy and of Jan Bosboom
at The Hague. In 1654 went to New
York, where he paaaed hie professional life.
Works : Sunrise on the Susquehanna (1867);
Fishing-Boats off Mt Desert, Boon Island —
Coast of Maine (1874); Midsummer Noon,
Biddeford Beach— Maine (1875) ; Lower
Harbour of Halifax, Evening at FTnlifftT
(1876); N&rragansett Pier (1877); Near St.
John's— Newfoundland (1878); Near South
"West Harbour — Mt Desert, Morning on the
Coast, Near Grace Harbour — Newfoundland
(1879).— Am. Art Rev. (1880), 551.
HABENSCHADEN, SEBASTIAN, born
in Munich, March 29, 1813, died there,
Mar 7, 1868. Landscape and animal painter,
pupil of Adler, and in 1829 of the Munich
Academy ; studied nature in the environs
of Munich and in the Bavarian and Tyrolese
Alps ; visited Italy in 1840. Modelled ani-
mals in clay and wax with much skill, and
was an engraver of merit. Works : Cows
at Pasture (1838); Alp with Herds-women
before a Cottage (1844); Alpine Cow-keeper
crossing Foot-bridge (1847); Hay Harvest
(1850); Peasants in the Field, Morning in
the Country, Herd of Cattle (1851); Forester
and Shepherd, Morning in the Mountains
(1864); Starting for the Alp (1854); Snipe
Hunting, Ravine at Sunset, Railroad through
the Woods (1864).— Allgem. d. Biogr., x.
266 j Andresen, ill 193.
HABERLIN, EARL, born at Oberess-
liogen, Wurtemberg, Dec 16, 1832. His-
tory painter, pupil of Stuttgart Art School,
from 1852 of DOsseldorf Academy under
Schadow, and from 1858 in Munich, of Pi-
loty ; visited France and England, and in
1864 Italy, and settled in 1866 in Stuttgart,
where he became professor at the Art School
in 1868. Resigned the latter position in
1883. Works : Death of Sickingen (1854);
Storming of Convent (1856) ; Jew Silas ;
Dissolution of Alpirsbacb Monastery (1862),
Stuttgart Museum; Battle of Belgrade,
Royal Gallery, ib. ; Women of Schorndorf
in 1688 , Tetzel's Journey through Saxony ;
Scene in Court Boom ; Capture of Bobber-
Gang ; Savonarola ; Siege of Stralsund ; Ja-
cobea of Bavaria (fresco, 1864), National
Museum, Munich. — Brockhaus, viii. 683 ;
MQller, 229.
HABRON, painter, country and date un-
known. Pliny mentions (xxxv. 40 [141])
among his works a Friendship and Peace
and several images of the gods.
HACKAERT (Hakkert), JAN, born in
Amsterdam about 1636, died there in 1699
or 1708. Dutch school ; landscape painter,
pupil of Jan Wynanta In 1660-75 studied
from nature on a journey through Germany
and Switzerland ; to judge from his pictures
must have visited Italy. Lingelbach, Adria-
an van de Velde, Wouwerman, and Berchem
frequently supplied the figures in bis pict-
urea. Works : Stag-Hunt, National Gallery,
London; Landscape, Stafford House, ib.;
Avenue of Ash Trees, Landscape, Amster-
dam Museum; Mountainous Landscape, Rot-
terdam Museum ; do., and Landscape with
Cattle, Copenhagen Gallery ; Hunting Scene,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Italian Landscape
wi th Herds, Berlin Museum; High-Boadwith
Figures, Dresden Gallery ; Grove with Stag-
Hunt, Hermitage, St Petersburg ; Italian
Landscape, Historical Society, New York ;
others in —
^I'HrYCKAERT.
fort, and Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. —
Immerzeel, ii. 5 ; Eugler (Crowe), ii. 483 ;
HACKER, HORST, born in Leipsic in
1842. Landscape painter, pupil in Munich of
Richard Zinunermann, visited Italy, Switzer-
land, and the Austrian Alps. Works : The
Wetterhorn ; Obersee near Berchteagaden ;
New Axen Road near Fluelen ; Smithy in
Winter ; Moonlight Night ; Lake of Vier-
waldstadt; View in Bosenlaui Valley. —
MQller, 230.
HACKERT, JACOB PHTLTPP, born at
Prenzlau, Brandenburg, Sept 15, 1737,
died at Careggi, near Florence, April 28,
1807. German school ; landscape painter,
pupil of his father, Philipp, and in Berlin
edbyG00gk
HADAMAED
Academy of Le Sueur. After visiting Stral-
sund (1762), the Isle of Rtlgen, and Stock-
holm, he went to Paris in 1765, painted in
Normandy, and rapidly acquired a name and
wealth i with his brother, Johann Gottlieb,
he went to Borne in 1768, and there estab-
lished his fame by six pictures representing
the Naval Battle at Tschesme and the Burn-
ing of the Turkish Fleet, painted by order
of Catharine II. In 1772 he visited London,
returned to Italy, and in 1786 became court-
painter to the King of Naples, and enjoyed
much distinction, until the revolution caused
him to leave for Florence in 1799. He bought
a villa at Careggi in 1803. Although one of
the most noteworthy landscape painters of
the 18th century, he was a clever mannerist,
who by his many pictures attained to greater
reputation than he deserved. Works : Ital-
ian Landscape, Cassel Gallery ; He-Goat at
' a Brook (1776), Weimar Museum ; Ideal
Landscapes (2, 1782), Gotha Museum ; Coast
View with Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Italian
Landscape (1794), Oldenburg Gallery. He
had four brothers, all painters : Karl Lud-
wig (1740-1800), Johann Gottlieb (1744-73),
Wilhelm (1748-80), and Georg Abraham
(1755-1805). They followed their brother
to Italy, where they often worked conjointly,
and for many Englishmen, the Pope, the
Emperor Joseph IL, Catherine H, and the
court of Naples. — Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 295 ;
Brockhaus, viiL 688 ; Goethe, PhiL Hockert
HADAMAED, ATJGUSTE, bom at Metz,
Dec. 1, 1823, died in 188a Genre painter,
pupil of Delaroche. Works: Jewish Pass-
over Feast (1847); Interior of Studio ; Bak-
ing-Boom ; Forbidden Fruit (1869); Temp-
tation ; Reprimand (1870); Between Cat
and Dog, The Absent (1872); Franc-Tireur
Watching ; The Women and the Secret
(1874); Fee-aux-Mouettes, Fantasia (1883);
Good Little Corner, A Bad Character (1884) ;
Boad to Switzerland, Evening Song (1885).
He illustrated Ch. Blanc's "Hiatoire des
peintres de toutes les ecoles."
HADES, DESCENT INTO, Tintoretto, S.
Cassiano, Venice. " A somewhat haggard
Adam, a graceful Eve, two or three Vene-
tians in court dress, and a Satan represented
as a handsome youth, recognizable only by
the claws on his feet Much injured and
little to be regretted." Painted in 1568.
Probably mostly scholars' work. — Buskin,
Stones of Venice, iii. 290 ; Zanotto, 383.
HADRIAN, Roman Emperor (117-138
a.d.), amateur painter and sculptor. The
fulsome panegyrics of his admirers are no
evidence of his artistic ability. — AureL Vict.,
Epit, de Cos., 14, 2 ; Dion Cos., lxix. 4.
HAECHT, TOBIAS VAN. See VerhaegL
HAEFTEN, NICOLAAS VAN, sometimes
called Walraven, born at Gorcum (?), flour-
ished in 1677-1709. Dutch school ; genre
and portrait painter, chiefly of scenes in low
life. Works : Scissors-Grinders at Cards,
Company in Tavern amused by Smoking
Monkey, Basle Museum ; Fishseller (1704),
Suermondt Museum, Aix-Ia-Chapelle.
HAENSBERGEN (Haansberge), JOHAN-
NES VAN, born in Utrecht in 1642, died at
The Hague in 1705. Dutch school ; land-
scape and portrait painter, pupil of Poelen-
burg.whom he imitated successfully. Works:
Diana and Callisto, Stuttgart Gallery ; The
Man with the Skull Augsburg Gallery ; Por-
trait, Berlin Museum ; Annunciation to the
Shepherds, Adoration of the Shepherds,
Adoration of Magi, Assumption, Landscape,
Dresden Museum ; Italian Landscapes (6),
Si- John Preaching, Portrait of a Lady
(1686), Schwerin Gallery. — ImmerzeeL ii.
4 ; Eramm, ii. 620.
HAERT, HENRICUS VAN DER, born
at Louvain about 1796, died in Ghent, Oct
5, 1846. History and genre painter, pupil
of Ghent Academy, then of Jacquin and
David ; in 1841 became professor and direc-
tor of Ghent Academy, which he thorough-
ly reorganized. Works : Three Children
mourning their Mother's Death ; Expulsion
of Hagar, Ghent Museum. — Immerzeol, ii.
7 ; Eramm, ii 628.
HAFFTEN, EARL VON, born at Wis-
mar, Mecklenburg, Jan. 29, 1834. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Munich Academy
edbyGoOgk
after having visited, from 1849 to 1656,
England and Scotland, North America, Bra-
zil, and Australia. After three years in Mu-
nich he spent one year in Italy, attracted
especially by the ruins at Pola, Istria ; took
part in the campaigns of 1666 and 1870,
exhibited his works in Dresden for the ben-
efit of the Albert Union in 1873, and settled
in Berlin in 1874. Works: Moonlight on
the Coast (1858), Schwerin Gallery ; several
in Collection of Emperor of Germany. —
Schlie,28.
HAGAR, DISMISSAL OF, Guercino,
Brent, Milan ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft
Abraham Handing away Hagar. This picture
was much admired by Lord Byron. Hagar,
her face red with weeping, holds her son by
the hand and turns her eyes to the patriarch.
Sarah, in purple, is Been further back. Half-
figures. Acquired in 1811 from Galleria
Sampieri, Bologna Engraved by R. Strange.
HAGBORG, AUGUST, born at Gothen-
burg, Sweden ; contemporary. Genre and
landscape painter, pupil of Stockholm Acad-
emy and in Paris of Palmaroli. Medal,
Paris, 3d class, 1879. Works : Spring Tide
in La Manche (1879), Luxembourg Museum ;
In the Cemetery of Tourville (1883); An
Alarm (1884) ; Preparation for Fishing,
Fisherman's Daughter (1865) ; Fisherwoman,
Charles Crocker, San Francisco ; First Quar-
rel, J. A. Scudder, St. Louis.
HAGEMANS, MAURICE ; contemporary.
Landscape painter in Brussels. Works:
March Sun near Chimay ; Pond of Forge-
Gerard ; Meadow with Birch Trees.
HAGEN, BLANOA VON, born in Brea-
lau, Nov. 4, 1842. Portrait and genre
painter, studied in Berlin and Dresden,
then pupil in Munich of Benczur, and in
Berlin of Gussow ; visited Italy and Paris,
and settled in Berlin. Works : Wallachian
Girl ; After Mass ; On an Art Tour ; Hagar
and Ishmael ; At the Sick-bed. — Muller,
230.
HAGEN, JOBIS VAN DEB (Verhagen),
died at The Hague, buried May 23, 1669.
Dutch school ; landscape painter, strongly
influenced by RuysdaeL Settled at The
Hague in 1642, and was one of the found-
ers there, of the new painters' guild, Pic-
ture, in 1656. His pictures are truthful
in details, but the colouring is dark and
heavy. Works : Two Landscapes, Louvre ;
View near Arnheim (1649), View in Gtuel-
dres, Hague Museum ; View over Canals,
Museum, Amsterdam ; Hilly Landscape with
Felled Tree, Town HalL ib.; Dutch Land-
scape with Cattle, Berlin Museum ; Evening
Landscape, River Shore, Carlsruhe Gallery ;
Landscape with Stag-hunt
(figures by Lingelbach),
KnnathaHe, Hamburg ; land-
scapes (2) with Figures (by (
J. le Due), two others, Copen-
hagen Gallery.— Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 339 ;
Burger, i. 151, 267 ; De Stuers, 40.
HAGEN, THEODOB, born at DOssel-
dorf, May 24, 1842.
Landscape painter,
pupil of Dusseldorf
Academy under An-
dreas and Karl Mai-
ler, then of Oswald
Acbenbach ; trav-
elled in Switzerland
, and the Tyrol, be-
f came, in 1871, pro-
fessor at, and in 1877
director of, the Weimar Art School ; re-
signed his professorship in 1881. Works :
unt . — _
MbyGooglc
Westphalian Landscape ; Approaching
Storm ; Guffern Alp ; St Gothard Road ;
Eanderthal in Switzerland ; View at Sche-
veningen ; Rhenish City in Evening Light
(1879), Dresden Gallery ; Storm Landscape,
Breslau Museum.— Milller, 230.
HAGHE, LOUIS, born at Tournay,
March 17, 1806, died
at Stockwell, Eng-
land, March 9, 1885.
History and genre
painter, pupil of
Chevalier de la Bar-
riers, a French emi-
grant, whom he
afterwards assisted
in the publication
of views in Belgium;
went to London in 1823, where he partici-
pated in the publication of several litho-
graphic works, and afterwards took up
painting in water-colours ; iu 1835 became
member of the Institute of Painters in Water
Colours, and afterwards its president Mem-
ber of Antwerp Academy ; Order of Leo-
pold ; Medals : 1834, 1855. Fainted with
his left hand. Works : War Council at
Courtray (1839), National Gallery, London ;
Scene at Convent Gate of S. Geronimo
(1840) ; Oath of Vargas (1841) ; Cromwell
with the Letter of Charles I, The Town
Hall of Courtray (1813) ; Last Moments of
Zurbaran (1844) ; Ferdinand with Rubens
(1845) ; Rubens painting the Ckapeau de
Paille, Interior of Brewers' Corporation
Room at Antwerp, Staircase in the House
of that Corporation (1846) ; Meeting Boom
(1847) ; Capuchin Monks at Matins, Chaf-
foir in Town Hall of Mons, Michelangelo
attending his Sick Servant TJrbino (1848) ;
Vespers in Church of St. Anne, Bruges
(1849); Miseries of War, Guard-Room
(1850) ; Interior of St. Gomer, Sierre (1851);
Audience Chamber of Magistrates of Bruges
— Tisit of Marguerite of Parma (1862) ;
Happy Trio, Salle d'Annes in Castle of Salz-
burg (1853) ; Corps de Garde (1854) ; Holy
Water Vase in St Peter's, Rome, Fost-Office
at Albano, Convivial Meeting of Brewers'
Corporation at Antwerp, Fair Reckoner,
Comfortable Quarters, The Report, Work
first and Play afterwards (1855) ; Choir of
Santa Maria Novella, Florence (1856, first
picture in oil) ; Antechamber in Tribunal of
Inquisition, Venice, View of Ducal Palace,
ib., Town Hall of Ondenarde (1856) ; Sunny
Hours (1857, in oil) ; Incident in Life of
Cornelia Vroom, Public Letter-Writer in
Rome, Remains of Portico of Octavia, Rome
(1857) ; The Spy, Peter Boel arranging his
Model, Drinking Song, Transept of St
Mark's, Venice (1858).— Art Journal (1854),
256 ; (1859), 13 ; Athen. (1885), i. 362 ;
Eramm, ii. 630 ; Mailer, 231.
HAGN, LUDWIG (EARL HFJNRICH)
VON, born in Munich,
Nov. 23, 1820. Genre
painter, pupil in Ber-
lin of Erause, then of
Munich and Antwerp
Academies, at the lat-
ter under Wappers,
and in 1847-50 at
. s Brussels of Eugene de
j Block ; lived then suc-
cessively in Brussels,
Berlin (1850-53), where by the pictures of
Menzel and those in the palaces at Potsdam
and Sans Souci he was led to the cultivation
of rococo subjects, and Paris (1853-55), and
settled in Munich, whence he visited Rome
and Florence (1863-65). Member of Munich
Academy since 1867. Works : Unwelcome
Wooing (1851), Schwerin Gallery ; The
Sweet Tooth, Musical Entertainment (1861);
Alchemist (1862) ; Promissory Note ; Walk
in Versailles ; Conversation in the Park
(1860), New Pinakothek, Munich; Italian
Garden Scenes (2), Scback Gallery, ib.; Sun-
day Walk (1863) ; Fish Market in Rome
(1865) ; Goldoni (1866) ; Bowling Alley
(1867); Roman Library (1868); Munich
Beer Cellar (1869) ; Duel in 17th Century ;
Hal] in Versailles ; Faring Minstrels ; Garden
Scene in 18th Century ; Walk in the Woods;
Contrasts; Audience with Pope Leo XHL
edbyG00gk
(1860) ; Tintoretto in the Scuola di San
Roceo (1881) ; Procession of Corpus Christi
in Munich in last Century (1884), City Hall,
Munich.— Brockhaus, viii. 706 ; Muller, 231;
Graph. K, v. 43 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 352 ;
Leixner, D. mod. K., ii 93.
HAILER, MAX, bora in Munich in 1818.
History painter, pupil of Munich Academy
under Schlotthauer, painted for four years
under Cornelius in the Ludwigskirche.
Works : Baptism of Duke Theodore and his
Son, Batiabon Cathedral ; Emperor Charles
VDL, Kaisersaal, Frankfort
HAL, JACOB TAN, bom at Antwerp,
Aug. 27, 1672, died there, April 20, 1760.
Flemish school ; history painter, pupil of
one Marcus Lommelin ; dean of the guild
in 1705. Works: Fall of Manna, Adoration
of the Holy Sacrament, St James's, Ant-
werp; Nativity, Jesuit College, ib. — Van den
Branden, 116a
HALAUSKA, LUDWIG, born at Waid-
hofen. Nether Austria, in 1827, died in Vi-
enna, April 29, 1882. Landscape painter,
pupil of Steinfeld, but studied mostly from
nature, travelling through the mountainous
districts of Tyrol, Styria, and Bavaria, and
on the Rhine. Member of Vienna Academy
since 1870. Works: Calm Lake (1864);
Morning in the Mountains (1865) ; Church
Burn in Evening Light (1866) ; Old Earth-
work near Landeck (1867), Austrian Art
Union ; Mountain-Brook in Storm (1868),
Vienna Academy ; Summer Landscape from
Main Country ; Burgau on Atter Lake ;
Village on the Main, Vienna Museum ;
View near St Andra ; View near Salzburg ;
Ferry on toe Main.— Muller, 232 ; Wurz-
bach, vii 230 ; Zeitsch., x. (Mittheilungen,
iii.74).
HALBBEITER, TJLRICH, bora at Frei-
aing, July 11, 1812, died in Munich, Nov.
26, 1877. History painter, pupil of the
Munich Academy under Schlotthauer, whom
he accompanied to Upper Italy (1834).
After he had assisted Heinrich Hess in the
Basilica, and Cornelius in the fresco of the
St Louis Church in Munich, he spent three
years in Athens, painting historical scenes
in the Boyal Palace, and at the end of 1843
went to Constantinople, Egypt, and through
the desert via Jaffa to Jerusalem, of which
city he painted a panorama (18 ft x 100 ft,
Lateran, Rome). Works : Battle at Kar-
bonissi, Devastation of the Morea under
Ibrahim Pasha ; Defence of Missolonghi,
Royal Palace, Athens ; Adoration of the
Shepherds (1846) ; Assumption (1851).—
Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 403 ; AUgem. Zeitg.,
Dec. 19, 1877, Beilage, 353.
HALE, E MATTHEW, born in England;
contemporary. Genre painter. Exhibits
chiefly in Grosvenor Gallery. Works :
Psyche's Toil in Venus' Garden (1879) ;
Three Princesses (1881) ; Psyche before
Venus, Irish Flower Garden (1883) ; Going
to the Play, Criticism (1884) ; In the Days
of Phidias (1885).
HALE, WILLIAM MATTHEW, born in
England ; contemporary. Landscape and
marine painter ; associate of Society of
Painters in Water Colours since 1871.
Works : Glen Logan, Loch Maree (1873) ;
On the Coast of Somerset, Great Rock of
Coigach (1878) ; Twilight in a Coombe
(1881).
HALEN, ABNOUD (Arend) VAN, died
in Amsterdam in 1732. Dutch school ;
portrait painter, signed his name often
Aquila ; started, under the title Pan Poeti-
con Batavum, a collection of portraits of
Dutch poets, of which he painted two hun-
dred. Other works: Portraits of Jan van
Huyaum, Isaak Moucheron, Gerard de Lai-
resse ; Woman with Book. — ImmerzeeL ii. 9 ;
Kramm, L 26 ; ii. 631.
HALEN, PEETEB VAN, bora at Ant-
werp, baptised Jan. 12, 1612, died there,
buried May 22, 1687. Flemish school ;
landscape painter ; master of the guild in
1641, dean in 1650. Supplied his land-
scapes with many highly- finished small fig-
urea Work, The Deluge, Caasel Gallery.
Van den Branden, 915.
HAT J,, GEORGE HENRY, born in Bos-
ton in 1825. Subject and figure painter ;
^byGoOgk
studied in DtlBseldorf in 1849, and painted
in Paris in 1860-62 ; sketched in Spain in
1860 and 1866 ; elected N.A. in 1868. Vis-
ited Italy in 1872, Egypt and Cairo in 1876.
Professional life passed chiefly in New York
Studio in Borne (1884). Works : Group of
Spanish Children (1868) ; Young Lady of
Seville and her Duenna (1870) ; Seasons, 4
pictures (1871), Richard Butler, New York ;
Pomegranates (1874); April Showers (1876),
Graziella, Governor Fairbanks; Spice Ba-
zaar — Cairo (1679) ; Studies of Grapes,
J. J. Aster, New York ; Turner's Shop —
Catskill (1880) ; Bric-a-Brao of Damascus,
Borne, and Seville (1881) ; Catskill Mountain
Laurels, Peaches (1882) ; "Window in Ven-
ice, Strawberries (1883). — Tuckerman,
483.
HALL, SYDNEY P., born at Newmar-
ket in 1842. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Royal Academy and of Arthur
Hughes ; special artist of London Graph-
ic. Accompanied Prince of Wales to India
in 1876 as staff artiat Works: Beview
in Windsor Park — July 10, 1877, Queen
visiting Camp at Ascot Heath— 1877 (1878);
Chapter of Order of Star of India— Cal-
cutta, January 1, 1876 (1880), painted for
Lord Northbrook ; Their First Voyage
(1882) ; Duke and Duchess of Teck receiv-
ing Officers of Indian Contingent (1863);
Descent on Italy, portraits of Princesses
Louise, Victoria, and Maud of Wales (1884);
A Lord Chamberlain, Portrait of Major-
General Earle (1885).
HALLATZ, EMIL, born in Frankfort-
on-the-Oder in 1S37. Animal painter,
pupil of Berlin Academy and of Steffeck ;
went in 1862 to Paris to study the works
of Troyon and Rosa Bonheur, and visited
Italy in 1863. Works : Percheron Horses ;
Crossing Jutland Frontier ; Importation
of Grain into Normandy (1868) ; Herd in
Approaching Storm ; Stag Hunt (1872) ;
Village Scene ; Coast Scene near Dieppe ;
Journey of the three Magi ; Life-boat ; Fes-
tive Biding at Harvest (1676) ; Snow-storm
in the Puszta ; The Old Hypochondriacs
in the Stable (1876) ; Horses on Towing-
Path (1877).
HALLE, C E. ; contemporary. Figure
and portrait painter. Son of the eminent
musician Charles Halle. Exhibits chiefly in
the Grosvenor Gallery. Works: Little Blue-
Stocking, Friends, the Gareloch, Arrochar,
Nuremberg (1877) ; Bain Cloud (1878); To
God and My Love's Bight Arm (1879) ; Cup
of Tea, St George and Dragon, Premi I
(1880) ; Dance of Shepherdesses, Wild Boar
Hunt (1881) ; Nora Creena, Judith, Prep-
arations (1882) ; Youth and Age, Hebe,
Phyllis (1883) ; Feeding the Pigeons, An
Unfrequented Path, portrait of Mary Ander-
son (1884) ; The Mirror, Pets, Fortune-Tel-
ler, two portraits (1885).
HALLfi, CLAUDE GUY, born in Paris,
Jan. 17, 1662, died there, Nov. 5, 1736.
French school ; history painter, son and pu-
pil of Daniel H (history painter, 1631-75) ;
won first prize of the Academy in 1675.
Painted many well-composed, but not always
well-drawn, pictures for French churches
and palaces. Member of Academy, 1682 ;
professor, 1702 ; rector, 1736. Works : St
Paul preventing his Jailer from killing Him-
self, Louvre ; Christ driving out Money-
changers (1686); Annunciation,NotreDame;
Submission of the Doge of Genoa to Louis
XIV., Versailles Museum ; SL Nicholas giv-
ing Alms, Grenoble Museum ; Io changed
into a Cow;
HAbLE C G iZ ; "H„*
Family ; Sacrifice to Cupid. — Bellier de la
Chavignerie, i 737 ; Jal, 670 ; Lejeune,
Guide, III 121.
HALLE, NOEL, born in Paris, Sept 2,
1711, died there, June 6, 1781. French
school ; history painter, son and pupil of
Claude Guy Halle; won 2d grand prix in
1734, and grand prix de Borne in 1736.
Though a good draughtsman, he was weak
in composition and colour. He became
Member of Academy, 1748 ; professor in
1755, assistant rector and treasurer in 1777,
and rector in 1781 ; superintendent of Go-
edbyGoOgk
behnsin 1771 ; director of the School of Art
in Borne in 1776-77 ; Member of Order of
St Michael, 1777. Works : Delilah cutting
Samson's Hair (1734) ; Passage of the Bed
Sea (1736) j Dispute between Minerva and
Neptune (1746), Fontainebleau ; Flight into
Egypt (1769), Archbishop Flavian interced-
ing for Inhabitants of Antioch (1762), Or-
leans Museum ; SL Vincent de Paul Preach-
ing (1761), Church of SL Louis, Versailles ;
Ceiling of Baptistery, St Sulpice, Paris ;
Autumn, Geniuses of Poetry, History, Phys-
ics, and Astronomy (1761), Simon the Athe-
nian (1777); f
Cornelia, Jj L^ff* /~«*
Moifcerof ^W OOAAk J
Gracchi (1779). — Bellier de la Cbavignerie,
L 737 ; JaL 670 ; Laronsse ; Lejeune, Guide,
L 238.
HALLEZ, G- J., bom at Frameries, near
Mons, July 18, 1769, died in Brussels, May
18, 1840. Genre and portrait painter, pu-
pil of Mons Academy, where he won all the
prizes ; in 1787 travelled through France,
and after bis return was called to Brussels
to paint portraits of the Emperor of Austria
and other high personages ; in 1796 was
made professor at the central school of the
Department Jemappea, and afterwards di-
rector of Mons Academy ; settled in Brus-
sels in 1839. Member of Antwerp Academy
in 1817. Works: Marshal Beaulieu and
Count van Zoon (1811) ; Young Mother and
Child in Grotto ; Jupiter's Awakening ; Re-
turn (1813) ; Inundation Scene (1833) ;
many portraits. — ImmerzeeL ii. 10.
KALLMANN, ANTON, born at Hanover
in 1812, died at Leghorn, Aug. 29, 1846.
Architecture painter, and renowned archi-
tect, pupil in Hanover of Hellner, then of
Munich Academy ; in 1833 walked to Borne,
and in 1834 to Naples ; returned to Munich
in 1639, then went to SL Petersburg, and
thence to London and Paris ; in 1841 re-
turned to Borne, and in 1842 visited Dres-
den. Works : Convent Garden near Fossa
Nova (1841) ; Five pictures illustrating Song
of Mignon (1842) ; Day in eyprus (1843) ;
Decayed Villa in Evening light (1845).—
Brockhaus, viii. 738 ; Cotta's Kunstbl., 1846 ;
Faber, vi. 366.
HALS, DIRE, bom in Haarlem before
1600, died there, buried May 17, 1666.
Dutch school ; genre painter, brother and
pupil of Frans the elder. His works, usu-
ally representing soldiers, cavaliers, and
women, eating, drinking, dancing, or listen-
ing to music, were painted between 1620
and 1653. His style has some analogy with
that of Peter de Hooch ; the predominant
tone is a cool gray, lending great harmony
to the light colours ; only in his later works
a warmer brownish tone is apparent He
painted figures in Dirk van Deelen'a pictures.
Works : Merry Party, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; Assembly in a Park (about 1616),
Louvre, Paris ; Lady at the Piano, Mu-
seum, Amsterdam ; Five Senses (1624), D.
Franken, ib. ; Ball-Scene (1628, interior by
Van Deelen), N. J. W. Smallenburg, The
Hague; The Topers (1627), Berlin Museum;
Conversation-pieces (two 1636, one 1653),
Figure of Bommelpotspeeler, Amalienatift,
Dessau ; Merry Party, Stuttgart Museum ;
Two Cavaliers and a Lady, Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; Assembly (1622), Gallery, Copenha-
gen ; Game at Draughts (1635), Count
Moltke, ib.; Assembly of Ladies and Gentle-
men, Musical Party (attributed to A. Pala-
medesz), Gotha Museum ; Loving Couple,
Flute Lesson (1646), Hausmann Collection,
Hanover ; Conversation-piece (1626), Peter
von Semenoff, SL Petersburg; do. (1628),
Violoncello Player (attributed to J. le Ducq),
Academy, Vienna; Loving Couple on a Walk
(1624), Game of Tric-trac, Assembly, Liech-
tenstein Gallery, ib.; Assembly in a Park
(about 1620), Josef von Lippmann, ib. ; Lute
Player (1626), formerly Gsell Collection, ib.;
Beading a Letter, Ber-
gamo Gallery ; Festival,
Metropolitan Museum, _ —
New Tort— Bode, Stu- l(j*Q
dien, 121, 613 ; Burger,
Musees, ii. 121 ; Gaz. des. B. Arts (1868),
xxv. 390 ; Zahn, Jahrbucher, 1871.
MbyGooglc
HALS, FRANS, the elder, born in Ant-
werp in 1584, died in Haarlem, Aug. 26,
1666. Dutch school;
portrait and genre
painter of great re-
nown; pupil of
Karel Tan Mander.
A most influential
teacher and founder
of a national style,
auda portrait paint-
er to be ranked with
the greatest mas-
tera Addicted to drunkenness, according
to Houbraken, he was never prosperous,
despite his long and active life and his un-
usual talent, which excited Van Dyck's ad-
miration. In 1664, reduced to sheer want,
he was supported by the municipality and
pensioned. Flesh-colouring unequalled ;
handling broad, masterly, and vigourous.
Pictures unequal in merit ; his immense
facility sometimes led him to be careless
andsketchy. Works: Joh. Bogardus (1614);
Banquet of Officers (1616), do. (1627), da
(1627), Assembly of Officers (1633), Officers
of St George's Guild (1639), Regents of St
Elizabeth's Hospital (1641), Regents of Old
Men's Hospital (1664), da (1664), Haarlem
Museum ; portrait of himself and his sec-
ond wife (1624), The Fool (1625), Jolly
Toper (1630), Old Lady (1639), Museum,
Amsterdam ; Archery-piece (1637), City
Hall, ib. ; Portrait of John Barclay (before
1610), Atheiweum, ib.; Male Portrait (1655),
Six Collection, ib. ; do., Rotterdam Muse-
um ; Portraits of Dutch Nobleman and
Wife (1625), Hague Museum ; Male Por-
trait, da (1645), Museum, Brussels ; Sing-
ing Boys, Merry Tippler, Arenberg Gallery,
ib.; De Strandlooper van Haarlem (1640),
Male Portrait (1635), do. (1640), Antwerp
Museum ; Laughing Girl (1630), Portrait of
a Lady, Portraits (3) of Beresteyn Family
(1629, 1630), Louvre, Paris ; Topers, Male
and Female Portrait, Rothan Gallery, ib. ;
Male Portrait (1626), Old Lady, Young Lady
(1634), Buffoon, Laughing Girl (1635), Rom-
melpotspeeler, Man and Wife (1638), da
(1643), Count Mniszech, ib.; Laughing Girl
(1645), Lille Museum ; Male Portrait (1632),
Bordeaux Museum ;. Singing Boy (1625),
Male Portraits (1625, 1627, 1656, 1660), Man
and Wife (1627), Child with Nurse, Toper
(1630), BOle Bobbe van Haarlem (about
1650), Berlin Museum ; Nobleman and
Wife (1620), Two Boys making Music
(1625), Toper (1640), Male Portraits (3,
1655, 1660), Laughing Girl, Cassel Gallery;
Male Portraits (2, 1630), Dresden Gallery ;
do. (1635, 1655), Gotha Museum ; Young
Man (1624), Man and Wife (1638), Stadel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Boy playing the Fluta
(1625), KOnigsberg Museum ; do., and Boy
Drinking, Male Portrait (1630), Schwerin
Gallery ; Man and Wife (1643), Stettin Mu-
seum ; Male Portrait (1650), Museum, Vi-
enna ; do. (2, 1630, 1644), Liechtenstein
Gallery, ib.; da (1655), Old Lady (1638),
Baron Rothschild, ib.; Male Portrait (1650),
National Gallery, Pesth ; da (4, 1635, 1650,
1660), Hermitage, St Petersburg; Old
Woman's Head (1646), National Gallery,
London ; do. (1640), Bridgewater Gallery,
ib. ; Male Portrait (1630), Buckingham Pal-
ace, ib. ; do. (1624), Manchester House, ib.;
do. (1635), Marquis of Bute, ib.; Artists
Portrait (1622), Devonshire House, ib ;
Herring Seller (1616), Lord Northbrook, ib. ;
Male Portrait (1628), Hampton Court Pal-
ace ; Hille Bobbe (?, probably by Frans, the
younger), Meeting of Trained Bands to cele-
brate Peace of Monster (with Dirk Hals),
Metropolitan Museum, New York ; Por-
trait^, Historical Society, ib.; other pict-
urea attributed to him in the galleries of
Munich, Stuttgart, Brunswick, Weimar, Old-
enburg, etc., are not by him. Of his seven
sons five were painters : Herman (1611-69),
H painted conversation pieces;
Johannes (died in 1650), fig-
ures and genre scenes ; Frans
(see following article) ; Reg-
nier (1627-89), genre scenes ;
Nicolaas (born in 1628), genre and land-
scape. — Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 451 ; Ch.
d by Google
Blanc, ficole flamande ; Bode, Fr. Hals und
Heine Schule (Leipaic, 1871) ; do., Studien,
35, 612 [ Gaz. des B. Arts (1664), xvi. 299 ;
(1865), xviii. 103 ; (1868), xxiv. 219, 431 ;
(1869), i 162 ; (1685), xxxi. 349 j Van der
Willigen, 139, 348 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, viii.
193 ; xviii. 347.
HALS, FRANS, the younger, born in
Haarlem between 1617 and 1623, died there
after 1669. Dutch school ; genre and still-
life painter, eon and pupil of Frans, the
elder, many of whose pictures he copied.
Works : Two Children Singing, Arenberg
Gallery, Brussels ; Heads of Laughing Boys
(2), Royal Palace, ib.; Piper and Violin-
Player, Schwerin Gallery ; Still Life (1638),
Kdnigsberg Museum ; do. (1640), Berlin
Museum ; Hille Bobbe as Fish-wife, Dres-
den Gallery ; Interior of Peasant Cottage
1638), Carls^ fr-AfC / u4 O
ruhe Gal- ^ /^ ^
lery.— Bode, Studien, 103, 219, 616 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1868), xxv. 398) ; (1869, L 165;
Van der "Willigen, 150 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v.
79; ix.299.
HAT.H W TiTTT.Til, KEELEY, bom at Rich-
mond, Surrey, in 1832. Landscape, marine,
and figure painter ; studied drawing and
engraving, and drew much on wood for
Illustrated London News ; went about 1855
to Edinburgh, and studied in schools of
Boyal Scottish Academy, exhibiting bis first
picture, In Vino Veritas, in 1857, and his
Bridge of Sighs in 1858. In 1866 he be-
came an A.R.S.A. In 1868 he went to
Borne, and painted there his Roba di Roma
(1869). Other works : Street Scene in
Rome (1870) ; Contadini in St. Peter's
(1871, sold in 1883, £1,732) ; Elevation of
the Host (1872) ; H Madonajo (1873) ; Bo-
man Fruit Girl (1874) ; Marriage Proces-
sion (1875) ; Borne from the Sistine, Non
Angli sed Angeli (1877) ; Play Scene in
Hamlet (1878) ; Tug and Timber Barge
(1880) ; Wittenham Clumps (1881) ; Shoot-
er's Hill— Pangbourne (1882), Royal Wind-
sor — Morning, Evening Mists (1883); Gleam
of the Setting Sun, Rokeby, Bed of Water-
Lilics (1884); Kilchurn Castle, Flying
Scuds (1885).— Art Journal (1879), 49.
HAMAN, PUNISHMENT OF, JficAdan-
>jdo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ; fresco on ceil-
ing.
HAMFJj, JTJUTJS, born at Dillenburg,
Nassau, in 1834 History and portrait
painter, pupil of Stadel Institute, Frankfort,
under Jacob Becker, Steinle, and Passavant ;
visited Dresden (1860), Munich (1861), Bel-
gium and Holland (1866), and Italy (1869-
70), and settled in Frankfort Works :
Christ washing Peter's Feet (1857) ; En-
tombment (1858), Frankfort Art Union ;
Loreley (1859) ; Tetzel's Indulgence Traffic
(1864) ; Eginhard and Emma (1867) ; Will-
iam of Orange taking Farewell of Egmont
(1871) ; Seasons and Harvest-Joya (1874) ;
Taking of Egmont (1876) ; Countess Help-
enstein begging for her Husband's Life
(1879) ; Portraits of Professor Becker, Jus-
tinus Eerner, Arthur Schopenhauer. — Mai-
ler, 234.
HAMILTON, CHARLES WILLIAM DE,
born at Brussels in 1666 or 1670, died at
Augsburg in 1754. Animal and still-life
painter, son and pupil of James Hamilton
(1640-1720, an able still-life painter, who
under Cromwell left Scotland and settled at
Brussels) ; also pupil of his brothers, John
George and Philip Ferdinand ; entered the
service of Bishop Alexander Sigismund of
Augsburg, for whom he painted a great
number of pictures, several of which are now
in the royal galleries of Bavaria. Works :
Plants and Fruits, etc, Lyons Museum ;
Weeds and Reptiles in the Woods, Carlsruhe
Gallery; Still life with Plants and Insects
(2), Darmstadt Museum ; do. (3), Stuttgart
Museum ; do. (1), Schleissheim Gallery ;
Reed-Birds, Quail, Saint Gall Museum ;
Dead Fox and Game-Birds (1739), Schwerin
Gallery ; two do. and two others, Mannheim
Gallery.— Wurzbach, viL 264
HAMILTON (Hamrailton), FRANS DE,
flourished second half of 17th century.
Animal and still-life painter, either brother
^byGoOgk
or eldest son of James ; entered the service
of the Elector of Brandenburg at Cleves in
1661, but seems to have immediately re-
moved to Potsdam, whence, having resigned
his position, he went to Vienna in 1670,
then entered the Bavarian service in 1683.
Works: Dead Game, Animul Life in the
Woods (2), Schwerin Gallery ; similar sub-
jects (4), Aschaffenburg Gallery ; do. (4),
Schleissheim Gallery.— Schlie, 235.
HAMILTON, GAVIN, born at Lanark,
Scotland, in 1730, died in Borne in 1797.
History painter, master unknown; went early
to Italy, and resided in Borne most of his days.
More noted for promotion of the fine arts
than as a painter, but left some good pict-
ures, especially illustrations of the Iliad.
Works : Achilles with the Dead Body of Pat.
roclus ; Achilles parting with Briseis ; Achil-
les dragging the body of Hector behind his
Chariot ; Andromache weeping over Hector ;
Apollo. About 1794 he decorated an apart-
ment in the Villa BorgheBe, Borne, with the
Story of Paris. — Redgrave.
HAMILTON, HAMILTON, born in Mid-
dlesex Co., England, April 1, 1847. Genre
painter, self-taught. His family removed to
America when he was an infant, and settled at
Cowlesville, Wyoming County, N. Y. In 1872
he opened a studio in Buffalo and painted
portraits ; in 1875 visited the Rocky Moun-
tains and painted the Laramie Peaks (Cen-
tennial Exhibition, 1876), now in the Buf-
falo Fine Arte Academy ; spent 1878-79 in
Europe, chiefly at Pont Aven, Brittany ; re-
turned thence to Buffalo, and removed to
New York in 1881. Member of American
Water-Colour Society, and New York Etch-
ing Club ; elected A.N.A. in 1886. Works :
The Peddler's Visit, The Sisters (1882); The
Silver Line, Jump— Sir! Little Sunbeam,
The Dreamer (1884) ; Interior atNew Wind-
sor— N. T., Fareweli Veiled Head (1885) ;
Solitude, The Messenger (1886).— -Hitch-
cock, American Etchings (New York, 1885).
HAMILTON, JAMES, born in Ireland in
1819, died in 1878. Marine painter, taken
to America as a child, studied first in Phila-
delphia; spent 1854-55 in London, and
after his return to Philadelphia furnished
illustrations for Dr. Kane's Arctic Explora-
tions and other works. Professional life
passed in Philadelphia. Works : Egyptian
Sunset ; Morning off Atlantic City, Mrs. C.
S. Longstreet, New York ; Moonlight Scene
near Venice ; Wrecked Hopes ; Old Iron-
sides ; Escape of Smugglers, Capture of the
Serapis, Mrs. D. D. Colton, San Francisco ;
Death of Steerfortb, W. H Fosdick, Louis-
ville ; Wreck off the Coast, C. H Wolff,
Philadelphia; Off Delaware Capes, J. W.
DrexeL New York;' Vision of Columbus,
Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Philadelphia.
HAMILTON, JEAN GEOBGE DE, bora
at Brussels in 1666 or 1672, died in Vienna,
iu 1740 (?). Animal and still-life painter,
son and pupil of James (Scotch painter of
fruit and still life) ; painted many years
in Brussels, then joined his brother Philip
in Vienna ; later lived at the court of Ber-
lin, but returned to Vienna after the death
of Friedrich L of Prussia, and became court-
painter. He painted flowers, fruits, and in-
sects, but especially horses with great skill.
Works : Horsesand Foals iu Pasture (2), Im-
perial Stud at Lipicza (1727, with 72 horsea
painted from nature), Stag and two Boes
in a Landscape, Boar-Head and Hunting
Implements (1718), Vienna Museum; several
in Summer Palace at Schdnbrunn, and in
Gallery of Stift KremsmOnster ; Dead Hare
and Birds, Old Pinakothek, Munich; Dead
Birds Suspended (2), Schleissheim Gallery ;
White Horse Jumping (1703), Thoroughbred
(1704), White Horse led by Negro, Sorrel
led by Groom (1709), Dresden Gallery;
Dogs by Dead Game (3), Dead Bird and
Insects (2), Bear-Hunt, Stuttgart Museum ;
White Grouse in the Mountains, Zurich Gal-
lery. His son and pupil, Anton Ignatz (born
in Vienna in 1696, died at Hubertsbuxg,
Saxony, in 1770), who painted the same sub-
jects, entered the service of the Duke of
Sax e- Weimar, and then became court-
painter to Augustus III, King of Poland
and Elector of Saxony. — Kramm, ii. 635.
edbyGoOgk
HAMILTON, JOHN MoLTJBE, bom in
Philadelphia in 1663. Genre painter ;
studied at the Royal Academy, Antwerp,
under Van Leriua, and at the Ecole des
Beaux Arts, Paris, under Gerflme. Exhib-
ited at National Academy in 1877, La Rire,
and at Pennsylvania Academy in 1885, The
Old Pioneer and Swiftwater. Studio in
Philadelphia.
HAMILTON, PHILIP FERDINAND
DE, born at Brussels in 1664, died in Vi-
enna in 1760. Animal and still-life painter,
son and pupil of James ; was called to the
court of Vienna by Charles VI, who em-
ployed hi™ extensively. His pictures are
frequently to be met with at the country-
seats and in the castles of the Austrian
nobility, and in the public galleries of Vi-
enna, Prague, Pesth, Munich, Weimar, Des-
sau, Carlaruhe, Frankfort, and Oldenburg.
— Kramm, ii. 636 ; Wurzbach, vii. 263.
HAMLET, PLAY SCENE IN, Daniel
Madine, National Gallery, London ; canvas,
H. 5 ft. x 9 ft The play scene in centre,
background ; in foreground, right, the king
and queen and Polonius, with attendants and
soldiers ; left, Ophelia with Horatio leaning
on her chair, and behind, attendants and
soldiers ; centre, Hamlet lying at feet of
Ophelia, gazing on the king's face. Royal
Academy, 1842. Engraved by C. Rolls.—
Art Journal (1864), 214.
HAMLET WITH YORICK/S SKULL,
Sir Thomas Lawrence, National Portrait
Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 10 ft x 6 ft 6
in. Portrait of John Philip Kemble, as
Hamlet, apostrophizing the skull of Yorick,
tbe king's jester, which he holds in his hand.
Painted in 1801 ; presented in 1836 by King
William P7. Transferred from National Gal-
lery in 1884. Engraved by S. W. Reynolds
and others. Sketch sold at Sir T. Baring
sale, 1848, for 50 guineas. — Gower, 48 ; Waa-
gen. Treasures, i. 380.
HAMMAN, (EDOUARD JEAN) CON-
RAD, born at Ostend, Sept 24, 1819. His-
torical genre painter, pupil of Antwerp
Academy and of De Keyser ; settled in 1846
in Paris. Gold medal in Brussels, 1848 ;
medals in Paris : 3d class, 1853 ; 2d class,
1869, 1863, 1864 ; Order of Leopold, 1854 ;
L. of Honour, 1864. Works : Preparations
for Serenade, Rabelais at the Court of France,
Hamlet, Charles IX. and his Surgeon Am-
broise Pare, Louis XJH. and Maria de' Med-
ici surprised by Richelieu, Doge Mocenigo
and Titian visiting Paul Veronese, Daughter
of the Criminal (1847-53); Christopher Co-
lumbus ; Adrian Willaert playing Organ in
Monastery at Bruges, Brussels Museum ;
Workshop of Stradivarius (1869); The An-
atomist Vesalius in Padua ; Dante at Ra-
venna (1859); Entry of Duke Albrecht VH.
and Isabella into Ostend ; The Heptameron
of Margaret of Angoul&ne ; Childhood of
Francis 1; Charles V. instructed by Eras-
mus (1863), Luxembourg Museum ; Women
of Siena during the Siege (1864); Festival
of Bucentaur in Venice (1867); Masaniello
and the Viceroy of Naples ; Murillo in his
Studio ; Huguenot Family in Flight (1870);
The Secrets of Madame and of the Sou-
brette (1873) ; Father's Memories (1878) ;
Grassy Corner in Normandy (1881); Mead-
ows of Surdif (1882); Farm Yard in Nor-
mandy (1883); The Breakers (1884).— Jour,
des B. Arts (I860), 138 ; Kramm, ii. 636 ;
Mailer, 167.
HAMMER, (EDMUND) GUTDO, born in
Dresden, Feb. 4, 1821.
Animal painter and il-
lustrator, pupil of Dres-
den Academy and of
Julius Htlbner. In 1847
visited Trieste and
North Italy on foot, and
returned home by Mu-
nich and Nuremberg;
has made frequent ex-
cursions into the forests
of Saxony, Bohemia, and Silesia, and the
Tyrol ; went to Constantinople in 1866.
Works : Mort, Saxon Art Union ; Two Stags
Fighting; Greyhound (1852), Sow with
Grice stopped by Dog (1860), Dresden Gal-
lery.— Mailer, 235.
edbyGoOgk
HAMMER, HANS JORGEN, born in
Copenhagen, Dec. 29, 1815. Genre and
landscape painter, pupil of Copenhagen
Academy under Eclteraberg ; entered the
army in 1848, took part in the campaign of
that year, and took his leave as captain in
I860*; visited Italy in 1856-58. Order of
Dannebrog, 1861 ; Member of Copenhagen
Academy in 1874. Works : Last Load of
Hay (1845) ; Feasants' Amusement on Sun-
day (1847) ; View of Rome (1863) ; Market-
place at Ariccia (1863) ; Market-Day at
Fredericia (1871) ; Long-Expected Letter
(1877), Copenhagen Gallery.
HAMMER, JOHN J., born in Westhofen,
Germany, Jan. 1, 1842. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil in Munich from 1876 of Pro-
fessors Loefftz and Alexander Wagner. Re-
moved to New York in 1884. Works : In
the Shade (1881), In the Sun (1882), Kunst.
veroin, Munich; Gleaners (1883), William
Baumgarten, New York ; Scenes from Pom-
peii — water-colours (1883) ; Qoose Girl
(1883), Munich Exhibition ; Little Barefoot
(1884) ;Dreams of Childhood — water-colours
(1885) ; Portrait of Mrs. Margaret Carnegie
(1886), Andrew Carnegie, New York
HAMON, JEAN LOUIS, born at St Loup,
near Plouha
(Cotes-du-Nord),
May8, 1821, died
at St Raphael
(Var), May 29,
1874. Genre
painter, pupil of
Delaroche aud of
>Gleyre ; exhib-
ited in 1848 with
little Buccesa
Gleyre then obtained him employment at
Sevres, where he designed and painted a
number of vases, among them one for Queen
Victoria (1851), and another for the Empress.
Lived in Capri after 1865. Many of bis
highly poetical and delicately painted pict-
ures have been engraved. Despite great
professional success, his life was embittered
and shortened by sickness and pecuniary
embarrassment Medals : 3d class, 1853
2d class, 1856 ; L. of Honour, 1856. Works
Tomb of Christ, Frieze of a Door (1848)
Equality in the Seraglio, Parrot playing with
two Girls, a Roman Notice (1849) ; Human
Comedy (1852), Luxembourg Museum ; My
Sister isn't There (1853) ; Cupid and his Fol-
lowers, The Orphans, Nurse with Children, It
is not I (1865) i Tomb of Christ (1865), Mar-
seilles Museum; Chained Butterfly, Enslaved
Fly, The Cheap Shop, The Tamer, Love, Wom-
en Winding (1857); Cupid Visiting (1859);
Aviary, Smuggler, Guardianship, Virgins of
Lesbos (1861); Elder Sister, Mountebank
(1861), NantesMuseum ; Imitator, Day of Be-
trothal, Aurora (1864); Muses at Pompeii
(1866) ; Promenade (1867) ; Ophelia on the
Bank of the Dark River (1873) ; Among the
Flowers, Museum, New York ; Spring Flow-
ers, W. H. Van-
JX. HAMON <*erbUt, ib.— Om.
des B Arts (1875),
xi. 119 ; Atbenasum (1874), i. 835 ; Homer-
ton, French Pointers ; Larousse ; Meyer,
Gesch., 628 ; Diustr. Zeitg. (1879), L 315,
321 ; Claretie, Peintres (1882), i. 49.
HAMPE, EARL FRIEDRICH, born in
Berlin, July 13, 1772, died there, Dec. 29,
1848. Genre and architecture painter, pu-
pil of Berlin Academy under Niedlich and
Frisch. Member of the Berlin Academy in
1816, professor in 1823, and inspector and
librarian from 1829. Works : Castle in
Moonlight (1817), Fountain in Gothic Hall
(1819), Luther's Room in Wittenberg (1821),
National Gallery, Berlin.
HANDLER, PAUL, born at Altenwed-
diugen, near Magdeburg, March 16, 1833.
History painter, pupil of Berlin and Dossel-
dorf Academies, then in Dresden of Julius
Schnorr ; visited Italy in 1869, and after-
wards Paris ; lived in Dresden in 1861-47,
and then settled in Berlin, where he is pro-
fessor at the Royal Art School. Works : Cru-
cifixion (1861); Disciples at Emmaus (1862);
Battle at M5ckern (1864); Christ bearing the
Cross (1865) ; Wall Paintings for Church
in Hillersleben (1867) ; Doubting Thomas
edbyGoOgk
(1868) ; Crucifixion (1871) ; Ecce Homo
(1872); Resurrection (1872); do. (1873);
ChristCrucified(1873); Disciples at Eminaua
(1675) ; Christ and Peter on the Sea (1876).
In fresco: St Paul at Athene, Burning of Pa-
pal Bull at Wittenberg (1881-83), Gymnasi-
um, Magdeburg ; Cartoons for Stained Glass
Windows in Prince Albert Mausoleum at
Windsor Castle (1866).— Brockhaus, viii. 808;
Mailer, 235 ; Rosenberg, BerL Malersh , 248.
HANNIBAL CROSSING THE ALPS,
Joseph M. W. Turner, National Gallery,
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft 9 in. x 7 ft. 9 in.
A lurid sun seen through a storm of snow,
which threatens to overwhelm the Cartha-
ginians, toiling through the passes, who are
also attacked by the savage mountaineers.
Royal Academy, 1812. Engraved by J.
Cousen in Turner Gallery. — Cat Nat Gal
HANNEMAN, ADRIAEN, bom at The
Hague in 1601, died there in 1668 or 1669.
Portrait painter, pupil of Ravesteyn ; went
to England early in Charles L'b reign,
painted for 16 years under Daniel My tens,
the elder, and adopted much of Van Dyck's
manner. He returned afterwards to The
Hague (probably before 1640), became mas-
ter of the guild in 1640, court-painter to
Princess Mary of Orange, and in 1656 was
one of the founders of the new painters'
guild, Picture, and its first dean. His por-
traits are well drawn, full of expression, and
of fine colouring. Works : Portrait of Con-
stantyn Huygens and Children (1640) Hague
Museum ; Portrait of Jan de Wit (1652),
Rotterdam Museum ; Family Group engaged
in Music, Female Portrait, do. (1661), Bruns-
wick Museum ; Portrait of Prince William
Frederick of Orange (1661), Weimar Mu-
seum ; do. of Great Elector (1659), Wiirlitz
Gallery ; do. of Charles L, and of Van Dyck,
Vienna Museum. — Allgem, d. Biogr., x. 522;
Burger, MusOes, ii. 227 ; Immerzeel, ii. 13 ;
Kramm. ii. 637 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 219.
HANNL, MAX, bom in Prague in 1696,
died in Vienna in 1758. German school ;
portrait painter, said to have been a pupil
of Kupeczky. His portraits show broad
treatment, powerful colouring, and fine im-
pasto. Works in Vienna Museum.
HANOTEAU, HECTOR, born in Decize
(Nievre), May 25,
1823. Landscape
painter, pupil of
Gigoux. A pains-
taking and skilful
realist Medals:
1864, 1868, and
1869 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1870. Works:
Arab Encampment
(1855); Meadows
of Charency, Pond in Nivernais (1857);
Morning on the Cauna (1859); Morning's
Fishing (1860); Springs at Charency (1861);
Horses at Liberty (1863); Paradise of Geese,
Marseilles Museum ; Abandoned Hut (1864);
Corner of a Park (1865); Evening on the
Farm, After Fishing (1866); Larder of the
Fox-Cubs (1868); Reeds (1869); Passage of
Great Game (1869); The Summons (1870);
Village Pond (1870), Luxembourg Museum ;
Cottage (1872); Honeysuckle (1873); The
Aumance, View on the Allier, Benevolent
Public (1874); Frogs (1875), Luxembourg
Museum ; Laughing Water, Kids (1876);
Mill, Chief Place by the Fire (1877); Mil-
ler's Excursion (1878); Victim of the Sup-
per (1879); Sleeping Water (1880); Wooded
Pond, My Garden (1881); Autumn, Hoeing
(1882); The Middle Row (1883); Septem-
ber, April (1884); Peaks of the Grove, Use-
ful Man (1885).— Gaz. des B. Arts, xvii. 16,
162, 368 ; Larousse.
HANS VAN EALKAR. See KaOcar.
HANSCH, ANTON, bom in Vienna,
March 24, 1813, died in Salzburg, Dec 8,
1876. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under Moessmer. Studied the
old masters, and made frequent journeys to
the Austrian Alps, to Switzerland, "Upper
Italy, and Belgium. Gold medal, 1839.
Prizes, 1839, 1859, 1860. In 1848 he was
made member, and in 1871 senator, of the
Vienna Academy. Settled at Salzburg in
1873. He was one of the leading landscape
:edbyG00gk
HANSELAERE
painters of the Vienna school Works :
View near Hiefflau, Styria (1836); Neuwald
near the Schneeberg (1636); Lake of Con-
stance, Fir Wood in the Salzkammergut ;
View at Oollinger Falls ; After the Storm ;
From the Wilderness of Styria ; At Bernina
Pass ; View on the KOnigsee (1849), Glacier
of the Jungfrau (1853), Under the Lindens
(1858), Museum, Vienna ; View in the Salz-
kammergut, Academy, ib.; Alpine Forest
(1866); OossauLake(1869),OetzthalGlacier,
View on Cbieni Lake, The Wetterhorn. —
AUgem. d. Biogr., x, 525 ; Kunst-Chronik,
ziL 239 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviL 435 ;
Wurzbach, vii. 325.
HANSELAERE, PD3TER VAN, born in
Ghent, July 13, 1786, died there, March 10,
1862. History and portrait painter, pupil
of Qhent Academy under Van HuffeL ob-
tained the first prize, and in 1809 went to
Fatis, where he studied under David, won
the grand prize at Ghent in 1814, and went
to Italy in 1816 ; became court-painter to
King of Naples and member of Borne and
Naples Academies, and, after his return in
1829, professor at Ghent Academy. Works :
Sacrifice of Abel (1814); Martyrdom of St
Stephen, Ghent Museum ; Philip van Arte-
velde inciting Rebellion in Ghent ; Susanna
at the Bath, Artist's Portrait, National Mu-
seum, Amsterdam ; Roman Woman Pray-
ing, Weimar Museum.— Immerzeel, ii. 14 ;
Kramm, ii. 619.
HANSEN, HANS NEKOLAL born in
Copenhagen, May 5, 1853. Genre painter,
pupil of Copenhagen Academy, where he
took several prizes. Works : Outside the
Gate (1868) ; From a Churchyard (1880) ;
After Breakfast, Children on the Heath,
(1881); Troubadours (1882).— Sigurd Mai-
ler, isa
HANSEN, HETNRICH, born at Haders-
leben, Nov. 23, 1821. Architecture painter,
pupil of Copenhagen Academy. In 1847
travelled through Germany, and in 1850-52
visited Western Europe and Spain. Mem-
ber of, and professor at, Copenhagen Acad-
emy. Works: Interior of St Sablon's in
53), Chamber of Christian IV.
at Rosenborg Castle (1855), Room in Town
Hall of Bruges (1858), Copenhagen Gallery ;
San Marco ; Oratory of Christian IV. ; Coun-
cil Chamber in Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; In-
terior of 16th Century in Lubeck (1878).—
Sigurd Mttller, 143 ; Weilbach, 242.
HANSEN, KONSTANTIN, born in Borne,
Nov. 3, 1804, died
March 2 7, 1880.
Genre and history
painter, son of the
portrait painter Hans
H. (1769-1828), pu-
pil of Christopher V.
^Eckersberg; was in
4 Italy in 1835-41,
and painted many
scenes from popular
life ; after his return executed mythological
scenes in fresco in the University of Copen-
hagen. Member of Copenhagen Academy
in 1864, professor, and since 1873 vice-
director. Works : iEgir's Banquet, Copen-
hagen Gallery ; Beading from Ariosto (1839);
The Housewife (1859) ; Interior of Mill near
Hellebek ; Assembly of the States at Chris-
tiansborg.— Sigurd Mailer, 127 ; Weilbach,
229.
HANSEN BALLIN G, OLE PETER,
born in Christiania, April 23, 1823. Genre
and portrait painter, pupil of Berlin and
Copenhagen Academies, entered the army
in 1848, went to America in 1856, took part
in the Civil War as commander of a regi-
ment of volunteers, and afterwards returned
to Christiania, where he portrayed especially
officers of the Norwegian navy. Works:
Cavalry Skirmish nearBendsburg ; Portraits
of General Grant and several other Ameri-
can generals. — Weilbach, 246.
HANSONN, CHRISTIAN HFJNBICH,
born at Altona in 1791, died there, May 1,
History and portrait painter, first
instructed in Hamburg ; tried portrait
painting successfully, went to Stralsund,
and afterwards to Vienna, whence, with the
Danish painter Bravo, went to Rome, where
edbyGoOgk
be improved through intercourse with Rein
hardt, Koch, and Cornelius ; after a short
visit home, he passed six years in Italy, and
then resided in Munich in 1830-45. In
1645 he painted four large altarpieces in
Austria, before going again to Italy, whence
he returned to his native town in 1850.
Works : Youth at Nam ; Magdalen ; The
Fisherman— after Goethe (1833) ; Madonna ;
Christ on Mount of Olives ; Bathing Girls ;
Portraits of Baron von Aretin, of the painter
Morgenateru, and many others ; Scenes from
Mediaeval Life in German Castles ; four
great Altarpieces (1845) ; St Genevieve in
Prison ; Genius with a Child ; Mother and
Child ; Group of Italian Women. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., x. 543 j Cotta's KunstbL (1835),
58; Hamb. K. Lei.; SoltL
HANTZSCH, JOHANN GOTTLIEB,
born at Neudorf, near Dresden, March 19,
1794, died in Dresden, April 3, 1848. Genre
painter, pupil of Dresden Academy and of
Bossier. He satirized the philistinism of
small towns and set forth the humourous
aspects of the school-room in his pictures.
Works: Saxon Peasant's Boom; Village
School ; Youth hath no Virtue ; Sunday
Morning (1830), Leipaic Museum ; At the
Dentist's (1839), National Gallery, Berlin.—
Jordan (1885), li 84.
HAPPEL, FBIEDRICB; born at Arns-
berg, Westphalia, May 23, 1825, died in
DQsseldorf, July 5, 1854. Animal painter,
brother of Peter Friedrich, pupil of the
DQsseldorf Academy in 1838-41. Works :
Foxes fighting about Dying Buck (1844);
Hounds, Foxes hunting Hares, Fighting
Stags (1851-52) ; Fox Family, Young Foxes
Playing, Young Foxes waiting for their
Parents (1853); Stag Calling (1854); Foxes
attacking Wounded Buck (1855).— Allgem.
d. Biogr., x. 552 ; Andresen, v. 197.
HAPPEL, PETER FRIEDRICH, born
at Arnsberg, Westphalia, March 26, 1813,
died in Dusseldorf, May 23, 1854. Land-
scape painter, pupil from 1829 of the DQs-
seldorf Academy under Schirmer. Opened
a studio in 1842 at Dusseldorf, which he left
only at intervals for study at Munich and in
the country. He has been called the painter
of German summer. Was secretary of the
DOsseldorf Artists' Association. Works :
View in Sauerland (1837) ; Mountain Land-
scape in Rain (1839) ; View in Isar Valley
(1840) [ Maleiche (1842) ; Way to Village
(1847) ; Moorland (1848) ; Harvest Scene,
Mill (1850) ; View in the EifeL Harvest,
with Procession, View in the Odenwald. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., s. 552.
HAPPY AS A KING, William CoUins, J.
dough, Liverpool ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 3 in. X 2
ft 11 in. Children swinging on a gate in
a wood. Painted in 1836 ; sold to Messrs.
Finden, 275 guineas. Repetition (1836) in
National Gallery, from Vernon Collection,
1S47. Engraved by E. Finden, C. Couseu.
— Wilkie Collins, Memoirs, ii 66, 349.
HAQUETTE, GEORGES, born in Paris;
contemporary. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Adolphe Millet and of Cabanel
Medal, 3d class, 1880. Works : Wandering
Musicians (1876); At the Guardian's (1877);
Scene at Poll e t near Dieppe (1878) ; Francine'a
Mu$ Interior at Pallet (1879) ; Wandering
Musicians in Norman Tavern ; Fish-seller at
Dieppe (1880) ; Interior at Mother Panotte's,
Father Mazure (1861) ; Departure for New-
foundland, At the Pier (1882); Right of Pas-
sage, Expectation (1883) ; Salute at Calvary,
A Baptism (1884) ; The Signal (1884), Mrs.
M. J. Morgan, New York ; Landing of Fish-
ermen, Blastof Wind (1885).— Bellier, i 741.
HARBURGER, EDMUND, born at Eich-
stadt, Bavaria, April 4, 1846. Genre painter,
pupil of Munich Academy under Linden-
schniitt; subjects mostly humourous. Works:
Beer-Drinker, Village Barber (1872) ; Con-
trasts (1873) ; Senator (1874), Art Union,
Munich; Old and Young (1875) ; Education
of Bacchus (1876) ; Young Venetian Woman;
At the Silent Hearth (1883) ; Seamstress
(1884) ; Head Study, Saint Gall Museum.—
Elustr. Zeitg. (1873), ii 246 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xx. 743.
HARDING, CHESTER, born at Conway,
Mass., Sept 1, 1792, died in Boston, April
edbyGoOgk
1, 186G. Portrait painter, self -taught. Orig-
inally a turner, then a soldier in the war
of 1812, and a house-painter in Pittsburgh,
he developed a talent for portrait painting,
and going to London in 1832 met with
much success. After his return he exer-
cised his profession in St. Louis, Philadel-
phia, and Boston. "Works : Portraits of
Dukes of Norfolk, Hamilton, and Sussex ;
Sir Archibald Alison ; Samuel Bogera ;
Lord Aberdeen ; Daniel Webster, Bar Asso-
ciation, New York ; Washington Allston, S.
Batehelder ; John Randolph, Corcoran Gal-
lery, Washington ; Daniel Boone ; General
Sherman ; Henry Clay ; John C. Calhoun ;
Chief Justice Marshall ; Charles Carroll ;
William Wirt ; Presidents Madison, Mon-
roe, and J. Q. Adams.
HARDING, JAMES DUFFTELD, born
at Deptford, England, in 1798, died at
Barnes, Dec i, 1863. Landscape painter,
awarded in 1818 a medal by the Society of
Arts, elected in 1821 an associate, and in
1822 a member of the Water Colour Society,
which he left in 1847 to become a candidate
for the R A., but failing returned to it in
1857. Visited Italy in 1830; promoted
lithography, and wrote several works on art
For his lithographic drawings, exhibited at
the Louvre, he received two gold medals
from the Academic des Beaux Arts. Works :
The Alps from Secco to Como ; The Jung-
frau ; Angers on tbe Loire ; View of Frei-
burg ; Falls of Schaffhausen ; On the Mo-
selle, Sir Richard Wallace, London ; Pollards
in Windsor Meadows, Tintern Abbey, Land-
scape with Hovels, South Kensington Mu-
seum—Art Journal (1850), 181 ; (1856),
270 ; (1864), 39, 89.
HARDOBFF, GERDT, bom in Hamburg
Territory (Altenland), May 11, 1769, died in
Hamburg in 1864. History painter, pupil
in Hamburg of Anton Tischbein, and from
1788 in Dresden of Casanova ; returned in
1796 to Hamburg, where he became pro-
fessor at the Johanneum. "Works : Cain
after the Fratricide (1794) ; Last Supper,
Crucifixion (1796), Magdalen ; Director
Gurlitt at the Desk, Ennsthalle, Hamburg.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 595 ; Nagler, Moil,
ii 1064.
HARDORFF, RUDOLF, born in Ham-
burg, March 8, 1816. Marine painter, son
and pupil of Gerdt ; has visited Holland,
England, and Scotland, and paints marines
effectively with interesting accessories.
Works : Sunrise on Coast (1848), Explosion
of Danish Man-of-War Christian V1LL near
Eckernforde (1860), Mouth of the Thames
near Bamsgate (1853), Moonlight on Coast,
Shipwreck, Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Naval
Victory of Germans over the Danes (1858) ;
Boadstead at Isle of Wight ; Tbe Log-House
in Hamburg Harbour ; Cladda Bock by
Moonlight ; Scotch Coast ; Men-of-War in
North Sea.— Muller, 237.
HARDY, FREDERICK DANTEL, born
at Windsor, February, 1826. Genre painter,
relinquished music for painting ; began to
exhibit in Royal Academy in 1851 views of
domestic interiors, which have made him
popular. Exhibits chiefly at Royal Acad-
emy. Works : The Sweep (1862) ; Playing
at Doctor (1863); The Pedlar (1864); Leaky
Roof (1865) ; Threatened Deluge (1866) ;
Broken Window (1869) ; Reading the Will
(1870) ; Housekeepers Alarmed (1871) ;
Looking for Father (1873) ; Stirring News
(1875) ; A Misdeal (1877) ; Prayer for
Those at Sea, Music Party (1879) ; Evening
with Mozart (1881) ; Reading the Spectator
in 1711 (1882) ; In Memoriam (1883); Ves-
pers (1884).
HARDY, HEY WOOD, born in England;
contemporary. Genre painter. Exhibits at
Royal Academy and Grosvenor Gallery.
Works: Christmas Eve (1877) ; Meg Mer-
riliea and tbe Laird of Ellangowan (1879) ;
Sidi Ahmed ben Avuda and the Holy Lion,
Life's Chequered Ways, Lovers' Meeting.
Sleeping Beauty, Little Sisters (1881);
King's Daughter, Slain Enemy (1882); Lion
in Love, New Arrival, General Assembly
(1883) ; Bear Guard, Sale of Cavalry Horses,
Wanderers (1884) ; Boused, Trespassers
(1885).
^abyGoOglC
HABEUX, ERNEST VICTOR, bora in
Paris, Feb. 18, 184-7. Landscape painter,
pupil of Charles Busson, Bin, Trottin, Pe-
lonse, and Levasseur. Medals : 3d class,
1880 ; 2d class, 1885. Works : End of Sep-
tember Pay (1868); Before tbe Rain (1870);
Banks of tbe Seine (1875); Day after Fete
(1878) ; Return from Market, Summer in
Normandy (1879) ; Vegetable Garden,
Trench of Digue-Blanche (1880) ; Moon-
rise after Rain (1881) ; Banks of the Creuze
(1882) ; Storm, Moonrise in November
(1883) ; Twilight in July, November Morn-
ing (1884) ; Bonks of the Creuze, Autumn
Night (1885).— Bellier, L 742.
HARLAMOFF, ALEXIS, bom at Sara-
toft; Russia, in 1849. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of St Petersburg Academy
under Markoff ; won in 1870 first priz de
Borne, continued his studies in Paris under
Bonnat, and spent two years in Holland and
Germany, and one year in Belgium. Mem-
ber of St. Petersburg Academy. Medal, 2d
class, Paris, 1878. Works : Music Lesson ;
Children and Flowers ; Maiden of Mordva ;
Portraits of Turgeneff, M. and Madame Vi-
ardot, Emperor Alexander n., Prince Kots-
chubei, Madame Tretiakoff,
HARLOW, GEORGE HENRY, born in
London, June 10,1787,
died there, Feb. 4,
1819. Portrait paint-
er, pupil of De Cort,
Drnmmond, and Sir
Thomas Lawrence;
first exhibited at Royal
Academy in 1805. In
1818 lie visited Rome; '
was introduced to the .
Pope by Canova, and '
through him made a member of the Acad-
emy of Si Luke. Best known work, Trial
of Queen Catherine, with Eemble portraits.
— Redgrave ; F de Conches, 411.
HARMS, JOHANN OSWALD, bom in
Hamburg in 1642, died at Brunswick in
1708. German school ; landscape and archi-
tecture painter, pupil of EUerbrock in Ham-
burg ; studied in Rome under Salvator Rosa,
whom he imitated successfully. After his
return he lived long in Dresden, where he
painted decorations for the theatre. Works :
Winter Landscape (1675), Schwerin Gallery;
others in Brunswick Museum. His son,
August Friedrich (died at Cassel in 1745),
also painted landscape and architecture,
but with especial skill dead game, of which
excellent specimens are in the galleries of
Brunswick (2) and Copenhagen. In the
cathedral at Brunswick is an Ascension by
him, dated 1728. He also wrote on art. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 611.
HARNETT, WILLIAM M, bora in Phila-
delphia, Pa., in 1851. Still-life painter,
pupil of the National Academy, New York.
Studied in Frankfort and Munich, 1880-84.
Studio in Munich. Works : Social Club
(1879) ; Still Life (1882), T. B. Clarke, New
York ; Fruit, Still Life (1883).
HARPER, ADOLF FRIEDRICH, bom in
Berlin, Oct 17, 1725, died there, June 23,
1806. Landscape painter, son and pupil of
Johann H. (born in Stockholm in 1688, died,
court-painter in Berlin, in 174G), travelled
then for eight years in France and Italy, and
studied especially in Rome under Richard
Wilson. In 1756 he entered the Duke of
Wdrtemberg's service, became court-painter
in 1759, professor at the newlyfounded
Academy in 1761, and afterwards at the
Karlschule. He was rector of the former
in 1771-72, and of the latter in 1785-94,
and from 1784 director of the galleries.
Work: The Garden Theatre at the Villa
Madams, Rome (1760) ; many others in the
Castles of Wflrtemberg. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
x. 617 ; Goethe, Schweizer Reise, L J. 1797 ;
Haakh, Beit rage, 4.
HARFIGNnS, HENRI bom at Valen-
ciennes, July 28, 1819. Landscape painter,
pupil of Achard. Both in oil and water-col-
our this artist stands in the first rank of
living French painters. His water-colours
have the strength and breadth of the Eng-
lish schooL Has exhibited regularly since
1852. Medals : 1866, 1868, and 1869 ; 2d
edbyG00gk
class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1875 ; Officer,
1883. Worka : A Deep Road (1852); View
of Capri (1865); The
Hedge School, A
Panic, Hunting
Craw-Fish (1857);
The Return, A Storm
(1859) ; Edge of the
Woods, Evening on
' the Loire, The Loire
(1861); The Rooks
(1863); The Prom-
enade (1864) ; Rome
from the Palatine Hill (1865) ; View at
Sorrento (1865), Douai Museum; Vesu-
vius (1866) ; Evening on the Campagna
(1866), Luxembourg Museum ; Solitude
(1867); Souvenir of the River Meurthe
(1666), Lille Museum ; Rocky Road (1869) ;
View of Montreal (1870) ; Valley of Egeria
(1870), Opera House ; Ruins of the Castle
of Herisson (1872) ; The Wolfs Jump
(1873), Orleans Museum; do., Luxembourg;
River Aumance, A Benevolent Public (1874);
Oaks of Chateau-Renard, Valley of Au-
mance (1875), Luxembourg ; Meadow in
Bourbonnais (1876) ; Village of Chasteloy
(1877) ; Old Walnut Tree (1878) ; Pavilion
of Flora from the Pont Neuf, Turkeys (1879) ;
Return from Hunting in the Evening (1660) ;
Victim of Winter, the Loing at St. Prive
(1881) ; The Loing, The Loire (1882) ;
Woods of Tremellerie, An Afternoon at Si
Prive (1883) ; Loing at Tremellerie, Moon-
u«
Ytii'/nitJ, if%t-
V
rise (1884) ; The Loire at Briare, Farm of
Cour-Chaillot (1885).— L'Art (1879), xvi.
269, 281 ; Larousse ; Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xxl 406.
HARRACH, FERDINAND VON, Count,
born at Rosnochau, Silesia, in 1832. Land-
scape and historical genre painter, pupil
of Weimar Art School under Ealckreutb,
Bamberg, and Pauwels ; took part in the
campaigns of 1866 and 1870, and spent one
year in Italy. Lives in Berlin ; member of
Berlin Academy since
1873. Works: Cha-
mois Hunters; Henry
the Fowler ; Emperor
Max on the Martin Wall ;
Scotch Fisherman's
, i Family; Chamois Hunt;
Seizure of Luther on
his Return from Worms
(1870), Breslau Muse-
um ; Arran Island ; Spring's Beginning ;
Nocturnal Attack ; Opened Garden Door ;
In the Vineyards of Worth, Outpost on
Mont Valerien, Napoleon's Letter to King
William (1872) ; Skating in Thiergarten,
Moltke before Paris (1876) ; Death of the
Sea-King ; Abraham's Sacrifice (1877) ; An-
nunciation to the Shepherds (1878) ; Peter's
Denial, Breslau Museum ; Alpine Landscape,
Female Portraits (2, 1884).— Mttller, 238 ;
Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 231.
HARRER, HUGO, born at Hirschberg,
Silesia, in 1836, died in Rome, Dec. 8, 1876.
Genre and architecture painter, self-taught
Painted his first pictures in Nuremberg,
then went to Munich, where he was much
influenced by Piloty, and in 1862 to Rome,
where he allied himself closely with Passini.
Returned there after a two years' sojourn in
DOsseldorf. In sunlight effects took Oswald
Achenbach for his model ; was strong in
perspective. View in Olevano (1876), Berne
Museum. — Allgem. d. Biogr., x. 640; Kunst-
Chronik, xii. 287, 478.
HARRD3T, FULGHtON JEAN, born in
Paris (?), died in Rome in 1805. History
painter, pupil of David ; won the grand prix
de Rome in 1793, and first prize in 1800
and 1802. In 1803 be went ^ Rome, and
died there, leaving his Horatius Codes un-
finished. Works : Battle of the Horatii and
Curiatii (1800) ; Androclus and the Lion
(1802) ; Brutus dying on the Battle-Field
(1803) ; Horatius Codes on the Sublician
Bridge (1805).— Seubert, ii 175.
HARRISON, LOWELL BHSGE, born in
edbyGoOgk
Philadelphia, Not. 28, 1854. Genre painter,
pupil in Paris of Carol us Duran, and of the
£cole dea Beaux Arts under Cabanel. Ex-
hibited first in Salon of 1881. Returned to
America in 1882, painted in New Mexico in
1883. Studio in Paris. Works : Waif from
the Sea (1881) ; Return from First Com-
munion (1882) ; November (purchased by
French Government) ; Little Goose-Herd,
Motherless, Summer Idyl, Calling Home the
Cows, Milkmaid, Modern Pompeiian, Friends
or Foes (1884).
HARRISON, THOMAS ALEXANDER,
born in Philadelphia, Jan. 17, 1853. Genre
and landscape painter, brother of Lowell
Birge ; pupil of £cole des Beaux Arts under
Gerome. Exhibited first in Salon of 1881 ;
Honourable Mention, 1885. Gold medal,
S. Francisco, 1878. Studio in Paris. Works:
An Bonis de la Mer, Shipwrecked, Coast of
Brittany (1881) ; Chateaux en Espagne
(1882) ; The Amateurs, Little Slave (1883) ;
Harbour of Concarneau, Pebbly Beach,
Breton Garden, Twilight, The Shipwrecked
of Glenans (1884) ; Sea-shore, The Wave
(1885). Butler Harrison, a younger brother,
has studied in Paris since 1881, with Bou-
langer and Lafebvre. Work, Little Grand-
mother (1884), Philadelphia Academy Ex-
hibition.
HART, JAMES McDOUGAL, born in
Kilmarnock, Scotland,
May 10, 1828. Land-
scape painter; taken to
America in 1831 ; pupil
of his brother, William
Hart, and in 1851 of
Schirmer in Dusseldorf. f
Elected an A.N.A. in / ^
1857, and N.A. in 1859. \
Studio in New York. \
Works : On the Croton,
Launt Thompson ; Landscape and Cattle,
J. BL Sherwood, New York ; Morning in the
Adirondacks, M. O. Roberts Collection, ib. ;
Summer on the Boque t River, Stewart Gal-
lery, ib. ; Summer Memory of Berkshire, E.
D. Morgan Collection, ib. ; Autumn Woods,
Rush C. Hawkins, ib. ; Glimpse of Cayuga
Lake, J. W. Pincliot, ib. ; Adirondacks
(1859), W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Drooe at
the Ford (1874), Corcoran Gallery, Wash-
ington ; Threatening Weather, In the Pas-
ture (1877) ; Midsummers Day (1878) ;
Through Dust Clouds (1879); Farmington
River, At the Brookside (1880) ; Loitering
at Noonday, In our Village (1881) ; Princess
Lily (1882) ; In the Old Orchard, Oaks in
Autumn (1883) ; So Near and Yet so Far,
Boughs for Christmas (1884) ; At the Water-
ing Trough (1885).— Art Journal (1877),
314.
HART, SOLOMON ALEXANDER, born
in Plymouth, April, 1806, died in London,
June 11, 1881. History and portrait paint-
er, apprenticed in London to Samuel War-
ren, engraver ; became student in Royal
Academy in 1823, A.R.A. in 1836, and R A.
in 1840 ; was professor of painting there in
1854-63, and librarian in 1865-81. First
won notice by his Isaac of York in the Castle
of Front de BoBuf. Other works : Interior
of a Jewish Synagogue, National Gallery ;
Henry L receiving News of the Shipwreck
and Death of his Son (1840); Execution of
Lady Jane Grey, Plymouth Gallery ; Co-
lumbus and the Child ; Wolsey and Buck-
ingham ; Dante ; The Hoarder (1881).—
Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Art Journal (1881), 223 ;
Sandby, ii. 166 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix.
457.
HART, W ILLIAM, born in Paisley, Scot-
land, March 31, 1823. Landscape and ani-
mal painter, self-taught ; brother of James
McDougal ; taken to America in early youth.
In 1849 visited Scotland, where he studied
and painted three years. Elected an AN. A.
in 1857, and N.A. in 185a Studio in New
York. Works : Near Keene, Ml Desert, S.
V. Wright ; After the Shower, a J. Harriot ;
Peace and Plenty (1855) ; Close of Day—
Mt. Desert (1856); Lake in the Hills (1858);
White Mountain, E. B. Warren, Philadel-
phia; Joy of Autumn (1865); Golden Hour
(1872); Morning in the Mountains (1874);
Keeae Valley (1876); Jersey Cattle (1879);
edbyGoOgk
HARTMANN
Hillside Pasture (1880); Last Gleam, Cattle
in the Lane, Family Group (1881); Land-
scape and Cattle (1882); Path by the River
(1883) ; Passing Shower, Napanock Meadows,
Group of Cattle (1881).
HARTMANN, CHRISTIAN FERDI-
NAND, born in Stuttgart, July 14, 1774,
died in Dresden, Jan. 6, 1842. History
painter, pupil at the Karlschule under
Hetsch ; went in 1794 to Borne, which he
visited again in 1820-23 and 1828 ; worked
in Stuttgart and Dessau, and lived from
1803 in Dresden, where he became profes-
sor of the Academy in 1810, and director in
1823. Works: Hector's Farewell (1812);
Theseus and (Edipus (1816); The Erl King,
Death snatching from a Mother her Chil-
dren, Stuttgart Gallery ; Rape of Hylas,
Leipsio Museum ; Hector and the Trojan
Women ; Portraits of Matthison, Quandt
(1820), and of himself, the last in the Dres-
den Gallery.— Allgem. d. Riogr., z. 682 ;
Haakli, Beitrage, 15 ; Kogelgen, Jugend-
Erinnerungen, 114, etc; Riegel, 98.
HARTMANN, JOHANN JACOB, born
at Kuttenberg, Bohemia, in 1680, died in
Prague about 1730 (?). Landscape paint-
er, a very clever imitator of Jan Brueghel,
Ant Myron, a follower of Brueghel, being
bis immediate model ; seems to have set-
tled in Prague in 1702. Work, The Four
Elements, Vienna Museum. His son
and pupil, Franz (died in 1730), painted
in the same style, and found ready purchas-
ers for his pictures abroad. — Dlabacz, L
5G8.
HARTMANN, LtTDWIG, bom in Mu-
nich, Oct. 15, 1835. Landscape and ani-
mal painter, pupil of Munich Academy
(1857), and of Wagner-Deines. Works :
Shipping Expedition on the Inn, Horse-
Dealer coming from Market (1863); Peas-
ants working in Field (1866); Potato Har-
vest (1867); Span (1870); Rest in the Field
(1872) ; Camp of Cartmen ; Relay-Horses by
a Hill (1873); Halt before Tavern (1874);
In the Shade.— Mailer, 240.
HARVENG, EARL FfUEDRXCH, born
in Frankfort in 1832. Genre and landscape
painter, pupil of Stadel Institute under
Steinle and Jakob Becker, and from 1854
in Carlaruhe of Schirmer ; went regularly
to the Black Forest for ten years to make
studies, and afterwards visited Tyrol, Switz-
erland, and Southern France. In 1862-66
spent Ms winters in Dusseldorf ; lives now
in Frankfort Works : Heather in Black
Forest ; School Children in Approaching
Storm ; St Peter near Meran, Tyrol ; Pict-
ures in Art Unions of Hamburg, Carlaruhe,
Berlin, and Dresden.— Mailer, 240.
HARVEST WAGON, Thomas Gainsbor-
ough, Lord Tweedmonth; canvas, H, 4 ft
x 4 ft 9 in. Scene in neighbourhood of
Bath ; a harvest wagon passing along a
sequestered spot at evening, the driver stop-
ping his team for a girl to mount ; another
girl seated in wagon ; portraits of two of
Gainsborough's daughters. Painted about
1768 for Mr. Wiltshire ; sold at sale of col-
lection of bis grandson, J. Wiltshire (1867),
to Mr. Davis of Bond Street for £3,097
10s. Sketch, Sir George Beaumont, Bart —
Fulcher, 70, 198.
HARVEY, Sir GEORGE, born at St
Ninians, near Stir-
ling, Feb., 1806,
died in Edinburgh,
Jan. 22, 1876. Sub-
ject and landscape
painter; entered
Trustees' Academy,
,, Edinburgh, in 1823,
was one of origi-
nal associates of
*' the Royal Scottish
Academy in 1826, a member in 1829, and its
president in 1867, when he was knighted.
His subjects were largely drawn from the
wild scenery and stirring history of Scot-
land, where he was very popular. In his
later years he devoted much time to land-
scape painting. Many of his works have
been engraved. Works : Covenanters
Preaching (1830) ; Covenanter's Baptism
(1831); Battle of Drumclog (1836); Hhake-
edbyG00gk
speare before Sir T.Lucy (1837); Covenant
er's Communion (1840); Highland Funeral
(1844); Incident in Life of Napoleon (1843);
Banyan in Bedford Gaol (1838); Mountain
Pool (1867); Glen Falloch (1869); Dismiss-
ing School (1871); Morning on Loch Awe,
The Curlers (1873).— Bedgrave ; Wilmot-
Buxton, 158; Art Journal (1860), 341;
(1858), 73.
HASELTINE, WILLIAM STANLEY,
born in Philadelphia ; contemporary. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Weber in Philadel-
phia ; also studied in Dusseldorf . Lived
and painted for many years in Venice and
Borne. Elected NX in New York in 1861,
but rarely exhibits. Works: Castle Bock
— Nahant, Calm Sea, Indian Bock — Nahant,
John Taylor Johnston Collection, New York ;
Ostia, J. P. Morgan, ib. ; Coast of Capri, M
K. Jesup, ib. ; Sicily, Natural Arch at Capri,
Ruins of Roman Theatre (1876); Coast near
Amain, Fairman Rogers, Philadelphia.
HASENCLEVER, JOHANN PETER,
born at Rem-
scheid, near So-
lingen. May 18,
1810, died in
Dusseldorf, Dec
16, 1863. Genre
and portrait
painter, pupil of
the Dusseldorf
Academy under
Schadow; went
in 1838 to Mu-
nich, and thence, with Prayer, in 1840, to
Italy ; returned to Dusseldorf in 1842, and
became famous through his humourous
genre scenes from German burgher life. He
was a member of the Berlin (1843), Dussel-
dorf, and Amsterdam Academies, and re-
ceived a gold medal at Brussels. Works :
Hieronymus Jobs returning as Student
(1837) ; do. at the Examination (1842),
A Family Quarrel, New Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Tasting Wine, Reading Room (1843),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Jobs as School-
master, Portrait of Painter Preyer (1846),
Tasting Wine (1847), Portrait of Painter
Hilgers (1850), do. of himself, Jobs at the
Examination (1851), do. as Night Watchman
(1852), Ravene Gallery, ib.; Gaming Table
(1844) ; Labourer and Alderman (1849) ;
Division of the Prize (1850) ; First Visit to
School (1852); Tasting Wine (1863), Dus-
seldorf Gallery.— AUgem. d. Biogr., x. 732 ;
Eunstblatt (1864), 2; Faber, vi. 483; Illust.
Zeitg. (1883), L 330; W. Mailer, Dusseldorf
K, 276.
HASENPFLUG, KARL GEORG
ADOLF, born in Berlin, Sept 28, 1802,
died at Halberstadt, April 13, 1858. Archi-
tecture painter, pupil of Karl Gropius and
of Berlin Academy. His first large paint-
ing, exhibited in Berlin and Dresden in
1823, excited much admiration. He re-
turned to Halberstadt in 1826, and after
1837 painted chiefly views of ruined con-
vents and castles half buried in snow.
Works : Cathedral in 15th Century (1823);
St. Severin's Church in Erfurt; Convent
Church in 12th Century, Gothic Cathedral,
Mediaeval Castle (1826-30); Interior of Co-
logne Cathedral (1832); Exterior of Same
(1633); Erfurt Cathedral (1827), Halber-
stadt Cathedral, Views in do. (1828, 1836),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Kloater Halle at
Sunset (1840), FOrstenberg Gallery, Donau-
eschingen ; Cloister in Winter (1840), Kunst
halle, Hamburg; Old Castle Yard (1852),
Schwerin Gallery ; Ruined Chapel, Stet-
tin Museum ; Convents of Wallenried and
Heisterbach. — AUgem. d. Biogr., x. 740 ;
Kunetblatt (1856), 20 ; Raczynski, iii. 221.
HASSELHORST, HEINRICH, born in
Frankfort, April 4, 1826. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil of St&del Institute ; in
1851 and in 1852-57 visited Italy, where he
painted many copies after old masters, and
scenes from Roman life. In 1860 he be-
came professor at the Stadel Institute, and
later joined an expedition to the North Pole,
which gave him subjects for many original
paintings from Arctic life. Works : The
First Child, Portia after Scene in Court
(1851); Roman Barber in Theatre of Mar-
edbyG00gk
HASSLWAKDER
cellus, Roman Wine-Cellar. — Kaulen, 112 ;
Mailer, 241.
HASSLWANDER, JOSEP, bom in Vi-
enna, Aug. 7, 1812, died at Scheibbs, Nether
Austria, Aug. 3, 1878. History painter,
pupil of the Vienna Academy and onB of
the most eminent of modern Austrian ar-
tiste. Works: Genealogical Picture of
House of Austria ; Maria Theresa and the
Hungarians in the .Reichstag in 1711 ; The
2d of September, 1686 ; Allegorical Ship
with Francis Joseph I. at the Helm sur-
rounded by all the Nationalities of the- Em-
pire ; The Lord's Prayer in seven water-col-
ours. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xi. 22 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xvi. 686 ; Nagler, Mon., iiL 166.
HAUBER, JOSEF, born at Geratsried,
Bavaria, in 1766, died in Munich in 1834.
History and portrait painter, pupil of Vi-
enna Academy, then studied in Munich
where he had great success with copies after
Don, Mieris, Rubens and Van Dyck, and
became professor at the Academy in 1800.
There are by him more than fifty altar-pieces
in Munich and Upper Bavaria, Works : Jo-
seph's Bream, Christ as Gardener, Church of
the Holy Ghost, Munich ; Christ on the Cross,
Vision of Ezechiel; Portrait of Abbot Vagler
(1808), Darmstadt Museum.— Nagler, vL 3.
HAUDEBOURT-LESCOT, Mme. HOR-
TENSE VICTOntE, born in Paris, Dec.
14, 1784, died there, Jan. 2, 1845. Genre
painter and lithographer, pupil of Lethiere.
Her pictures for the most part represent
popular life and manners in Italy. Works :
Preaching in Church of St Laurent in Rome
(1810); Game of Warm Hand, Beggar at a
Convent (1812); Kissing the Foot of the
Statue of St Peter (1812); do. (1814), Mont-
pellier Museum ; Incident of the Fair at
Grotta Ferrate, Pifferari before a Madonna,
Confirmation in Church of St Agnes (1814);
Fortune Teller (1817), Montpellier Museum;
A Smuggler, Vow to the Madonna during a
Storm, A Scribe in Rome (1817); Shipwreck
of Virginia, Nuns at Prayer (ordered by
State), Interior of the Cloisters of St Etienne
du Mont, Dealer in Herbs (1819), Miller
with Donkey (1819), Neapolitan Woman
kneeling before Cross, Italian Family Scene,
Montpellier Museum ; Temple of Vesta at
Tivoli, Francis L and Diana of Poitiers
(1819); Old Man and his Children (1819),
Dijon Museum ; Puppet-Shows in Rome,
Dealer in Relics, Sick Mother, Woman sell-
ing Cloth, Prayer at the Stations, The Ac-
count with the Host, The Scolded Maid-Ser-
vant (1822); Scene from Gil Bias, Jew reading
the Bible, Old Clothes Dealer, Village Con-
cert, Artiste sketching Cascades, Blessing
the Halls, II Salterello, The Egg Market
(1824); Portrait of Herself (1825), Louvre ;
Inundation, Little Grape -Stealer, Country
Doctor, Little Smoker (1826); Inundation
Scene, Two Scenes from Gil Bias (1827);
Rural Fete near Rome (1831); Poet and his
Librarian (1835); Duchess of Angouleme
and Marguerite of Valois receiving News of
Battle of Pavia, Death of Marie de Cleves,
wife of Henri I of Conde (1839) ; Pope
Eugene HL receiving Ambassadors of King
of Jerusalem in 1145 (1840); Pictures in
Museums at Versailles, Besancon, Cher-
I n.HouJeiouyi t . Je^aA,
bourg, and Aix. — Ch. Blanc, Eeole fran-
9aise ; Lejenne, Guide, i 438 ; iiL 151 ;
Meyer, Gesck, 160 ; Bellier, L 743.
HAUSCHTLD, MAX, born in Dresden,
Aug. 23, 1809. Architecture painter, has
lived for many years in Rome. Works:
Reception of Expelled Monks at a Monas-
tery (1848), Dresden Gallery; Interior of
St Mark's, Venice, St. Gall Museum ; Noc-
turnal Hours ; Interior of Orvieto Cathe-
dral, Erfurt Cathedral, Grandduke of Olden-
burg ; Interior of Siena Cathedral ; Church
Interior, Assisi. — M tiller, 242.
HAUSCHILD, WILHELM, born at Schle-
gel, Silesia, Nov. 16, 1827. History painter,
pupil of Munich Academy under PhiL
Foltz ; visited Dresden, Berlin, and Paris,
and settled in Munich. Works : Crucifixion,
Maximilian eum, Munich ; Pictures in Greek
^abyGoOglC
HAUSHOFER
Chapel at Baden-Baden. In fresco : Charles
XII. of Sweden, Elector Max Emanuel of
Bavaria before Belgrade ; Battle of Pultusk,
National Museum, Munich. — Hflller, 242.
HAUSHOFER, MAX, born at Nymphen-
burg, near Munich, Sept 20, 1811, died at
Sternberg, Aug. 24, 1866. Landscape
painter, studied from nature ; in 1835 lived
for some time in Rome and Naples, and vis-
ited Sicily ; in 1844 became professor at the
Prague Academy. He was the first artist to
introduce Bohemian forest-views, though he
preferred to paint the Bavarian and Tyro-
leee Alps, and especially the Chietn Lake.
Works : Lake of Agnano (1835), Cassel
Gallery ; The Konigsee near Berchtesgaden,
Frovinzial Museum, Hanover ; Sunday Morn-
ing on Chiem Lake (1839) ; Nun at the
Lake, Sunday Stillness (1842) ; Blockenstein
Lake (1845) ; Outlook from the Arbor, View
of Walnalla (1850) ; Eibsee (1855) ; Walch-
ensee (1856), New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Klonthal Lake (1858) ; Lake Luzerne (1859),
Vienna Museum. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xi. 92;
niustr. Zeitg., July 18, 1863 ; Kunst-Chron-
ik, L 125 ; Raczynski, ii. 336 ; Regnet, L
174 ; Wurzbach, viii. 87.
HAUSMANN, FRIKDRICH KARL,
born in Hanau in 1825, died at Hanau,
March 10, 1886. Genre painter, pupil of
Hanau Academy under Pelissier ; studied
in 1848-51 in Antwerp, and copied old mas-
ters there and in the museums of Holland ;
went in 1851 to Paris to study under Dela-
roche, and afterwards visited Rome. Since
1864 director of Hanau Academy. Works :
Gypsy Girl Resting ; Gypsy Boys ; Priest
absconding with Gretchen's Jewels (1849),
Paris Gamins (1852), Galileo before the
Inquisition (1861), Eunsthalle, Hamburg ;
Praying Canons ; Pilgrimage in the Cam-
pagna ; Cinderella's Sufferings.
HAUSSY, ABSENE DESIRlS D', bom in
Paris, Oct. 17, 1830. Animal painter of re-
markable merit, pupil of Lazerges. Works :
Lost Sheep (1864); Black Cows (1866) ;
Normandy Steer (1867) j Dog Watching
(1868); Pasture near Trouville, Bull-Terrier
(1869) ; White-Frost in Valley of Tourcques,
Breton Cows (1870).
HAVRANEK, FBIEDRICH, bora in
Prague, Jan. 4, 1821. Landscape painter,
pupil of Prague Academy under Anton
Manes, and Christian Ruben ; travelled in.
Poland, Saxony, Tyrol, Styria, Bavaria, and
France. Hi a works, mostly on a small
scale, are remarkable for elaborate detail,
which bos obtained for him the surname of
the landscape Denner. Works : Peasant's
Farm in Moravia ; Forest Path ; Forest
Spring ; Village Street in Bohemia.
HAY HARVEST (Les foins), Bastien-
Lepage, Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H
5 ft 11 in. x 6 ft 4 in. Illustration of a.
poem by Andre Tbeuriet Mid-day in a
hay-field ; in foreground, a woman seated
on the hay, her hands in her lap, looking
with dreamy eyes into the future ; behind
her, a man lying full length on bis back,
with his bat over bis eyes. Salon, 1878. —
Gaz. des B. Arts (1878), xviii. 69.
HAYDON, BENJAMIN ROBERT, bora
at Plymouth, Jan.
26, 1786, died in
London, June 22,
1846. History
painter, pupil of
Royal Academy
in 1805 ; exhibit-
ed in 1809 bis
Dentatus mur-
dered by his own
Soldiers, but dis-
satisfied with the
position assigned it refused to contribute-
any more. After painting portraits in Ply-
mouth, be won a considerable reputation in
1814 by his Judgment of Solomon, which
sold for 700 guineas. In 1820 he produced
Christ's Entry into Jerusalem, the exhibition
of which in London brought him 3,000 guin-
eas; but it procured him no coin missions, and
was finally sold for £240 and sent to Amer-
ica. It is now in Philadelphia. Though in
great pecuniary difficulties and several times
the inmate of a debtor's prison, he still clung
edbyGoOgk
to the belief that he was the great historical
painter of the age, and that his efforts would
in time be appreciated. His Raising of Laza-
rus (14 x 20 ft), now in the National Gallery,
was exhibited with some success is 1823,
and a few years afterwards his Venus appear-
ing to Anchises, Alexander taming Buceph-
alus, and Euclus. By teaching and lecturing
he maintained his family for a time, but
falling into new troubles and overwhelmed
by disappointment at the cold reception
given in 1816 to his Banishment of Aristides,
and Nero watching the Burning of Borne,
he committed suicide. Hay don's Lectures
on Painting were published in 1841-46, and
his Life from Ms autobiography and jour-
nals, edited and compiled by Tom Taylor,
in 1853. Works: Portrait of Himself,
Leigh Hunt, Anti-Slavery Convention, Na-
tional Portrait Gallery ; Punch or May-Day,
Raising of Lazarus, National Gallery ; Cas-
sandra, Stafford House. — Correspondence,
etc., by his son (London, 1876) ; Stoddard,
Life, Letters, etc. (New York, 1876) ; Bed-
grave ; F. de Conches, 119 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole anglaise ; Art Journal (1866), 181.
HAYE, REYNIER DE LA, bom at The
Hague (?), where mentioned as member of
the guild in 1662. Genre, portrait, and
still-life painter, in the manner of Terborch
and Meteu ; removed from The Hague to
Utrecht, where he was received into the
guild in 1669 ; then appears as master of
the guild at Antwerp in 1672. Works :
Lady playing the Lute, Gotha Museum;
Flowers and Fruits, Festoon of Flowers
with Insects, Schwerin Gallery.
HATEZ, FRANCESCO, born in Venice,
Feb. 10, 1791, died in Milan, Feb. 11, 1882.
History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil
of Maggiotto and of Venice Academy under
Cicognara ; studied also in Farsetti Gallery,
then at Milan Academy, where in 1809 he
obtained the prize for Borne, there studied
under Palagi, and then went to Florence
and Venice ; painted afterwards frescos in
the Vatican, Borne, and in Venice Academy;
went to Milan in 1820, and there became
professor at the Academy and the head of
the romantic school. One of the most
prominent among modern Italian painters,
especially noted as a colourist Works :
Compassion of Ezekiel ; Laooodn (1812) ;
Pietro Rossi taking Farewell of his Family
(1820), Brera, Milan ; Sicilian Vespers ;
Count Cannagnola hearing his Death Sen-
tence ; Mary Stuart on her way to the Scaf-
fold ; Filippo Maria Visconti and the Queens
of Aragon and Navarro (1829) ; Imolda de'
Lambertazzi ; Peter the Hermit ; Fugitives
of Parga ; Maria Theresa at Hungarian Diet ;
The Two Foscari, Vienna Museum ; Foscar-
ini refusing the Hand of Valenza Graden-
niga (1833) ; Last Moments of Marino Fa-
liero ; Vittore Pisani called from Prison
to take Command of the Army ; Thirst of
the Crusaders ; Bath of the Nymphs ; Bape
of Ida ; Leda ; Greek Pirates ; The Kiss ;
Battle of Magenta, Portrait of Cavour (1867) ;
Flight of Bianca Capello, National Gallery,
Berlin. — LUlustrazione italiana, 1876 ;
Brockhaus, viii. 932 ; Nagler, vi 18 ; Orloff,
ii. 262.
HAYLS, JOHN, died at Bloomsbury in
1679. Portrait painter, the contemporary
and in some degree the rival of Lely ; was
an excellent copyist of Van Dyck. Works :
Portrait of Samuel Pepys, National Portrait
Gallery ; Portraits of Bedford Family, Wo-
burn Collection. — Redgrave ; Pepys* Diary,
Feb. 15, March 17, 30, April 11, June 14,
1666 ; see also do., Mynor Bright's edition
(1876) under April 13, 1666.
HAYMAN, FBANCIS, born at Exeter in
1708, died in London, Feb. 2, 1776. His-
tory painter, pupil of Robert Brown, a por-
trait and decorative painter (died 1753) ;
employed as scene painter at Drury Lane
and as an illustrator of books. Painted a
series of designs for Vauxhall Gardens,
which won him fame ; became president of
the Society of Artists, and one of the foun-
dation members of the Royal Academy, of
which he was the first librarian in 1770.
Works : Finding of Moses, Foundling Hos-
pital ; Portrait of himself with Sir R Wal-
ked byGoOglC
pole. National Portrait Gallery, London. —
Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 85 ; Sandby, i. 94
HAYON, LEON ALBERT, bom in Paris,
Not. 16, 1810. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Leon Benonville, Picot, and Pils.
Medal, 3d class, 1883. Worts : After the
Harvest, La Cigale (1876) ; Corner in Fau-
bourg, Si Honore (1877) ; The Gleaners
(1879) ; Dindonnette (1880) ; Fowl-Plucker
(1881) ; The Day is Done (1882) ; Return
from Market (1883) ; Mother Madeleine,
Old Age's Staff (1881) ; Birthday (1885).—
Bellier, i 747.
HAYS, WILLIAM JACOB, born in New
York, Aug. 8, 1830, died there in 1875.
Animal painter, pupil in drawing of J. R.
Smith, New York ; went in 1860 to the head-
waters of the Missouri to paint the fauna of
that region ; afterwards visited Nova Scotia
and the northern parts of the United States
to study wild animals in their homes.
Works : Herd of Bisons (1861); The Stam-
pede, Prairie-Dog Village (1862); Bison Bull
at Bay (1865); Bull Moose of Nova Scotia
(1867); Prairie on Fire (1869); Bouquet of
Orchids (1871); Herd of Caribou (1871);
Mule Deer (1872).
HAYTER, Sir GEORGE, born in Lon-
don, Dec. 17, 1792, died there, Jan. 18,
1871. History and portrait painter, son
and pupil of Charles Hayter, portrait paint-
er ; also student of Royal Academy ; won at
British Institution in 1815 a prize of £200
for his prophet Ezra. Went soon after to
Rome, where he studied till 1819, when he
returned to London ; visited Italy again in
1826, returned in 1831 via Paris, where he
painted portraits of many prominent per-
sona In 1816 he was appointed miniature
painter to Princess Charlotte, in 1837 por-
trait painter to Queen Victoria, in 1841 his-
torical painter to Her Majesty, and in 1842
was knighted. Member of Academies of
Rome, Florence, Bologna, Parma, and Ven-
ice. Works : Venus complaining to Mars
(1820) ; Trial of Lord William Russell
(1825), Woburn Abbey; Trial of Queen
Caroline ; Meeting of First Reformed Par-
liament, National Portrait Gallery ; Coro-
nation of Queen Victoria ; Christening of
Prince of Wales, The Queen ; Angels min-
istering to Christ (1849), South Kensington
Museum; Joseph interpreting the Chief
Baker's Dream ; Three Daughters of Ed-
ward Earl of Derby, Knowsley Hall.
HEAD E, MARTIN J., born in Bucks
County, Pa.; contemporary. Landscape
painter; studied two years in Italy, and
sketched in South America. During a visit
to Brazil he received the decoration of Chev-
alier of the Order of the Rose from the Em-
peror. His Brazilian sketches, originally
intended for a book on South American
Humming-Birds, are now owned by Sir
Morton Peto, London. Has lived and paint-
ed in the Western States and in Boston.
Studio in New York. Works : Point Ju-
dith; OfiF the California Coast (1876); South
American Scene, High Tide on the Marshes,
Apple-Blossoms, Hurlbut Collection, Cleve-
land ; Nicaragua, Fairman Rogers, Philadel-
phia ; Sunset — Passamaquoddy Bay (1884).
HEALY, GEORGE PETER ALEXAN-
DER, bom in Boston, Mass., July 15, 1808.
Portrait and history painter, studied in Paris
from 1836; went to Chicago about 1858,
and painted portraits ; revisited Europe in
1869 and resided long in Rome. Exhibits
at Paris Salon and at National Academy,
New York, of which he is an honorary mem-
ber. Studio in Paris, France (1885). Med-
als : Paris, 3d class, 1840 ; 2d class, 1866.
Ideal works: Franklin urging the Claims
of the American Colonies before Louis XVI
(1866); Webster's Reply to Hayne, Faneuil
Hall, Boston. Portraits: Marshal Soult;
M. Guizot ; Pius IX. (1871); Lord Lyons,
Thiers, E. B. Washburne, Princess of Rou-
mania (1876) ; General Grant (1878) ; Web-
ster ; Clay ; Calhoun ; Guyot, Smithsonian
Institute, Washington; Guizot (1841), Presi-
dents John Tyler (2), John Quincy Adams,
Jackson, Van Buren, Taylor, Fillmore, Polk,
Pierce, Buchanan, Lincoln, Corcoran Gal-
lery, Washington ; William H. Seward,
State Library, Albany ; Cardinal McCloakey,
edbyGoOgk
Governor Morgan, Br. C. E. Agnew (18
Dr. Wyman, Miss Horsford, and others
(1885).— Tuckerman, 339.
HEAPHY, THOMAS, bom in London,
Dec 29, 1775, died Nov. 19, 1835. Was
originally a dyer, then an engraver, and
finally devoted himself to water-colour paint-
ing ; in 1800 he exhibited two portraits at
the Royal Academy, and became a student
in the Academy schools. In 1804 his first
subject picture. The Portland Fish-Girl, was
well received, and in 1809 his Hastings Fish
Market brought him reputation. He was
one of the earliest members of the old Water
Colour Society, but left it in 1812 ; and was
one of the founders and the first president
in 1824 of the Society of British Artists, but
withdrew from it in 1829. Visited Italy in
1831, and on his return engaged in the for-
mation of tbe new Water Colour Society, of
which he was one of the first members. He
pain te d miniatu res of many distinguished peo-
ple, and was portrait painter to the Princess
of Wales. His eldest daughter, Miss Heaphy,
exhibited miniatures at the Royal Academy
from 1822 to 1845 ; and another daughter,
Elizabeth Heaphy, from 1838 to 1844.
HEAPHY, THOMAS FRANK, born in
1813, died Aug. 7, 1873. History and por-
trait painter, son and pupil of Thomas
Heaphy ; began as a portrait painter, first
exhibiting at Royal Academy in 1831, but
after 1858 painted chiefly historical pieces.
Member of Society of British Artiste. Works:
Mary Magdalen going to the Sepulchre (1846) ;
InfantPaneducatedby Wood Nymphs (1850) ;
Parting of Catherine and Bianca (1853) ;
Kepler in' Poverty taken for a Fortune-Tel-
ler (1863) j Palissy the Potter taken for a
Coiner (1864) ; Unexpected Inheritance
(1865); Mary Stuart at Tutbury Castle
(1872).
HEARTS ARE TRUMPS, John Everett
Millam, J. H. Seeker, London ; canvas, H.
5 ft 4 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. Three English
ladies (Misses Armstrong) seated at a card
table, playing whist with a dummy. Royal
Academy, 1872 ; painted for Walter Arm-
strong ; at his sale (1876) 1,300 g
Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1878.
HEBERT, (ANTOINE AUGUSTE) ER-
NEST, born at Gren-
oble, Nov. 3, 1817.
Genre painter, pupil
of David d 'Angers
and Paul Delaroche.
Abandoned the law
for painting on ac-
' count of the success
5 of a picture sent to
the Salon, which was
bought by the govern-
ment. Won the grand prix de Rome in
1839. Made repeated visits to Italy. His
style is poetical, but often too sentimental
Medals : 1st class, 1861 and 1855 ; 2d class,
1867 ; L. of Honour, 1853 ; Officer, 1867 ;
Commander, 1874 ; Member of Institute,
1874 ; director of the French School of Art
in Rome from 1866 to 1873, and again in
1885. Works : Tasso in Prison, Cup found
in Benjamin's Sack (1839) ; Two Odalisques,
Copy of the Sibyl Delphica (1840-41);
Oriental Revery, The Siesta, Almeh, Italian
Priest, Morning in the Woods, Peasant of
Guerande making Butter (1847 and 1848) ;
La Malaria. (I860), Kiss of Judas (1853),
Luxembourg ; Crescenza, Fienaroles, Girls
of Alvito (1855), Rosa Nera at the Fountain;
Girls of Ceroaro (1859), Female Portrait,
Luxembourg ; Portrait of Princess Marie
Clotilde, Street in Cervaro (1861) ; Young
Girl at the Well (1863), Empress Eugenie ;
Pasqua Maria (1863), Baroness James de
Rothschild; Black Pearl Type of Italian
Woman (1866); Adam and Eve driven from
Paradise (1867) ; Pastorella, Lavandaia
(1869); Morning and Evening of Life (1870) ;
Popular Italian Muse (1872) ; Madonna de
Dclivrance, Church at Grenoble ; da, Study,
Mrs. Mary J. Morgan's Collection, New
York; Madonna
Addolorata; Wo-
man Knittii
(1873) ; Muse of the Woods (1877) ; The
Sultana (1879) ; Saint Agnes (1881); Little
ffU***^
MbyGooglc
Violinist (1883); Muse (1884); Slave break-
ing his Chains, Artist's Portrait, Grenoble
Museum ; Going to the Well, At the Well,
Returning from the Well, W. T. Walters,
Baltimore. — Bellier, i. 747 ; Larousse ; Port-
folio (1875), 50 ; Journal des B. Arte (1860),
167 ; Meyer, Gesch., 541.
HECK, ROBERT, born in Stuttgart in
1831. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of
Stuttgart Art School under Rustige ; won
first prize in 1855, visited Southern France
and Italy. Works : Itinerant Preacher,
Stuttgart Museum ; Reception of the New
Parson ; Peasants in a City Church ; Return
of the Jjandwohrman ; Iphigenia on the
Shore ; Antigone seeking Polynicoe on the
Battlefield (1879) ; Campo "Vaccino ; Forum
of Nerva ; Neapolitans Praying ; Italian
Woman.— Muller, 245.
HECKE, JAN VAN DEN, born at Quare-
monde, East Flanders, in 1620, died at
Antwerp, Aug. 22, 1684. Flemish school ;
genre, still life, and animal painter, pupil in
Antwerp of Abraham Hack ; master of the
guild in 1642, went to Italy, where he
painted for the Duke of Bracciano, and re-
turned to Antwerp in 1641. Said to be one
of the best artists of bis time. Work : Dead
Game and Hunting Implements watched by
Dogs (1658), Schleissheim Gallery.— Van
den Branden, 1015.
HECKE, NICOLAAS VAN DER, flour-
ished about 1631 in Alkmaar. Dutch
school ; history and landscape painter, pu-
pil of Jan Nagel. A descendant of Martin
Heemskerk. His composition is grand, the
colouring fine, and the chiaroscuro excellent
Works : Death Sentence against the Bailiff
of Zuyt — Holland ; Judgment of Cambyses,
Solomon's Judgment, Town Hall, Alkmaar ;
Tavern Interior (2), Surprisal of Hostile
Camp (?), Dresden Gallery. — Immerzeel, ii.
21 ; Kramm, iii. 651.
HECKEL, AUGUST VON, born at Lands-
hut, Bavaria, in 1824. History and genre;
painter, pupil of Augsburg Art School, then
of Munich Academy under Schoro and Phil-
ipp Foltz ; visited Paris, Belgium, and Italy,
where he remained three years. Works-.
Chactes and Atala ; Mignon ; Margaret at
the Spinning-Wheel ; Emigrants ; After the
Hall-Storm ; Child Found ; Mother at the
Cradle ; Judith with Head of Holofernes ;
Entry of Louis the Bavarian into Rome ;
Entry of Mai Emanuel into Brussels ;
Founding of Bath Kreuth, National Muse-
um, Munich ; Lear casting off Cordelia ;
Daughter of Herodias ; Cawar Octavianus
and Cleopatra ; Morning on Piazza Navona;
Evening in the Forum ; Cobbler ; Villa
Mondragone; Maiden of Albano. — Mailer,
245.
HEDA, W TLLEM CLAASZ, born at Haar-
lem in 1594, died after 1678. Dutch school ;
still-life painter of eminence ; dean of the
guild at Haarlem in 1631 and 1651 ; painted
occasionally also historical subjects. Works :
Dessert (1637), Louvre, Paris ; Breakfast
(1638), Still life, Kunsthalle, Hamburg;
Fruits and Vessels, Provinzial Museum,
Hanover ; Breakfast (1634), do. (1635), Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; da, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; do., Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ;
do., Darmstadt Museum ; da (2), Carlsruhe
Gallery ; da (3, two dated 1646, 1649),
Schwerin Gallery ; da (1678), Gotha Muse-
um.— Bode, Studien, 223, 230 ; Burger,
Musees, ii 320 ; Immerzeel, ii. 22 ; Kramm,
iii. 651 ; Nagler, Mon., ii. 135 ; Van der
Willige n, 156.
HEDOTJTN, EDMOND, born at Bou-
logne-sur-Mer, July 16, 1820. Genre and
landscape painter, pupil of Paul Delaroche
and Celeatin Nanteuil. Attracted attention
by his first picture in the Salon (1844), and
followed up his success with many ably
treated scenes of French and Spanish peas-
ant life. His later years have been more
especially devoted to engraving. Medals:
2d class, 1848 ; 3d class, 1855, 1857 ; L. of
Honour, 1872. Medal for engraving, 1868;
1st class, 1872. Works : Woodsmen of the
Pyrenees (1844); The Halt (1846); Souve-
nirs of Spain (1847); Arab Mill at Consten-
. tine, The Negro Restaurant (1848); Women
{of Ossan at a Fountain (1850) ; Evening
edbyGoOgk
among the Arabs (1852) ; House in Cham-
baudoin ; The Pit-Sawyer (1855) ; Hunting,
Fishing, The Gleaners (1857), Luxembourg
Museum ; A Sower at Chambaudoin, A
Swineherd (1859); Spanish Porters (1861);
The Sheep-Market at St.-Jean-de-Luz (1863),
Valenciennes Museum ; Sardine Women of
Fontarabia, Allee des Tuileries (1865) ;
Hunting, Fishing (1866) ; Restaurant in
Constantino (1868) ; Door of a Mosque in
Constantino, Street of Fontarabia (1870) ;
Woman of St-Jean-de-Luz going to a Fu-
neral (1872) ; Spring-Time, Corner of a
Park in the Month of May (1873) ; Interior
of a Courtyard in Con a tad tine (1874); Swine
Market at St.-Jean-de-Luz (1875); Coun-
try Woman (1876); Arabs in a Tent (1879).
Decorative paintings in Galerie des fetes,
Palais royal (1661), and Theatre fran-
cais. — Bellier, i. 749 ; Du Camp, B. Arte,
170 ; Meyer, Gesch., 636 ; Vapereau (1880),
920.
HEEM, CORNELIS DE, born at Leyden
(baptized ?), April 8, 1631, died in Antwerp,
buried May 17, 1695. Dutch school ; still-
life painter, son and pupil of Jan Davidsz de
He.em, whom be followed to Antwerp about
1635, and there became master of the guild
in 1660 ; worked also at The Hague, where
he is mentioned in documents in 1676 and
1678. There is little doubt that many of
his works pass under the name of his fa-
mous progenitor. Works: Fruit-piece (1671),
Brussels Museum ; do., Th. van Lerius,
Antwerp ; do., Hague Museum ; do., Rot-
terdam Museum ; Grapes (1659), Bouquet,
Carlsruhe Gallery; Fruits with Vessels,
Musical Instruments and Globe, Cassel Gal-
lery ; Cupboard, Gotha Museum ; Fruit-
piece, Oldenburg Gallery; do., Cassel Gal-
lery ; do., Berlin Museum ; do., Scbleissheim
Gallery ; do., Leipsic Museum ; do., Weimar
Museum ; do. (2), Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Flowers around Bumper, Fruits anil Oyster,
do. and Glass, Fruits and Lobster, Dresden
Gallery ; Fruits and Oysters on Silver Tray,
Museum, Vienna ; others in Liechtenstein
and Czernin Galleries, ib. ; Fruit-piece,
Fruits and Flowers (2), Schwerin Gallery ;
Flower-pieces (2), Stockholm Museum. —
Kramm, iii. 651 ; Booses (Reber), 432; Van
den Branden, 870 ; Van Lerius, 249.
HEEM, DAVLD DE, the elder, born at
Utrecht in 1570 (?), died at Antwerp (?) in
1632 (?). Dutch school ; still-life painter of
distinction, of whose life nothing is known,
and some of whose works are possibly attrib-
uted in public galleries to his famous son,
Jan. As, however, there were besides him
three other painters called David de Heem,
namely, his son, David the younger, master
of the guild at Utrecht in 1668, and to
whom is ascribed a Fruit-piece in the Am-
sterdam Museum ; David HI (born in 1628),
son of Jan Davidsz*; and David IV. (1663-
1718), son of Cornells, it is difficult to de-
termine to which of these the following
works should be assigned : Fruits with
Oysters and Wineglass (David the elder?),
Brunswick Museum ; Fruits on Table, small
picture with cavern, Flower-piece, Uffizi,
Florence. — Kramm, iii. 652 ; Riegel, Bei-
tr&ge, ii. 439 ; Van Lerius, i 213, 217.
HEEM, JAN DAVDDSZ DE, born at
Utrecht, prob-
ably in 1600,
died in Ant-
werp, between
Oct. 14, 1683,
and April 26,
1684 Dutch
school ; fruit
' and flower
^-painter, son
and pupil of
David the elder. He first developed the
art of fruit painting ; works distinguished
for admirable taste of arrangement, excel-
lent drawing, fine feeling for nature, and a
depth and richness of colouring sometimes
approaching Rembrandt. Works : Fruit-
ed byGoOgk
HEEMSKEKCK
pieces (2), Madrid Museum ; do., Louvre ;
Fruit and Flowers with Insects, Amster-
dam Museum ; Still life, Rotterdam Muse-
um ; Table with Fruits, etc, Festoon of
Fruits and Flowers, Hague Museum; Fruit-
piece (1653), Haarlem Museum ; Garland
around Allegory by Lambrechts (1668)
Bouquet, Yamtas, Brussels Museum; Flow-
ers and Insects, Antwerp Museum ; Festoon
of Fruits, Berne Museum ; da of Fruits
and Flowers, Breakfast, Fruit-pieces (3),
Carlsmhe Gallery ; Still Life Fruit-pieces
(2), CasBel Gallery ; Festoon of Flowers with
Insects, Darmstadt Museum ; Fruit-pieces
(2), Bumper on Covered Table, Lemons on
Plate, Watch (1628), Gotba Museum; Fruit-
piece, Kunsthalle, Hamburg; do., Olden-
burg Gallery ; do., Copenhagen Gallery;
do., Wiesbaden Gallery ; Fruit-pieces (6),
Flower-pieces (6), Dresden Gallery ; Fruit-
and Flower-pieces (4, two dated 1660, 1651),
Berlin Museum ; Fruit-piece (1653), do. (2),
Bouquet by Crucifix, Skull, etc, Old Pina-
kothek, Munich ; The Host with Symbolical
Fruits (1648), two others, Museum, Vienna;
Six in Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Flower-
piece, Fruit-piece, Innsbruck Museum ; Des-
sert (?), Breakfast Table (2), Festoon of
Fruits and Flowers, Schwerin Gallery; Still
Life, Cologne Museum ; do., Stockholm
Museum ; Fruits and Vegetables (1665),
Breakfast (1660), Flower-piece, Hermitage,
St Petersburg ; Breakfast, Winter Palace,
ib. ; Fruit-piece, Leuchtenberg Gallery, ib.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., xL 232; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole bollandaise, i. ; Bode, Studien, 229 ;
ImmerzeeL ii. 23 ; Kramm, iii. 653 ; Kngler
(Crowe), ii 515 ; RiegeL, Beitrage, ii. 439 ;
Booses (Rebel-), 431-; Van den Branden,
866; Van Lerius, i. 213, 219.
HEEMSKERCK (Heemskeerck), B., flour-
ished about 1730. Flemish school ; animal
and landscape painter, in the manner of
Simon van Dow and Peeter van Bloemen.
Works : Herd and Herdsman, da and
Woman (1730), Landscapes with Cattle (2),
Schwerin Gallery. — Schlie, 246.
HEEMSKERK, EGBERT VAN, the
elder, born in Haarlem in 1610, died in
1680. Dutch school; genre painter, chiefly
of tavern interiors, with boors regaling or
quarrelling, in the manner of Teniers and
Brouwer. Works : Tavern Interior (2),
Louvre, Paris ; do. (1), Hermitage, St
Petersburg ; do., Carlsruhe Gallery ; do.
(2), Peasant and Broker, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; Old Man, Old Woman, Urfizi, Flor-
ence. — ImmerzeeL ii. 24.
HEEMSKERK, EGBERT VAN, the
younger, born in Haarlem in 1645, died in
London in 1704. Dutch school ; genre
painter, son of Egbert the elder, pupil of
Pieter de Grebber, but adopted the style of
bis father ; settled early in London, where
bis works were greatly valued; painted noc-
turnal gatherings of witches, devils, and
ghosts, also rustic amusements, in which he
often introduced his own portrait Works;
Interior, Louvre ; Peasants Dancing, da
Singing, Basle Museum ; Temptation of St
Anthony, Cassel Gallery ; Interior of Dutch
Kitchen, Darmstadt Museum ; Capuchins
Praying and Singing, Oldenburg Gallery ;
Riding School Dance in a Tavern, Copen-
hagen Gallery ; Beggars' Meal, Don Quixote
and Sancho Panza, Stadel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; Card-Players, Men Smoking and Play-
ing Violin, Uffki, Florence ; Interior, do. of
Dutch Tavern, Historical Society, New
York. — Immerzeel, ii 24 ; Kramm, iii. 655.
HEEMSKERK, MARTEN VAN, born at
Heemskerk in 1498, died in Haarlem, Oct
1, 1574 Dutch school Real name Marten
van Veen. History painter, pupil at Haar-
lem of Cornells WUlemsz and at Delft of
Jan Lucasz, then at Haarlem of Jan Scho-
edbyGOOgk
reel, in whose manner he painted there until
1531, when he went to Italy and became an
imitator of Michelan-
gelo. His drawing is
bold and energetic, but
his compositions are of-
ten bizarre. Works :
St. Luke painting the
\ Virgin (1532), Nativity,
| Brazen Serpent, Holy
Family (1551), Ecce
Homo (1559), Belshaz-
zar*s Feast (1568), Christ
crowned with Thorns, Haarlem Museum ;
Adoration of the Shepherds, Adoration of
the Magi (1646), Hague Museum ; Entomb-
ment (1559), Brussels Museum ; Momus
with Minerva, Vulcan and Neptune (1561),
Portrait of Young Girl, Berlin Museum; Bap-
tism of Christ (1563), Brunswick Museum ;
do., and Rebekah at the Well, Cassel Gallery;
Besurrection, Copenhagen Gallery; The Vir-
gin in Grief, Dresden Gallery; Venus, Cupid
and the Cyclops (1536), Nostitz Gallery,
Prague ; St. John preaching in the Desert,
Triumph of Silenus, Bacchanal, Vienna
Museum ; Triptych with Crucifixion, Her-
mitage, St Petersburg ; St Paul at Athens,
Historical Society, New York. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., ii. 235 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise;
Imnierzeel, ii. 23 ; Jahrb. d. kottgl. preuss.
Kunstsammlung, v. 327 ; Kramm, iii. 655 ;
Michiels, v. 185 ; Riegel, ii. 150 ; Van der
WUligen, 157, 349.
HEFJIE, LUCAS DE, born in Ghent
about 1534, died in 1584. Flemish school
history and portrait painter, son and pupil
of the sculptor and architect Jan de Heere,
and the miniature painter Anna Smyters ;
one of the best scholars of Frans Floris,
whom he assisted much in his glass-paint-
ings and drawings for tapestry. Resided for
some time in France as designer of tapestries ;
later painted portraits and Scripture pieces.
Was a poet and an antiquary. Works : Sol-
omon and the Queen of Sheba, View of St
Baron's Abbey and City of Ghent, St. Ba-
von's Church, Ghent; Portrait of Lord Darn-
ley, Allegorical Portrait of Queen Elizabeth,
Hampton Court ; Wise and Foolish Virgins
(1570), Copenhagen Gallery; Landscape,
Brunswick Gallery ; Portrait of Queen Mary,
Stoke Park ; Portrait of Eleanor Brandon,
Wentworth Castle.— Schnaase, viii 107 ;
Waagen, ii. 361, 421 ; iii 342 ; Immerzeel,
ii 25 ; Kramm, iii. 659 ; Michiels, vi 51.
HEEBSCHOP, HENDRDI, born at Haar-
lem in 1627, died after 1672. Genre painter
in the manner of Dou, pupil of Willem Claasz
Heda, then (1643 or 1644) of Rembrandt ;
master of the guild at Haarlem in 1648.
Works : Portrait of a Moor (1659), Berlin
Museum ; Soldier and Woman at Cards,
Cassel Gallery ; Architecture Painter's Stu-
dio (1672), Schwerin Gallery.
HEGER, HEINRICH, born at Haders-
leben, Schleswig, in 1832. Architecture
painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy; trav-
elled in Germany, and made architectural
studies especially in Nuremberg and Maul-
bronn ; lived in Munich until 1863, in Co-
penhagen till 1865, then in Kiel until 1875,
when he settled in Munich. In 1869 he
visited the Netherlands, in 1872 the Ger-
man cities, and in 1874 Venice. Works :
Oratory in Castle Gottorp, Kiel Gallery ;
View in Sebaldus Church, Nuremberg ; In-
terior of Ulm Cathedral ; Hall in Burgo-
master's House, Ltlbeck Gallery ; Sacristy
of San Marco, Dantzic Gallery ; Council-
Chamber in Dantzic ; do. in Luneburg,
Bruges, and Ltlbeck ; Emperors' Hall in
Goslar, Senate-Chamber in Venice. — Muller,
246.
HFJDECK, KARL WTLHELM VON,
Baron, called Heidegger, born at Saaralben,
Lorraine, Dec. 6, 1788, died in Munich, Feb.
21, 1861. Military genre and landscape
edbyGoOgk
HEIDELOFF
painter, engraver, and lithographer. Stud-
ied at the Zurich Art School under Meyer,
Huber, and Konrad Gessner, then from
1799 in Zweibrucken, and in 1801 in Mu-
nich under Quaglio and Hanenstein. In
1805 he entered the Bavarian army and
fought against Napoleon in Spain, Germany,
and France ; in 1816-25 he painted in Salz-
burg and Munich ; in 1828 was commander
in Nauplia, Greece, and military governor
of Argoa ; in 1829-33 painted in Munich,
and in latter year went again to Greece and
reorganized the army. On his return he
was made baron, lieutenant-general, and
chief of a department in the ministry of
war. Hia pictures of wars in Spain and
Greece are historically interesting, and to-
gether with his landscapes and genre pieces
artistically meritorious. Works : Bavarian
Tree-Fellers (1823), Pallicares near Corinth
<1829), National Gallery, Berlin ; Camp of
the Pbilhellenes before Athens, Carlsruhe
Gallery ; Donkey Drivers in Italian Osteria
(1830), Eunsthalle, Hamburg; Scene in
Spanish Guerilla War in 1809 (1824), Leip-
sic Museum ; Views in Greece and Spain
(6), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Angora Gate
at Athens (1838), Konigsberg Museum ; oth-
ers in Schleisaheim and Stuttgart Galleries ;
and many in the possession of the royal
family of Bavaria. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xL
295 ; Cotta's Kunstbl. (1835), 15 ; Nagler,
Mon., ii 303 ; Raczynski, ii. 387.
HEIDELOFF, VICTOR PETER, born in
Stuttgart in 1757, died there in 1816. Ger-
man school i history and genre painter, pu-
pil of Stuttgart Academy under Guibal,
Harper, and Scotti ; became court-painter
in 1780, visited Italy in 1782-86, and was
professor at the Stuttgart Academy in 1790-
93. Works : Four Seasons, Exit from The-
atre, Royal Palace, Stuttgart ; Two Ceiling
Paintings, Stuttgart Academy ; Altarpiece,
Bottweil. His son and pupil. Earl Alexan-
der (born in Stuttgart, Feb. 2, 1788, died
at Hassfurt, Sept 28, 1865), more noted as
an architect, painted Emperor Maximil-
ian at the Grave of Duke Eberhard, in the
Royal Palace at Stuttgart ; and Knight
Toggenburg, in the collection of Count
Fries, ib. — Wagner, Gesch. d. Karlsschnle,
i. 462.
HETDENREICH, GUSTAV, bom in Ber-
lin in 1819, died there in 1856. History
painter, pupil in Breslau of A F. Konig
and in Berlin of Wach. Works : Hertha
and Odin, The Nonue, Play of the Nixies,
Combat of Giants, New Museum, Berlin ;
Material and Mental Development of Greece,
Old Museum, ib.— Kunstbl. (1856), 3.
HEIGEL, FRANZ NAPOLEON, born in
Paris, May 15, 1813. Portrait and genre
painter, son of Josef, pupil of Munich Acad-
emy, then studied in Paris; visited Italy
repeatedly in 1830-46, also Belgium and
France, and became court-painter in Mu-
nich. Bavarian medal for Art and Science ;
Member of Societe beige des Aquarellistes.
Works : Portraits of Royal Family of Ba-
varia ; National Costume Pictures ; Genre
Scenes.— Mailer, 246.
HELTDE, JAN VAN DEB. See Hey-
den.
TTETT,, DANIEL VAN, born at Brussels
in 1604, died in 1662. Flemish school;
landscape painter, master unknown ; after
having acquired considerable reputation, he
abandoned his former subjects for confla-
grations, which he represented with unusual
effect Works: Conflagration, Lille Museum;
Winter Landscape, Hermitage, St Peters-
burg. Leonard van Heil, his brother (born
in Brussels in 1605), painted architecture,
flowers, and insects ; and Jan Baptist van
Heil, a younger brother (born in Brussels
in 1609), was a history and portrait painter.
He was living in 1661.
HEILBUTH, FERDINAND, born in
Hamburg, naturalized in France ; contem-
porary. Genre painter. At first merely a
skilful painter of costumes, he developed at
Rome his peculiar talent for treating life
and manners with that fine sense of hu-
mour and insight into character which
has won him a wide reputation. Medals :
2d class, 1857, 1859, and 1861; L. of
d by Google
Honour, 1861 ; Officer, 1881. Works
Titian the Younger with his Lady Love
(1857), Bavene Gallery, Berlin ; Luca Signo-
relli by the Dead Body of his Son (1859),
Orphans, Watteau and his Sweetheart, Male
Portrait, Eunsthalle, Hamburg ; Absolution
in St Peter's ; The Mont-de-Piete (1861),
Luxembourg Museum ; On Monte Pincio,
Corcoran Oallery, Washington ; In His
Eminence's Waiting Boom ; Cardinal enter-
ing bis Carriage ; Spring-time ; On the
River-side, In the Fields, William Astor,
New York; The Seine; Fine Weather
(1881); IdlerB in Anteroom of the Vatican
(1882); Promenade (1884); Lawn-tennis,
Presentation (1885). — Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xvii. 443 ; Quarterly Rev., i. 253.
HFJLMAYER, KARL, born in Munich,
March 5, 1829, Landscape painter, son of
the portrait and landscape painter Emil E,
pupil of Munich Academy ; travelled exten-
sively in Germany, Italy, and France. Works :
Foggy Morning on Lake Sternberg ; Moon-
light Night in Normandy ; The Lido in
Venice ; View on Via Appia near Borne ;
Smugglers crossing Mountain, New Pinako-
thek, Munich.— Mtlller, 246.
HKTM, FRANCOIS JOSEPH, born at
Belfort, Jan. 15, 1787, died in Paris, Oct.
20, 1865. History painter, pupil of Vin-
cent, won grand prix in 1807, and lived in
Borne about six years. With the rise of
the romantic school be lost his popularity,
and was called by the critics the fossil of
the Academy, but his merits were again
recognized at the Salon of 1855. Medals :
1st class, 1812 ; Member of Institute, 1829 ;
Professor, 1831 ; L. of Honour, 1825 ; Offi-
cer, 1855 ; grand medal of honour, 1855.
Works : Arrival of Jacob in Mesopotamia
(1812), Bordeaux Museum ; Ptolenueus
Philopator(1817), Amiens Museum; Joseph's
Coat brought to Jacob (1817), Lyons Mu-
seum ; Raising of Lazarus, Titus pardoning
Conspirators ; Martyrdom of Si Cyr and
of St Juliet (1819), St Gervais, Paris;
Martyrdom of St Hippolytus, Notre Dame,
Paris ; Rescue of King of Spain ; Capture
of Temple of Jerusalem (1822) ; St Hya-
cinth reviving a Drowned Person (1827),
Notre Dame, Paris ; Charles X. distributing
Rewards to Artists at Exhibition of 1824
(1827), Louvre ; Andrieux reading in the
Lobby of the Comedie-francaise (1847); De-
fence of Burgos, Louis Philippe receiving
the Deputies come to offer him the Crown
(1834), do. receiving the Chamber of Peers,
Champ da Mai of 1815, Battle of Rocray,
Portraits of Marquis de Chamilly, Due do
la Ferte, Comte d'Estrades, Marquis de
Bournonrille, Versailles Museum ; Vesuvius
receiving Heavenly Fire from Jupiter, The
Revival of the Arts, ceilings in Louvre ;
Charlemagne causing his Capitularies to be
read, Louis the Fat freeing the Towns, St
Louis causing the Publication of liis Ordi-
nances, Louis XII organizing the Chamber
of Accounts, Defeat of the Cimbri and Teu-
tons (1863), Palais Bourbon ; Victory of Ju-
das Maccabseus (1855); Subject from His-
tory of the Jews (1824).— Bellier, i. 751 ;
Larousae ; Gaz. des. B. Arts (1867), xxii.
40 ; Meyer, Gesch., 167.
HEIMERDINGER, FRIEDRICH, bom
in Altona, Jan. 10, 1817, died in Hamburg,
Oct, 1883. Animal and still-life painter,
pupil of Dasseldorf Academy under Theodor
Hildebrandt ; continued his studies in Mu-
nich, whence he visited Switzerland. He
afterwards founded a preparatory school for
artists in Hamburg. Works : Foxes con*
testing Booty (1848), Eunsthalle, Hamburg;
Scene from Elf Life (1860) ; Lurking Fox
(1861); Nut-Cracker(1871); Plover (1875);
Rabbit and Frog ; Fen-Duck ; Fruit-Seller.
— Eunst-Chronik, xviii. 9 j Mailer, 247.
HEINE, WILHELM, born in Dasseldorf,
April 18, 1813, died June 29, 1839. Genre
painter, pupil of Dasseldorf Academy, and
an artist of great promise at the time of his
premature death. Works : Poachers, Smug-
gler (1834) ; Tramp (1835); Peasant Cot-
tage (1836) ; Criminals at Church (1837),
Leipsic Museum ; replica (1838), National
Gallery, Berlin.— W. Muller, Dusseldorf E,
edbyG00gk
HEraEFETTER
HEINEFETTER, JOHANN, born in
Moiitz in 181$. Battle and landscape
..painter, pupil in Munich of D. Monten ;
travelled in France, Italy, Switzerland, and
the Tyrol Works ; Tavern Scenes and
Skirmishes ; Frescos in Trinklialle, Baden-
Baden ; Pictures in the Kursaal, Cemetery
Chapel, and several Villas, ib.
HELNEL, JOHANN PHTT.TP P, bom at
Baireuth, Oct 21, 1800, died in Munich,
July 29, 1843. Genre and landscape painter,
pupil of tike Munich Academy in 1820-26
under Robert von Langer ; painted at first
historical subjects, then portraits, and finally
genre scenes in the Bavarian Alps and land-
scapes. Works : Achilles (1823) ; Ossian
and Malvina (1826) ; Group of Bavarian
Peasant Girls (1829); Landscape after Storm
(1830) ; Tyrolese Landscape (1832); Priest's
Visit, On Lake Sternberg, The Watzmann,
8cene on a Tyrolese Alp, Poacher watching
for his Persecutors, Height with Chamois
(1831) ; Tyrolese Family, Young Tyrolese
with his Sweetheart, The Bride, Family
Scene, Girl playing Zither, Rocky Land-
scape, Bavarian Mountain Lake, Glacier
(1835) ; Bagpiper (1836) ; Mountain Land-
scape with Lake, Tyrolese playing to a Girl,
Two Bavarian Peasant Girls (1837) ; Adora-
tion of the Shepherds (1838) ; Shepherdess
(1840).— Allgem. d. Biogr., xi. 366 ; An-
dreaen, L 164 ; Cotta's KunstbL (1836), 87.
TTTCTNT iEIN, HEINRICH, born at Weil-
burg, Nassau, Dec 3, 1803, died in Munich,
Dec. 8, 1885. Landscape painter, first in-
structed by his mother, a painter in pastel,
studied architecture at Munich and drawing
at Mannheim Academy ; visited Switzer-
land and Italy, and settled in Munich in
1829, and in 1830 had obtained reputation
as one of the best German landscape paint-
ers. Honorary member of the Munich
(1846) and Vienna Academies ; Order of St
Michael, 1862. Works : Ravine ; Poachers
attacked in their Camp (1823) ; Mountain
Lake in a Storm ; Alpine Valley with a Fu-
neral (1825) ; Waldesstille ; KlOaterl am
Wachensee ; Upper Gosan Lake ; Windau-
' thai ; Wilderness in Salvaretta Mountains ;
Engadine Valley ; Ruins of Juvarium; View
in South Tyrol, New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Landscape with Castle TyroL Carlsnihe
Gallery; View in Grisons (1839), Leipsic
Museum ; others in Stuttgart, Hanover,
Brunswick, Mentz, and Prague Galleries. —
Dioskuren (1860), 193, 204 ; KunstrChronik,
xxL 219 ; Die Kunst fur Alle, i 100 ; Mai-
ler, 247 ; Raczynski, ii. 338, 402.
HEINRICH OF DUDERSTADT, monk,
German school, early part of 15th century.
His large altarpiece (1424), now in the li-
brary at Gottingen, representing the Twelve
Apostles, the Crucifixion, and eighteen small
Passion-Scenes, show that he was influenced
by the school of Cologne. — Kugler, Gesch.
d. Malerei, L 257 ; Schnaaae, vL 479.
HETNTSCH, JOHANN GEORG, born in
Silesia about middle of 17th century, died
in Prague in 1713. German school ; Lived
in Prague from 1678, married in 1704, and
took the freedom of the city. Quirin Jahn,
his contemporary, Bays that he belonged to
a monastic fraternity. In his later works
he was influenced by Carl Scrota, who died
(1674) a few years before Heintsch's arrival
in Prague. Works in Prague : Altarpiece,
Jesuit Church ; Madonna (1696), Karlshofer
Stiftskirche ; Altarpiece, St Henry's j Side
Altar-pieces, St Catherine's ; Holy Family,
Minorites Church ; Transportation of St
Wenceslaus' Body to Prague in 940 (1692),
TeinMrche ; several pictures in chapels and
cloister of the Kreuzherren-Stift ; Christ in
the Temple, St Joseph, St Clemens adoring
the Virgin, St Ignatius and Trinity, Mar-
tyrdom of St Vitus, St Francis Xavier bap-
tizing Moorish Prince, Four Elements, Bust
Portrait of Praying Woman, St Norbert
St Aloysius, Flight to Egypt — Allgem. d.
Biogr., xi. 660 ; Kugler (Crowe), 528.
HEINZ, JOSEPH, the elder, born in
Berne in 1565, died in Prague, Oct 15,
1609. German school; history painter,
called by Van Mander a pupil of Johann van
Achen, which seems doubtful, as the latter
went to Venice in 1574 Heinz went to
edbyG00gk
Prague, studied at the Academy, and in
1590-94 was employed by Rudolph IL, who
made him court-
painter and sent
himtoltaly. There
he remained four
years, a tudying es-
pecially Paul Ver-
onese, but after his
return was strong-
ly influenced by
Johann van Ac hen,
Spranger, and Vel-
vet Brueghel, his contemporaries at the im-
perial court Works : Rape of Proserpine,
Dresden Gallery ; Leda, Artemisia with the
Ashes of Mausolus, Augsburg Gallery ; Sa-
tyrs and Nymphs (1599), Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; Herodias, Venus
Asleep, Venus and Adonis,
da and Nymphs (1609),
Crucifixion (2), Diana and
Acteeon, Portrait of Ru-
dolph IL (1594), Vienna
Museum; Portrait of Him-
self, his Brother and Sis-
ter (1596),
, Berne Muse-
Cruci-
on (?),
Schwerin Gallery. — All-
gem. d. Biogr., xi. 663 ;
Fuessli, L 61 ; Eugler
(Crowe), i. 271.
HEINZ, JOSEPH, the
younger, born about 1590,
died in 1655. German
school ; son and pupil of
Joseph the elder ; after-
wards studied with his stepfather Gonde-
lach in Augsburg. Fond of painting sor-
cerers and witches. Went to Italy, and
lived mostly in Venice, where he painted
altarpieces. Urban V11L made him knight
of the Golden Spur. Works : Two Marys
at Christ's Grave (1655), All Saints' ChapeL
Venice ; Diana Bathing, Venice Academy. —
AUgem. d. Biogr., xi 664.
HEISS, JOHANN, born at Memmingen,
Bavaria, in 1640, died at Augsburg In 1704.
History and landscape painter, pupil of
HeinrichSchOnfeldandof Sichelbein. There
ore many altarpieces by him in the churches
of Augsburg, Ratisbon, and Neustadt.
Works : Sctpio granting Liberty to Allucius
(1679), Death of Dido, Neptune and Ve-
nus, Hall with Antiques, Hall with Female
Models, Brunswick Museum ; The Seasons
personified, Wiesbaden Gallery ; Exodus of
the Israelites (1677), Dresden Museum.
HELEN, ancient pictures. See Eumelvs,
Zeuxiz.
HELEN, RAPE OF, Benozzo Gozzoli,
National Gallery, London ; wood, octagon,
tempera, H.1 ft.7in.x2 ft The wife of
Menelaus carried oft to a ship by Paris and
his companions. Panel probably formed
the cover of a cassettone or box for wed-
ding gifts.— Nat GaL Cat
By Guido Reni, Louvre ; canvas, H. 8 ft
3 in. x 8 ft 7 in. Paris, preceded by Cupid
and giving his hand to Helen, leads her to
the ship in which his companions are about
to embark ; three women follow Helen,
bearing jewels and a dog ; in front, a little
edbyGoOgk
negro with an ape and a dog. This picture,
celebrated in its time in verse and prose, was
painted for the King of Spain ; but he find-
ing the price too high, Guido sold it to M de
Lft Forcade for Maria de' M6dici ; the queen
being obliged to leave Paris, M. Forcade
Bold it to Louis Phelipeaux, Seigneur de La
Villiere, from whom it passed through sev-
eral other hands to the Musee Napoleon.
Engraved by Deaplaces. — Landon, Musee,
xLPL50.
HELENA, painter, daughter of Timon of
Egypt, 4th century b.c. The mosaic of the
Battle of Issus, at Naples, is perhaps a re-
production of her only recorded work. —
Ptolera. Hephaest. in PhoL BibL, p. 462
(ed. Hoeschel).
HELENA, ST., VISION OF, Paolo Vero-
nese, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H.
6 ft 5 in. x 3 ft. 9 in. The Saint, in sleep
or revery, reclines on a marble window-seat,
resting her head upon her right hand ;
through the open window are seen two
cherubim bearing a cross. The design ap-
pears to be after an engraving by Marc An-
tonio, supposed to be after a drawing by
Raphael Etched by E W. Sherborn in
Art Journal (1884), 267.— Nat Gal Cat ;
Barteoh, xiv. 443 ; Bichter, 74.
By Paolo Veronese, Vatican, Borne. Seat-
ed, asleep, wearing the imperial crown, and
clad in a rich brocaded Venetian costume,
her head resting upon her left hand ; at
right; a little angel standing holds a Greek
cross. Acquired from Galleria Sacchetti by
Benedict XIV,, who placed it in the Capitol
Museum, whence removed to Vatican. En-
graved by Gius. Craffonara. — Larousse, ix.
19 ; Vaticano descritto, vi PL 76.
HELFFT, JULIUS, born in Berlin, April
6,1818. Landscape and architecture painter,
pupil of Berlin Academy and of W. Schir-
mer ; went in 1843 to Italy, painted there
a series of views around Florence for King
Frederick William IV., then visited Rome,
Naples, and Sicily, and returned in 1847,
when he was appointed professor in Berlin
Academy. Works : Sicilian Cloister Yard
(1847), Doge's Palace— Venice (1856), Na-
tional Gallery, Berlin ; Canal Grande in Ven-
ice ; San Miniato near Florence. — Mailer,
247.
HELIODORUS, painter, of Athens, date
unknown. Perhaps identical with sculptor
of same name mentioned by Pliny (xxxvi 4
[91]), some of whose statues were in the
Temple of Jupiter in the Portico of Octavia,
Borne. — Pausan., 1, 37, 1.
HELIODORUS, EXPULSION OF, Raph-
ael, Stanza d'Eliodoro, Vatican ; fresco. He-
Hodorus, treasurer of the Syrian king, at-
tempting to plunder the Temple at Jerusa-
lem, is driven out by two avenging angels
(2 Maccabees, ii. 25). In background the
High Priest Onias praying before the taber-
nacle ; in foreground, right, the answer to
the prayer — Heliodorus overthrown, and his
soldiers put to flight by two angels with
scourges and a celestial horseman ; at left,
the assembled people and Julius IL in his
chair of state. The bearer in front is Marc
Antonio Raimondi, and another farther back
is supposed to be Giulio Romano. Typical
of the victory of the Papacy over its enemies,
especially Louis XH. of France. Painted in
edbyGoOgk
HELLEMAXS
1512. Engraved by A. Meldolla ; Mochetti ;
Volpato ; Friquet ; Anderloni ; Baillu ; C.
MarattL — Vasari, ed. Mil., it. 346 ; Muntz,
360 ; Passavant, ii. 130 ; Springer, 201 ;
Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 433 ; Perkins, 135.
HELLEMANS, PETRUS JOANNES,
born at Brussels in 1787, died there in 1845.
landscape painter, pupil of Jean Baptiste
de Roy ; good colourist, painted trees with
great care. Works : Bois de Soignies, Mech-
lin Museum ; do., and Mill, Brussels Muse-
ourjjig is warm and transparent, treatment
broad, figures well drawn and full of expres-
sion. Works : Eirmess, Aremberg Gallery,
Brussels ; Alchemist in his Laboratory, Rot-
terdam Museum ; do., Copenhagen Gallery ;
Interior, Farrier at Work, Lille Museum ;
Drinker, Dunkirk Museum ; Eirmess, Douai
Museum ; Shoemaker's Shop, Family Group,
Brunswick Museum ; Peasants Drinking,
Betrothal Feast, Peasant Weddings (2),
Stockholm Museum ; Temptation of St An-
um ; Landscapes in Guelders (2, with figures
by Eugene Verboeckhoven), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg; Wood Landscape (1829), Leip-
sic Museum. His wife, Jean Marie Joseph-
ine (1796-1837), painted fruit and flowers.
— Iinmerzeel, ii. 26 ; Eramm, iii. 665.
HELLEMONT (Helmont), MATTHEtJS
VAN, born at Antwerp, baptized July 24,
1623, died at Brussels. Flemish school ;
genre painter, pupil of Teniers the younger ;
visited Italy, and in Paris painted some of
his best pictures for Louis XIV. Master of
the guild at Antwerp in 1646, then at Brus-
sels, having left Antwerp in 1674. His col-
thony, Musical Party, Historical Society,
New York. — Iinmerzeel, ii. 28 ; ftiegel, Bei-
trage, ii. 127 ; Van den Brandon, 1022.
/WHf,C*t
H-ellw
HELLEMONT, ZEGER JACOB VAN,
born at Antwerp, April 17, 1683, died at
Brussels, Aug. 21, 1726. History and genre
painter, son and pupil of the portrait painter
edbyGoOgk
Jan van Hellemont (1650-1719 ?) ; went early
to Brussels, and there painted many pict-
ures for churches, in which the decline of
the school of Antwerp after Rubens is ap-
parent Works : Martyrdom of St Bar-
bara, St Mary Magdalen's, Brussels ; Tri-
umph of David, St Michael's, ib. ; Elijah
sacrificing before the Priests of Baal, Car-
melites, ib.; Christ on the Cross, Ghent
Museum ; Feasants at Cards, Male Portrait
(1724), Darmstadt Museum ; Dentist in his
Office, Augsburg Gallery ; Priest distribut-
ing Bread and Wine, Modena Gallery. —
Descamps, iii. 188 ; Michiels, x. 103 ; Booses
(Reber), 440 ; Van den Branden, 1171.
HELLBS , KABL TON DEB, born in
Bremen, May 10, 1843. Landscape painter,
pupil in Dusseldorf of Oswald Aehenbach,
thBn studied in Munich, and in 1864-68
in Carlsruhe under Gude, 1869 in Paris,
1870 in Borne, and in 1871 settled in Dus-
seldorf. Works : Wood Interior ; Land-
scape in Black Forest ; North German
Landscape ; Evening in Italy. — Mailer,
247.
HELLQVIST, KARL GTJSTAF, born in
Kungsor in 1851. History painter, pupil
of Stockholm Academy and of M T. Le-
febvre in Paris ; received a medal for one
of his first pictures ; lives now in Munich.
Honourable mention, Paris. Instructor at
Berlin Academy, January, 1886. Works:
Ebba Brahe writing on the Window-Pane ;
Gustavus Tasa accusing Bishop Sonnanvilder
of High Treason; Opprobrious Entry of Peder
Sonnanvader and Master Knut into Stock-
holm (1870), New York Museum ; Louis XL
and Tristan at Plessis-les-Tours ; Death of
Sten Stores ; The Last Friend (1876); Ran-
som of Town of Visby by King Waldemar
of Denmark in 1361 (1883); Snow Effect in
Tyrolese Mountains, On a Bench in the
Woods, Portrait of Professor Thiersch
(1884); Idyl, Swedish Peasant, At the Har-
bor of Wolgast, June 16, 1633 (1886).—
Mailer, 248; IUustr. Zeitg. (1883), ii. 11;
D. illustr. Zeitg., iii. 627 ; Zeitsch,, xviii
274 ; xx. 116.
HELLBATH, EMTL, horn at Bees, West-
phalia, in 1839. Landscape painter, pupil
in Dusseldorf Academy of Oswald Achen-
bach, then visited Munich and Dresden ;
lived for some time in Amsterdam, and in
1863 settled in Munich. Works: Land-
scape in Bain ; On Lake Chiem ; Convent
Pond ; Landscape at Early Morning ; View
in Quarries near Polling ; Road to Convent,
Johnston sale, New York, 1876, $1,275.—
Mailer, 248.
HELLWEGEB, FRANZ, born at St. Lo-
renz, Tyrol, Sept 7, 1812, died in Innsbruck,
Feb. 15, 1880. History painter, pupil of
Munich Academy under Clemens Zimmer-
mann and Heinrich Hess. In 1843 passed
eight months in Rome, then returned to
Munich, where he assisted Cornelius in the
frescos in St Louis' Church, and afterwards
Steinle in the Cathedral of Cologne, and
Schraudolph in the Cathedral of Speyer.
In 1866 he settled in Innsbruck. Works :
Death of Mary, and three other altarpieces,
Brunneck, Tyrol ; Madonna, St Ann, Parish
Church, Innsbruck ; Baptism of Christ, Scap-
ulary Festival, Flight into Egypt, Male Por-
traits (2), Innsbruck Museum ; St Cather-
ine, Fathers of the Church, Ischl, Upper
Austria. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xi. 699 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xv. 871 ; Wurzbach, viii. 237.
HELLWIG, THEODOB, born at Halber-
stadt in 1815. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil in Berlin of MenzeL Franz KrOger,
and Magnus ; paints scenes from time of
Louis XT7. and XV. in the manner of Wat-
teau, and from peasant life of his native
country. Works : Rendezvous ; Children
at a Fountain ; Serenade under the Door-
way.— Mttller, 248.
HELMBBEKEE, THEODOBUS, born in
Haarlem in 1624, died in Rome in 1694.
Dutch school; history and genre painter,
pupil of Pieter de Grebber, went to Venice,
afterwards to Rome, where he was employed
by Cardinal de Medici. Works: Tempta-
tion of Christ ; Christ bearing the Cross ;
Christ before Pilate ; Christ Crucified ; Fran-
ciscan Monks distributing Food ; Pilgrim
edbyGoOgk
HELMSDORF
with Italian Shepherds, Copenhagen Gallery.
— Immerzeel, ii. 27 ; Kramm, iii 665.
HELMSDORF, FKXEDK1CH, born at
Magdeburg in 1781, died at Carlaruhe in
1852. Landscape painter, in 1809 settled
in Strassburg, where he had many pupils ;
visited Italy twice, and bred there in 1816-
20. Works : Tasao's Oak ; Lake of Nemi.
HELST, BARTHOLOMEUS VAN DER,
born at Haar-
lem (or Dor-
drecht) in
1613 (?), died
in Amster-
dam, buried
Dec. 16, 1670.
Dutch school;
; , p o r trait
^painter,
either stud-
ied under
Fran s Hals or took him as his model, and
became one of the greatest portrait painters
of his time. Lived chiefly at Amsterdam,
where in 1654 he and Nicolaaa Tan Helt-
Stokade founded the guild of St Luke.
His earliest picture is dated 1639. Some-
times painted sacred and mythological sub-
jects. "Works : Banquet of the Civic Guard
(1648), Syndics of the Arquebusiers (1657),
Portraits of Vice-Admiral Kortenaar, An-
dries Bicker, Gerard Bicker, Mary Henrietta
Stuart, Lieutenant- Admiral Van Nes and
Madame Van Nes (1668), Female Portrait
(1646), Male da (1650), Amsterdam Mu-
seum; The Archers (2, 1639 and 1656),
HdteldeVille, Amsterdam; Portrait of Paul
Potter (1654), Hague Museum ; Portrait of
a Preacher (1638), two others (1646), Por-
trait of Lady and Gentleman (1654), do. of
Daniel Bernard (1669), Rotterdam Museum ;
Man with emptied Glass (1649), Oldenburg
Gallery ; Aristocratic Young Couple (1661),
Carlaruhe Gallery ; Male and Female Por-
trait, Man with a Ring (1655), Gotha Mu-
seum ; Female Portrait (1655), Weimar Mu-
seum ; Male do. (1663), Schwerin Gallery ;
do. (2, one dated 1651), Copenhagen Gal-
lery; Portraits (3, 1642 and 1643), Caasel
Gallery ; do. (2), Brunswick Museum ; da
(3, one dated 1654), Dresden Gallery ; Por-
trait of Admiral Tromp, do. of Prince de
Chabanais, Male (1649) and Female Por-
trait, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Dutch Fam-
ily at Dinner, Innsbruck Museum ; Syn-
dics of the Arquebusiers (1653, study for
Amsterdam picture), Portrait (1655), do.,
Louvre ; Presentation of the Betrothed
(1647), Family Group (1652), New Market
in Amsterdam (1666), Portrait of Govaert
Flinck, Male Portrait (1670), three other
portraits, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Por-
traits of himself and Wife (1664), Brussels
Museum ; German Baron and his Family,
Portrait of a Lady, Historical Society, New
York. Others in Antwerp, Berlin, Geneva,
Stockholm, Vienna, and London Galleries.
By his son and pupil Lodewyk, is a Portrait
of Admiral Stellingwerf (1670), in the Am-
sterdam Museum. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xi.
709 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Bode,
Studien, 112 ; Burger, ii. 218 ; Gower, Fig-
ure Painters, 31 ; Kegel, Beitrage, i 129 ;
Scheltema, Amstel's oudheid, i 159.
HELSTED, A . XTTT, THEOFIL09, born
in Copenhagen, April 11, 1847. Genre
painter, son and pupil of Frederik Ferdi-
nand Helsted (1809-75), then pupil of Co-
penhagen Academy, where he took a medal
in 1864 ; went in 1869 to Paris, where he
studied under Bonnat, and thence to Italy.
Works : Portrait of Professor Stephens
(1869) ; do. of the painter Kuchler (1878);
From the Villa Borghese (1876) ; After the
edbyG00gk
IIELT-STOKADE
Lesson, Lesson with the Parson (1877) ;
Father with his Children praying to Ma-
donna (1878) ; Country Physician (1879) ;
Clymene and her Sisters at Phaeton's Grave
(1880); Father and Son (1882); Two Sons
at their Mother's Deathbed (1883),— Sigurd
Mailer, 151.
HELT-STOKADE, NICOLAAS VAN,
born at Nymwegen about 1614, died in
1669. Dutch school ; history and portrait
painter, pupil of David Itykaert the elder ;
for a time court-painter in France, but lived
mostly in Borne and Venice, though at Am-
sterdam in 1651. Many European princes
ordered pictures of him, as he was an excel-
lent colouriat He supplied the landscapes
of Wynanta, Hockaert, and De Heusch with
figures. Works : Grain Market under Jo-
seph in Egypt, Town Hall, Amsterdam; Fig-
ures in Border of a Forest (by Wynanta,
1659), Hague Museum; Susanna at the
Bath, Leipsic Museum ; Male Portrait, Old
Pinakothek, Munich. — Immerzeel, iii. 115 ;
Eramm, v. 1575 ; De Stuers, 186 ; Van den
Branden, 871.
HEM3CYCLE, Paul Delaroche, Palais des
Beaux Arts, Paris ; encaustic painting, H.
15 ft x about 50 ft Scene — the portico of
an Ionic temple ; in centre sits Apelles en-
throned, with Ictinus on his right and
Phidias on his left Near them are five alle-
gorical figures i in front, Fame, nude, kneel-
ing, casting out wreaths from a heap at her
side ; back of her, at left, seated, are Greek
Art and Gothic Art, the latter (with the
model of a cathedral) a portrait of Dela-
roche's wife, daughter of Horace Vernet ;
at right, Roman Art and Renaissance Art.
On each side of this ideal group extend the
wings of the picture, in which are grouped
the great artists of the world, standing or
sitting in their habits as they moved of old.
The work contains 75 colossal figures. The
original, called the Hemicycle because it
occupies the semicircular frieze of the am-
phitheatre of the Beaux-Arts, was painted
in 1837-41. Delaroche received for it 80,-
000 francs, the price set for acanvas of fifteen
figures, the work originally contemplated.
It was injured by fire iu 1855, but the dam-
age was repaired by the artist himself, aided
by Mercier and Fleury. The engraving by
Henriquel Dnpont cost eight years' labour.
Delaroche made for Dupont's use a copy of
the work, in small (1853), now owned by
W. T. Walters, Baltimore. There is a pho-
togravure of it in Art Treasures of America,
together with a key to the figures. The
original sketch for the large work is in the
Nantes Museum. — Art Treas. of Amer., i.
82 ; Mrs. Jameson ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1860),
viii. 354
HEMISSEN (Hemishem, Hemsen), JAN
VAN, born at Hemishem (Hemixem), near
Antwerp, about 1500, died at Haarlem be-
tween 1555 and 1566. Flemish school.
Real name Jan Sanders. History and por-
trait pointer, pupil at Antwerp of Hendrik
van Cleve in 1519, master of the guild be-
fore 1524, its dean in 1548 ; removed to
Haarlem in 1551. Although, in his time,
the influence of the Italian school asserted
itself strongly, he adhered to the old tradi-
tions, and took Quinten Massys for his
model Works: Colling of St Matthew,
Museum, Antwerp ; do., Theodor van Le-
riuB, ib. ; do., Ghent Museum ; Prodigal
Son (1556), Brussels Museum ; Tobias re-
storing his Father's Sight (1556), Louvre,
Paris ; Christ driving out the Money-Chang-
era (1556), Nancy Museum ; Madonna, Vil-
lage Physician, Madrid Museum ; Abraham's
Sacrifice, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg;
Calling of St Matthew (1536), Isaac blessing
Jacob, Holy Family (1541), Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Mocking of Christ (1544), Schleiss-
heim Gallery ; Calling of St Matthew, do.
(1537), do. (1548), St Jerome, St William,
Portrait of Mabuse, Vienna Museum ; St
Ursula, Adoration of the Magi, Prince Albert
Collection, London. His
daughter and pupil, Catharino, l~J J*f
was on artist of merit ; went ***■/
with her husband, a musician,
to Spain, where both entered the service of
the Queen of Hungary. A Male Portrait by
edbyGoOgk
her, dated 1552, is in the National Gallery,
London.— Allgera. d. Biogr., xl 720; Ck
Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Cat du Musee
d'Anvers (1874), 472; Kramm, iii. 671
Rooses (Eebor), €8; Tan den Braiiden, 98.
HEMLTNG. See Mending,
HEMPEL, JOSEF VON, Bitter, born ir
Vienna, Feb. 9, 1800. History painter, pu
pil of Vienna Academy under Redl ; went
to Italy in 1821, studied in Florence and in
Borne, where he was influenced by Over-
beck, returned to Vienna in 1825, moved to
Elagenfurt in 1848, where he founded the
school of design at the Lyceum, lived four
years in Tyrol then in Grata, and in 188!
settled on an estate in Croatia. "Works
Christ and the 'Woman of Samaria (1822)
Entombment ; Jacob's Dream ; Flight into
Egypt ; Raising of Lazarus ; Trinity, and
many other altarpieces for churches in Vi-
enna and the Austrian provinces. — Wurz-
bach, viii 465.
HEMSEN. See Bemiasen.
HEMY, CHARLES NAPIER, born at
New cas tie-on -Tyne, May 25, 1841. Marine
painter, pupil of School of Art at Newcastle ;
entered Dominican monastery at Newcastle,
whence he was sent to a branch at Lyons,
France, but left when twenty-two years old
and became a painter. In 1863 he became a
student at Antwerp of Henri Leys, on whose
death he returned to London. Works : The
Shrine, London River, Limehouse, Barge
Builders, BlackwalL and Cbeyne Walk (all
exhibited in Royal Academy, 1872); Ves-
pers (1879) ; Cavalry (1879) ; Saved (1880) ;
Lobster Boat, Oporto, Rocky Shore, Mill in
the Gloaming (1881) ; Oporto from Saude-
man Wine Lodges, Cinderella and her Sis-
ters (1882) ; Oyster Dredgers, Ferryman,
Qld Putney Bridge in 1882, Bargaining for
the Catch, Cool of the Morning (1883) ;
Tipping a Shrimp TrawL The Trammel Net
Catch (1884).— Art Journal (1881), 225.
HENDERSON, JOSEPH, born in Perth-
shire, Scotland, in 1832. Marine and genre
painter, pupil of Royal Scottish Academy at
Edinburgh. Has resided since 1852 in
Glasgow, where be became in 1863 a mem-
ber of the Institute of Fine Arte ; in 1877
elected a member of the Scottish Water
Colour Society. Began with portraits and
genre pictures, but finally devoted himself
with success to marine painting. Works :
Where Breakers Roar (1874) ; A Lively
Haul (1875) ; Weeding the Garden, Under
the Sand-Hills (1878) ; From the Cliffs of
Ailsa, Haymaking in the Highlands (1879);
Travelling Cobbler (1883).
HENDRTKS, WTBRAND, born at Am-
sterdam, June 24, 1747, died at Haarlem,
Jan. 28, 1831. Portrait, landscape, and
still-life painter, pupil of Amsterdam Acad-
emy, where he won three prizes ; visited
England, and having lived for several years
at Eden in Gelderland, settled at Haarlem
in 1786. Was very versatile, and made fine
drawings after famous masters. Works :
Female Portrait (1791), Male do. (1811),
Hunting Party of Henry TV., view in Haar-
lem, Haarlem Museum. — Immerzeel, ii. 30 ;
Kramm, iii. 677.
HENDSCHEL, ALBERT, born in Frank-
fort, July 9, 1834,
died there, Oct 22,
1883. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Stiidel
Institute under
Steinle and Passft-
vant, then under
* Jacob Becker; vis-
ited the principal
galleries of Germany,
and in 1869-70 Italy.
Works : Hostess's Daughter ; Fiddler of
Gemund ; Cinderella ; Broken Pitcher ;
Scenes from Gotz von Berlichingen ; Sketch-
Book (1872-74); Coffee-Party; Wreath-
Maker ; Judgment of Paris. — Zeitschr. L b.
K, viii 81 ; Dlustr. Zeitg. (1874), ii. 309 ;
(1883), ii. 408; Land und Meer (1884), L
127.
HENGSBACH, FRANZ, born at Weri,
Westphalia, in 1814, died in Dusseldorf, Feb.
25,1883. German school; landscape painter,
pupil of Dusseldorf Academy under Schirmer ;
edbyG00gk
HENNEBEKG
chose his subjects principally from the high
mountains of the Alpine countries. Works :
Rainy Weather in the Odenwald (1840),
Schwerin Gallery ; View of Salzburg (1841);
The Staufen near Salzburg (1842); Mill in
Tyrol (1846); Mountainous Landscape (1847),
Leipsic Museum; Hallstadt Lake (1848);
Oosau Waterfall (1850) ; Hohentwiel and
Lake Constance ; Alp near Lago Maggiore ;
Huts on Seelisberg on Lake Luzerne ; Lau-
terbrunnenthal ; Limburg on the Lenne by
Moonlight ; Lausanne and Lake of Ge-
neva. — Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 418; Mailer,
249.
HENNEBERG, EUDOLP (FRIED-
RICH), born at Brunswick, Sept 13, 1825,
died there, Sept. 14, 1876. History and
genre painter, pupil in 1850-53 at Antwerp
Academy, then for three years in Paris of
Couture; visited Italy in ,1861-63, lived
then in Munich until 1865, in Berlin in
1866-73, and in Rome in 1873-75. Mem-
ber of Berlin Aoademy in 1869 '; gold medal,
Berlin, 1856, 1868 ; Vienna, 1873. Works :
Bathing Students (1853); Gypsy and his
Love (1854), Brunswick Gallery ; Wild Hunt,
er (1856), National Gallery, Berlin; two
replicas of do. (1871) ; Regenstein, Hare-
Hunt (1857); WUd Huntsman (1856, replica
in Schack Gallery, Munich), Criminal from
Lost Honour (1860), Fortune Chase (1868),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Fairy Princess,
Declaration of Love, Objectionable People,
GennaniaLiberata (1869-71); Cycle of Wall-
paintings with Scenes from War of 1870-71
(1872), Villa Warschauer, Charlottenburg ;
Scenes from the Campagna (1873-75). — All-
gem, d. Biogr., xi. 768 ; Graph. K, t. 41 ;
Hlustr. Zeitg. (1883), i 245 ; Kunst-Chronik,
iii. 94 ; xii 473 ; Schack, Meine Gemalde-
sammlung (1885), 179 ; Rosenberg, BerL
Malersch., 203.
HENNEBICQ, ANDRfi, born at Tour-
nay, Belgium ; contemporary. Portrait and
history painter, pupil of Portaels. Medals
at Brussels (1872), Amsterdam (1874), Paris,
2d class (1874); Order of Leopold. Studio
in Brussels. Works : Jeremiah's Lament ;
Messalina insulted by the People ; Doge
Foscari ; Labourers in the Campagna ; Sale
of Objects of Art (1883).
HENNEQUIN, PHILIPPE AUGUSTE,
born in Lyons in 1763, died at Leuze near
Toumay, May 12, 1833. History and genre
painter, studied under Taraval, Gols, and
Brenet, and became one of David's best pu-
pils. Won the grand prix de Borne in 1788.
Obliged to leave Italy on account of his lib-
eral opinions, be returned to France, where
he several times narrowly escaped death
during the Revolution. In 1814 he retired
to Liege, and finally to Toumay, where he
became director of the Academy in the fol-
lowing year. Works: Confederation of July
4, 1790 (1794); Remorse of Orestes (1798),
Louvre; Triumph of the French People
(1799), Rouen Museum ; Self-sacrifice of
300 Citizens of Francbimont (1814); Soc-
rates and his Disciples ; Catherine de La-
lain ; Battle of Aboukir, Napoleon in the
Camp at Boulogne (1806), Allegory on Na-
poleon L, Portrait of Marquis de Perignon,
Versailles Museum ; Saul and Witoh of En-
dor, Lyons Museum ; Battle of Quiberon
(1804), Toulouse Museum ; Crime pursued
by Remorse, Time, Fright, Young Man, An-
gers Museum ; others in Museums of Or-
leans, Mans, and Caen.— Bellier, L 755 ;
ImmerzeeL ii. 31 ; Larouase ; Lejeune,
Guide, hi. 125.
HENNER, JEAN JACQUES, born in
Bernwiller (Alsace), March 5, 1829. Genre
painter, pupil of Drolling and of Picot ; won
the grand pris de Rome in 1858. TTiw col-
ouring, at first weak and thin, has improved
from year to year. Usually paints nude
figures. Medals : 3d class, 1863, 1865, and
1866 ; 1st class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1873;
Officer, 1878. Works ; Bathing Girl Asleep
(1863), Colmar Museum ; Chaste Susanna
edbyGoOgk
HENNESSEY
(1865), Idyl (1872), Naiad, Good
(1874), Luxembourg Museum ; Girl (1866);
Biblia (1867), Dijon
Museum ; "Woman
Dressing, Woman
Reclining (1869),
Mulhouse Museum ;
Little Writer
(1869); Alsatian
Woman (1870);
Magdalen in the
Desert (1874);
Dead Christ (1876);
John the Baptist, Evening (1877); Christ at
the Tomb, Eclogue (1879) ; The Fountain,
Sleep (1880) ; The Spring, St, Jerome (1881);
Bara (1882); Woman Beading, Nun (1883);
Christ Entombed, Weeping Nymph (1884) ;
Madeleine (1885);
Sleeping Nymph, Be- ||HEHNEK
poae, La Source
(1881),-Fabiola (1885), Mrs. M. J. Morgan
Collection, New York ; Nymph, W. T. "Wal-
ters, Baltimore ; Andromeda, Mme. Raffalo-
viteh, Paris.— Gaz. des B. Arts (1869), i. 495 ;
Larousse ; Claretie, Peintres (1884), ii. 81.
HENNESSEY, WILLIAM J., born in
Thomastown, Ireland, in 1839. Landscape
and genre painter ; went to New York in
1849, pupil in 1856 of National Academy ;
became an AN. A in 1862, and N. A. in 1863 ;
removed in 1870 to London, but resides the
greater part ofthe year in Normandy. Works:
In Memoriam ; Wanderers ; On the Sands ;
New England Hills; Summer Sea; Lea
Bona Amis; Gypsy Flower-Girl ; New Eng-
land Barberry Pickers ; Indian Summer ;
Notre Dame des Fldts (1877); Fete-Day in
Cider Orchard in Normandy (1878); Wait-
ing for the Boats, Gloire de Dijon, Nor-
mandy Pippin, Aftermath, Sunbeam (1879);
Visit to the Peacock, Evening at Calvados,
Spring Fantasy, In a Normandy Cider Or-
chard (1880); Straw Harvest in Calvados,
Jocund Spring, An Impressionist at Work
(1881) ; Spring in Calvados, Winter in Cal-
vados, En FSte— Calvados (1862); Pastoral,
With the Birds (1883); 'Twist Day and
Night (1884) ; Return from School, The
Flowers of May (1885).
HENNIG, GUSTAV ADOLF, born in
Dresden in 1798, died in Leipsic, Jan. 15,
1869. History painter, pupil of Leipsic
Academy, then studied in Borne ; after his
return became professor, later director, of
Iieipsio Academy, and in 1840 professor at
Dresden Academy. Works: Christ driv-
ing out the Money-Changers ; Finding of
Moses (1848), Dresden Museum ; Annuncia-
tion, Saltarello Dance, Leipsic Museum.
— KunstbL (1853), 49; Christl EunstbL
(1870), 12.
HENNING, ADOLF, born in Berlin in
1809. History and portrait painter, pupil
of Berlin Academy and of Wach ; in 1833
went to Italy for several years. Member of
and professor at Berlin Academy. Works :
Portrait of Himself (1826); Girl of Frascati
(1838), National Gallery, Berlin; Funeral
in the Campagna ; Portrait Group of Count
Raczynski's Family; Portrait of Sculptor
Bauch ; St. Luke and St. John, Chapel of
Royal Palace, Berlin ; Colossal Figures of
Eight Prussian Provinces, Royal Palace, Ber-
lin ; Thetis and Achilles ; Ulysses and Leuco-
tbea ; Diana and Iphigenia ; MaeoM and An-
chises ; Ajax Enraged ; Bomnlus Ploughing.
-Mailer, 250; Kugler, Eleine Schriften,
iii. 175 ; Rosenberg, BerL Malersch., 33.
HENNINGS, FRIEDRICH, born in Bre-
men in 1838. Landscape painter, pupil in
Dasseldorf of Oswald Achenhach ; perfected
himself by repeated journeys to Italy.
Among his German and North Italian land-
scapes, those by moonlight are the most
successful. Has recently exhibited garden
scenes with figures mostly in rococo-costume.
Works : Landscape with Gypsies (1864) ;
Malsen on Lake Gtuda (1865) ; Evening in
Garden of Villa San Lissandro ; Nuremberg
at MoonriBe; Salzburg by Moonlight (1869);
View of Passau; Venice; Avenue near
Nymphenburg ; Avenue at Wilhelmshdhe ;
Park with rococo-figures. — Mailer, 250.
HENNTNGSEN, ERIK, born in Copen-
hagen, Aug. 29, 1855. Genre painter, pu-
edbyGOOgk
HENNLNGSEN
pil of Copenhagen Academy ; visited Paris
in 1880, and travelled for two years in Ger-
many. Works: Dilettante on the Violon-
cello (1879) ; Cake-Woman, Old Bachelor
Shopping (1880) ; Morning in Address-
Agency's Yard (1881); Confirmation (1882);
Dirty Apprentice, Guard mounting at Ama-
lienborg (1883).— Sigurd Muller, 156.
HENNINGSEN, FRANTS, born in Co-
penhagen, June 22, 1860. Genre and por-
trait painter, brother of preceding, pupil of
Copenhagen Academy, and in Paris of
Bonnat ; visited Spain,
where, especially in Madrid
in 1878, he studied popu-
lar types. Works : On a
Pedestrian Trip (1877) ;
Pond in Zealand (1878) ;
Ploughing in October
(1880) ; Hay Harvest,
Huntsman with Horse and
Dog, On the Highway
(1881); The Old Story
(1882); Burial, In Front of
a Smithy (1883).— Sigurd
MUller, 160.
HENRI IV., ENTRY OP,
Francois Gerard, Versailles
Museum; canvas, H. 16 ft
9 in. x 31 ft. 6 in.; signed.
In centre, Luillier, provost H " ■■-.■■» ■*■—■-■
of the merchants of Paris, advances at the
head of a group of municipal officers to pre-
sent the keys of the city to the king, near
whom are, on left, CrUlon, De Retz, Mont-
morency, and Brissac, and on right, Biron,
Sully bearing the king's casque, and Belle-
garde, all on horseback ; farther to right,
Marc'chal de Matignon, sword in hand; in
a balcony, Gabrielle d'Estrees. Collection
of Charles X., Salon, 1817. Repetition, re-
duced, in Louvre. Engraved by Toschi. —
Larousse, ix. 186.
By Rubens, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, fig-
ures more than life-size. The king, crowned
with laurel, and mounted on a Roman char-
iot, is making a triumphal entry into Paris
after the Battle of Ivry. In this picture
Rubens has availed himself of several parts
of Mantegna's Triumph of Caesar at Hamp-
ton Court. Brought from Palazzo Pitti in
1773. Sketch in Earl Darnley's Collection,
Cobham Hall — Waagen, Treasures, iii. 23;
Cat Louvre, Rubens, 231.
HENRI IV. AT IVRY, Rubens, tJffizi,
Florence ; canvas, figures more than life-
size. The king, mounted, in the centre of
the composition, followed by many knights,
who are engaged with the enemy. This
and the preceding picture were painted
about 1630 by order of Maria de' Medici, as
part of a series illustrative of the history of
Henri TV., for her palace of the Luxembourg.
Transported from Palazzo Pitti in 1773. —
Cat. Louvre, Rubens, 231.
HENRI IV. AND THE SPANISH AM-
BASSADOR, Richard Parkes Bonington, Sir
Richard Wallace, Hertford House, London ;
canvas, H. 1 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft 7 in. The
Sing, on all fours, romping with his three
children, one of whom is astride his back,
turns his head to greet the Spanish ambas-
sador, who enters at right through a door
from which the portiere is drawn back by a
page ; in background, the Queen, seated.
San Donato sale (1870), £3,320.
By Dominique Ingres, Baron Alphonse
^abyGoOglC
do Rothschild, Paris ; canvas, H. 1 ft 3 in.
X 1 ft. 7 in. The King and his children
at right, the Spanish ambassador at left
near an open door; in background, the
Queen, seated ; at right, a maid, standing.
Painted in 1817, for Due de Blacas ; Salon,
1824. According to Ch. Blanc, Ingres
painted this subject again in 1828. — La-
rousae, is. 187 ; Landon, Musee, Salon of
(1824,) i. 34
HENBIET, FREDERIC, born in Chateau-
Thierry, Sept 6, 1826. Landscape painter ;
was educated a lawyer, and took up paint-
ing after being secretary to Count Nieuwer-
kerke, inspector of the Louvre. Author of
" Le Paysagiste aux Champs" (Paris, 1866 ;
2d edition, 1876) ; "Daubigny and hia En-
gravings " (Paris, 1875) ; " Clihitreuil, sa Vie
et son ffiuvre " (Paris, 1874). Knight of the
Spanish Order of Isabella. Works: Ham-
let of Montgoin (1867), Chateau-Thierry
Museum ; The Marne at Tancrou (1868),
Vire Museum ; Islands of Mary-eur-Marne
(1869), Laon Museum ; Shore Road at
Mczy (1879); Evening at Revin (1880); The
Meuse (1881) ; The Way to School (1882) ;
Gothic Doorway at Armentierea, Tower of
Guinette (1883); View at Mezy (1884);
Ruins of Mill in the Ardennes (1885).- -Bel
lier, L 176.
HENRIETTA MARTA, QUEEN, portrait,
Anton van Dyck, Windsor Castle. The Queen
seated, with infant Duke of York in her
arms, Prince Charles standing by her side,
and three small dogs at her feet ; iu back-
ground, a curtain, and in distance, West-
minster Hall. Engraved by R. Strange.
Other portraits of the Queen at Windsor
Castle, in collections of Earl of Clarendon,
Marquis of Lansdowne, Earl of Portarling-
ton, Earl of Radnor, in Ambrosian Library
at Milan, and elsewhere.. — Head, 64 ; Klass.
der Malerei, PL 16.
HENRY, EDWARD L., born in Charles-
ton, S. C, Jan. 12, 1841. Genre painter,
pupil of the Philadelphia Academy, and of
Gleyre in Paris. In 1860-63 lived in Paris,
Rome, and Florence ; sketched on the James
River during the Civil War; revisited En-
rope in 1871, 1875, and 1882, when be
sketched in France and England. Elected
N.A.inl869. Studio in New York. Works:
Old Clock on the Stairs (1868); City Point-
Grant's Headquarters (1869), Union League
Club, New York ; Battle of Germantown,
Win. Astor, ib. ; Declaration of Independ-
ence, Cloister, J. W. Drexel, ib. ; Off for the
(1878), Fairm&n Rogers, Philadelphia;
Reception to Lafayette, Samuel Chew, Ger-
town ; Waiting for the Bathers (1879) ;
Mountain Stage (1880) ; Lovers of Ceramic
Art, Railway Station (1881) ; In Sight of
Home (1882); Uninvited Guests (1883);
Waiting for the Answer (1884).
HENSEL, WILHELM, born at Trebbin,
Brandenburg, July 6, 1794, died in Berlin,
Nov. 26, 1861. History and portrait painter,
pupil of Berlin Academy ; in 1813 joined the
army as volunteer, and during the war went
twice to Paris, where he studied the art treas-
ures; in 1825 went to Rome, returned in
1828, became court-painter, and in 1831
member of and professor at Berlin Acad-
emy. Works: Christ on Mount of Olives
(1812); Christ and Woman of Samaria (1825);
Farewell of Vittoria Caldoni ; Christ before
Pilate, Garnisonskirche, Berlin ; Good Sa-
maritan, Royal Palace, ib.; Christ in the
Desert ; Miriam preceding Israel (1839),
Queen of England ; Christ meditating on
his Mission, Bridgewater Gallery, London ;
Emperor Wenceslaus; Italian Peasants at
an Antique Well ; Duke of Brunswick at
the Ball iu Brussels in 1815 ; Portraits of
Frederic "William TV., Mendelssohn, Prince
of Wales, and of nearly 1,000 famous con-
temporaries.— Art Journal (1862), 25 ; Ro-
senberg, Berl. Malersch., 78.
HER, THEODOR, born at Roth near
Leutkirch, Wurtemberg, July 30, 1838.
Landscape painter, pupil of Stuttgart Art
School under Neher ; in 1868 went to Paria,
where he studied after Titian, Palma Vec-
chio, Paolo Veronese, and Delacroix ; in
1869 pupil of Ramberg in Munich. Works :
Spring Day (1872) ; Evening ; Landscape
edbyGoOgk
with Figures; Moonlight on Via Appia,
Morning on Lake Avornus (1884). — Elustr.
Zeitg. (1873), i. 276.
HERBELIN, Mme. JEANNE MA-
THILDE (nee Habert), bom in Brunoy
(Seine-et-Oise), Aug. 24, 1820. Miniature
painter, pupil of her uncle, Belloc. Began
by painting in oils. Painted the only min-
iature ever admitted to the Luxembourg.
Has visited Italy. Medals : 3d class, 1843 ;
2d class, 1844 ; 1st class, 1847, 1848, 1855.
Works: Margaretof Spain (after Velasquez);
Rembrandt's Virgin ; Peasant Woman, Bur -
gundian Shepherdess ; The Prayer ; A Sou-
venir ; Child holding a Hose ; Girl playing
with a Fan (1855).
HERBERT, JOHN ROGERS, born at
Maldon, Essex, Jan. 23, 1810. History and
portrait painter, pupil in London of Royal
Academy ; began by painting portraits and
drawing book-illustrations; first subject
picture exhibited, The Appointed Hour.
After visiting Italy, exhibited Brides of Ven-
ice (1889). His conversion to Roman Ca-
tholicism (1840) has had a marked influence
on his art Elected an A.R.A. in 1841, and
R A. in 1846, when he was commissioned to
paint frescos in the Houses of Parliament.
Corresponding Member of Institute of
France. Works: Introduction of Chris-
tianity into Britain (1842) ; Sir Thomas
More and his Daughter (1844), National
Gallery ; St. Gregory teaching his Chant
(1845); St John reproving Herod (1848);
Mary Magdalen (1859); Virgin Mary (1860);
To Labour is to Pray (1862); Valley of
Moses (1868); Adoration of Magi (1874);
David while a Shepherd, Our Lord after
Besurrection (1878); Youth of St John the
Baptist (1879); Christmas Eve at Bethlehem
(1880) ; Joseph warned that Archelaus Reigns,
Flight from the Sword of Herod (1881); Jus-
tice not always Slow, Happy Valley, Appoint-
ed Hour, Esther with Handmaidens (1882);
Madonna, Captive Musician (1883); Treas-
ures of the Home, Ruth with the Reapers
at Meal-time, Evening near Windsor, Bend
on the Thames (1884). His son and pupil
Cyril Wiseman, born in France in 1848, died
in London in 1882, was an artist of the
brightest promise. — Sand by, ii. 179.
HERBST (Herbster), HANS, born in
Strasburg about 1468. German school ;
master in 1492 of the guild of Basle, where
Hans Holbein, the younger, painted his por-
trait in 1516. In 1500 painted an altarpiece
for the convent of St. Dominick. Gave up
painting after the Reformation, having scru-
ples about ministering to picture-worship. —
Cotta's Kunstbl (1846), 46; W. 4 W., ii.
483.
HERBSTHOFFER, EARL, born at Press-
burg, Hungary, April 17, 1821, died in Paris
in 1876. Genre painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under Amerling ; went afterwards
to Paris, where be became naturalized, and
adopted Isabey's style. Works : Arpad
elected Duke of the Magyars (1842); Mask-
erade at Worms in 16th Century, Tasso
reading to Duchess of Ferrara (1843); Hun-
garian Bobbers in Ambush (1843), Schwerin
Gallery ; Episode during the Inquisition in
Holland (1846), owned by State ; Iconoclasts
(1846), Avery Sale, New York, 1870 ; Studio
of Van Ostade (1849); Daniel in Lions' Den,
Lady Macbeth, Episode in Thirty Years' War
(1850); Temptation (1852); Raising of Laza-
rus (1855), owned by State ; Studio of Ru-
bens (1857); Partie Carres, Scene in St Bar-
tholomew's Night, Duel on Banks of the
Seine (1859); Gunsmith, Antechamber in
Time of Louis XIH (1863), both bought by
State; Last Resource (1865); Religious In-
struction in Jewish Family (1868); Arrest
(X871); Convulsionnaires in the Cemetery,
After the Pillage (1876).— Bellier, i. 760 ;
KunstChronik, v. 189 ; Wurzbach, viii. 362 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi. 215.
HERCTJLANEUM, Hector Leroux, John
G. Johnson, Philadelphia ; canvas, H. 3 f t
X 4 ft Destruction of Herculaneum, a.d.
79, by the eruption of Vesuvius, which is
seen in background ; in foreground, a group
of fugitives, mostly women, gazing on the
spectacle.— Salon, 1881.
HERCULES, ancient pictures. See
edbyG00gk
Apelles, Arlemon, Nearchus, Parumus, Par-
rhasivs, ZetixU.
HERCULES AND ACHELOTJS, Domeni-
chino, Louvre ; canvas, H. 1 ft. x 5 ft. Her-
cules overcomes the river-god Achelous
transformed into a bull, while his father-in.
law, CEueus, king of Calydon, with one of
his followers, are spectators of the combat
meanwhile, two shepherds watch their flocks
on the banks of the river. Belonged to Car-
dinal Ludovisi, nephew of Gregory XP7. ;
bought from him by Louis XIV. Engraved
byDuthenofer. — Villot, Cat Louvre ; Musue
francaiB, iii. Part 1 ; FilhoL ii. PI. 94 ; Lan-
don, Vies, PL lit
By Guido Rent, Louvre ; canvas, H. 8 f t
7 in. x 6 ft 6 in. Hercules, covered with
the lion's skin, struggles with Achelous and
forces him to bend his body to the ground.
Painted for Duke of Mantua ; bought by
Charles I. of England ; on his death sold to
Jabach, who transferred it to Louis XIV,
Engraved by G. Rousselet — Landon, Musee,
ii. PL 15 ; Villot, Cat Louvre ; Felsina Pit-
trice, ii. 23.
HERCULES, APOTHEOSIS OP, Fran-
cois Lemoyne, Toulouse Museum. Same
subject by Charles Coypel, engraved by Su-
rugue. Arrival of Hercules at Olympus,
fresco by P. Cornelius, Glyptothek, Munich.
HERCULES AND CACUS, Domenichino,
Louvre ; canvas, It 4 ft x 5 ft Hercules,
leaning on his club, drags the body of Ca-
cus out of his den ; near him, a man points
to Evander and Faunus, hastening to his
aid ; in the background, the cattle of Her-
cules graze on the banks of a stream ; to
the right, on a wooded hill, are ruined mon-
uments. Engraved by Pillement — Villot,
Cat. Louvre ; Musee francois ; iii. Part 1 ;
Filhol, ii PL 118 ; Landon, Vies, PL 113.
HERCULES, DEATH OF, Ouido Reni,
Louvre ; canvas, H. 8 ft 7 in. x 6 ft 6 in.
Hercules, unable to bear the anguish caused
by the poisoned tunio of Nessus, stretches
himself upon the funeral pyre which he has
himself prepared, and expires with eyes and
hands raised toward heaven. Same history
as Hercules and Achelous of Guido. En-
graved by G. Rousselet — Landon, Musee, L
PL 41 j Villot, Cat Louvre.
HERCULES WRESTLING WITH
DEATH, Sir Frederick Leightm, Bernhard
Samuelson, MP., London ; canvas, H. 5 ft.
6 in.x8 ft Subject from the "Alcestis" of
Euripides. Admetus, the friend of Apollo,
when his time came for
OmUi of K*tcuI«, Guido Rtni, I oira,
death, the Fates consented to prolong his
life if another person would die in his stead;
Alcestis offered herself, but when Death came
to take bis due, Hercules struggled with
and overcame him. Alcestis, pale and statue-
like, lies on a bier beneath a canopy hung
from trees near the sea-shore, which, with
a vast plain under a lowering sky, is seen
behind. In the foreground, at right, Her-
cules struggles with the King of Terrors ;
at left, a group of attendants ; in front, the
grave. Behind the bier Admetus, old and
hoary, sustains a damsel who is overcome
with terror. Royal Academy, 1871. — Athon.
(1870), L 203 ; Art Journal (1871), 163.
edbyGoOgk
HERCULES AND THE HYDRA, Guido
Reni, Louvre ; canvas, H. 8 ft 7 in x 6 ft. 6
in. Hercules, armed with the club, strikes
the Lernean Hydra, which raises its head
near a rock. Same history as Sercutea and
Achelous of Guido. Engraved by G. Rous-
selet — London, Musee, ii. PI. 30 ; Larousse,
ix. 214.
HERCULES, INFANT, attributed to An-
nibale, but probably by Agostino Camuxi,
Louvre ; canvas, H GJ in. x 5J in. The
young Hercules strangles a serpent with his
left hand while holding down a second one,
Infant Htrculii, Agortins Cvncci (?), Louvr*.
which has twined about his right arm, with
his knee upon his cradle. Formerly in Or-
leans Gallery, but not sold in England with
the other pictures; bought in Borne for
Musee Napoleon. Engraved by Era. Marace;
Count Bizemont-Prunele. — Villot, Cat. Lou-
vre ; Musee francais, L ; Filbol, i. PL 63 ;
London, Musve, vi. PL 14.
HERCULES AND OMPHALE, Luca
Giordano, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H 7
ft 6 in. x 9 ft. 2 in.; signed, dated 1690.
Hercules, submissive to the charms of Om-
phale, has dropped his club and taken up
the distaff ; the two, who sit side by side,
are surrounded by her companions. Painted
for Don Andrea d'Avalos, Prince of Monte-
sarchio. In catalogue of 1722. Engraved
by C. Duflos.— GaL Roy. do Dresde, i. PL 40.
By Alessandro Turcki, Munich Gallery ;
canvas, H 5 ft 1 in. x 7 ft 3 in. The god,
nude, seated in an antique chair, spinning ;
before him, Omphale, nearly nude, her back
covered with the lion's skin, leans one arm
on the hero's club, and glances at her com-
panions, three other young women, who
mock Hercules, while Cupid looks on with
a pitying expression. Formerly attributed
to Domenichino.
HERCULES STRANGLING THE SER-
PENTS, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Hermitage,
St Petersburg ; canvas. In the centre Her-
cules grasps the serpents by the throat,
while Iphicles cowers in terror beside him ;
on one side rushes in Alcmena, with attend-
ants, half clad, as if aroused from sleep ; on
the other, Amphitryon, sword in hand, fol-
lowed by servants with torches ; Tiresias the
blind seer (head of Samuel Johnson) stands
by with uplifted hands ; above, Juno looks
down from black clouds at the baffling of
her vengeance. Painted in 178S for Cath-
erine n. of Russia, who paid for it 1,500
guineas, and sent Sir Joshua in addition a
gold snuff-box, on which was her portrait
with cypher in diamonds. Engraved by J.
Hodges, J. Walker ; original sketch in pos-
session of Lord Arran. Lord Fitzwilliam
owns a repetition of the figure of the Her-
cules.— Leslie Taylor, ii. 482, 500, 516, 638;
Pulling, 83 ; Northcote, ii 214 ; Beechey,
i. 244 ; Art Journal (1860), 358 ; Notes and
Queries, 4th S., ix. 333 ; Atkinson, Art Tour,
248.
HERCULES, TEMPLE OF, Francia Bi.
gio, Uffizi, Florence ; wood. The statue of
Hercules, on a pedestal, under the portico
of a temple, with soldiers, philosophers, and
others grouped around it Of his late pe-
riod. Probably part of a cassone or chest
— C. & C, Italy, iiL 612 ; Oh. Blanc. Ecol*
florentine ; Molini, GaL di Firenze : ii. 61 ;
Laatnio, L PL 63.
edbyGoOgk
HERCULES BETWEEN VICE AND
VIRTUE, Annibale Carracci, Naples Muse-
um. Scene from allegory by Prodicus, pre-
served by Xenophon in the Memorabilia,
Hercules, seated between two women, ap-
pears irresolute ; Virtue, chastely clad, pre-
sents a sword and points heavenward ; Vice,
reclining upon a couch strewn with flowers,
displays her charms and invites him to
pleasure. Engraved by N. Mignard. — La-
rousse, is. 214.
By Rubens, Uffizi, Florence. Hercules,
seated in a landscape, with Venus on his
right and Cupid embracing Ms knees ; on
Ms left, Minerva, who takes him by the hand
and points to arms ; above, Time, bearing
emblems of life ; the god, while turning his
eyes toward the goddess of pleasure, appears
ready to follow Minerva. — Larousse, ii. 214.
HERCULES LED BY "WISDOM, Paolo
Veronese, Hope Collection, London ; canvas.
Hercules, emblematical of strength, is led
by Wisdom, and gazes tranquilly on worldly
Love, who is at hia feet From Orleans
Gallery ; sold in 1793 for £300.— Cab. Cro-
zat, ii. PL 24; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 113,
498.
HERDTLE, HERMANN, bom in Stutt-
gart, Sept 20, 1819. Landscape and archi-
tecture painter, pupil of Steinkopf; studied
from nature in Germany, France, Belgium,
Italy, and Switzerland, and with Pieter
Francis Peters founded a permanent art-
exhibition in Stuttgart. Works : Palace
Interior in Florence, Court-Yard in Verona,
Lake Lugano, all in Villa Rosenstein, near
Stuttgart ; View of Lake Constance ; View
of Bregenz, Castle Friedrichshafen ; Was-
sen on St Gothard ; Misocco Valley ; Bel-
linzona ; Canal Grande with Rial to Bridge ;
View in Villa Borghese.— Muller, 252.
HEREAU, JULES, bom in Paris, Aug.
29, 1830 (1831 ?), died June 26, 1879. Land-
scape painter, especially skilful in painting
animals, but his landscapes and city views
are of great merit Medals: 1865, 1868.
Works : Shepherd and the Sea (1864), Mont-
pellier Museum ; Impending Storm (1865),
Amiens Museum ; Shepherd's Song (1866),
Roueu Museum ; Gathering Seaweed in
Brittany, Snow-Storm in Paris (1868); The
Thames near London Bridge, The Thames
at Gravesend (1873) ; The Mouse at Rotter-
dam (1874) ; Mouth of the Seine, the Meuse
(1879) ; Returning (1880).— L'Art (1879).
xvul 24 ; Bellier, L 761.
HERILLUS, painter. See EriUm.
HERING, GEORGE EDWARDS, born
in London in 1806, died there, Dec 18,
1879. Landscape painter, studied in Mu-
nich (1829) and in Italy, settled in London
(1841), and exhibited often at Royal Acad-
emy. Works: Morning on Lake Lugano
(1860) ; Amain (1865) ; Head of the Glen
(1868) ; Old Red Sandstone Cliffs (1869) ;
Sunset after a Storm (1872) ; Outskirts of a
Wood (1873); Kildonan (1875) ; Woodland
Waters (1876) ; Tormore (1877) ; Loch Etive
(1878) ; By the Lonely Tarn (1879) ; Loch
Etive near Taynuilt (1880).— Amer. Art Re-
view (1880), 180 ; Art Journal (1861), 73 ;
(1880), 83.
HERKOMER, HUBERT, born at Waal,
Bavaria, May 26,
1849. Genre, land-
scape, and portrait
painter; came to
America in 1851 with
his father, a wood-
carver, but returned
; . in 1857 to Europe,
^ and settled at South-
ampton, where he
entered the school
of art ; in 1866 visited Munich, and in 1866
entered the South Kensington Schools under
Frederick Walker. Member of Institute of
Water Colours in 1871, A.R.A in 1879.
Settled in 1873 at Bushey, Hertfordshire,
where, in 1881, he established an art-
school Revisited America in 1882, painted
many portraits in New York and Boston,
and lectured in both cities. Visited America
again in 1883 and 1885, when he opened a
studio in Boston. Elected Slade professor
of art at Oxford, as successor of John Ruakin,
edbyGoOgk
andmemberof Berlin Academy, 1885. Medal
of Honour, Paris, 1878. Paints in both oil
and water-colours, and is one of the best
living etchers. Many of his drawings have
appeared in the Graphic. Works in oil :
After the Toil of the Day (1873) ; Last Mus-
ter—Chelsea Hospital (1875) ; At Death's
Door (1876); Der Bittgang, Who Comes
Here? Souvenir of Bembrandt(1877); Even-
tide (1878) ; Life, Light, and Melody (1879) ;
Wind-Swept, God's Shrine (1880) ; Missing
(1881) ; Gloom of IdwaL Homeward (1882);
Natural Enemies (1883) ; Pressing to the
West— Scene in Castle Garden, N. T. (1884);
Found, Grave-Digger's Firewood, First
Warmth of Spring, Bavarian Forester, Old
Peasant Woman (1885). Water-colours: Im
Walde(1874); Wood-Cutters Beet ; Poach-
er's Fate ; At the Well. Portraits : Biohard
Wagner (1878); Alfred Tennyson (1879);
Lord Stratford de Badclyffe, Odell the
Actor (1880) ; John Buskin (1881) ; Bichard
Oakes, Lorenz Herkomer, Archibald Forbes
(1882) ; Viscount Eversley ; Dr. A, B, Gar-
rod ; Hans Bichter (1883) ; Canon Ellison,
Canon Bradley, Canon Purse, .
Lord Brabourne (1884); Owen l\U%^
Grant, C. Vffliers Stanford, \\\\
William Sandbach (1885).— V >
Art Journal (1878), 141 ; (1880), 109 ; (1882),
238; Portfolio (1882), 81.
HEBLEN (Herlin, Herlein, Horlin),
FBIEDBICH, bom at Bothenburg or Nord-
lingen, Bavaria, died at Nordlingen, Oct
12, 1491. German school ; probably son
of the painter Hans Herlen, of Nordling-
en, about 1442-76. He lived in TJlm in
1449-54, then went to Flanders, where
Boger van der Weyden, whom he closely
imitated, was probably his master, and after
his return was employed in Nordlingen,
perhaps as early as 1459, but certainly in
1462-413, then in Bothenburg and Dinkels-
bohl in 1466-67, then settled in Nordlingen.
A noteworthy master, though limited in his
range and in no sense original. Works :
Madonna, Circumcision (1459), National
Museum, Munich ; Adoration of the Magi,
St. Ottilia (1459), sixteen Panels with Life
of the Virgin (8), Legend of St. George (3),
Story of Magdalen (2), Ladies of Donor's
Family and Saints (2) (1462), Madonna en-
throned and Saints(1488), Town Hall, Nord-
lingen ; Panels on Shrine with Passion of
Christ (4) and Last Judgment (4) (1462), St
George's, ib. ; Altarpiece with Life of the
Virgin (1466), St James's, Bothenburg;
Nativity, Adoration of the Magi (1472), St
Blasius', Bopfingen ; Marriage of St Cath-
erine, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., xii. 115 ; Forster, Gesch.,
ii. 18, 187 ; do., Denkmale, XH. ii. 2 ; iii.
3 ; Gruneisen & Mauch, 37; Kugler (Crowe),
L 138 ; D. Kunstblatt (1854), 187 ; Schnaase,
viiL 407 ; Waagen, K u. K in D., i 324,
347 ; W. ft W., il 112 ; Zeitechr. £ b. K,
iii. 87.
HERLIN, AUGUSTS, born at Lille, Aug.
18, 1835. Genre painter, pupil of Souchon;
paints subjects from every-day life with
spirit and humour. Works: The Wafer,
Beating Colza, The Alloir (1861) ; Washer-
woman, The Pleasure-Trip (1863) ; Visiting
One's Colleague, Burial of a Pauper (1866) ;
The Lotion (1867) ; Amusing their Little
Brother, A Pond (1868) ; Time for the In-
terview, Returning from the Fields (1869) ;
The Interview, The Parade (1870) ; Going
to Harvest Lake Evian, Souvenir of Dinard
(1874) ; A Vision, Woman of Lille, Hour
for Walking (1875) ; Stella Maris, Affair of
Honour (1876).— Muller, 253.
HERMANN, EABL HEINRICH, bom in
Dresden, Jan. 6, 1802, died in Berlin, April
30, 1880. History painter, pupil of the
Dresden Academy under Hartmann, then
from 1822 in Dflsseldorf under Cornelius,
who entrusted him with important fresco
works in Munich and (1840) Berlin, where
in 1844 he became professor at the Acad-
emy. Works : Theology, Bonn University ;
Scenes from Parcival (1834), KOnigsbau,
Munich ; Victory of Louis the Bavarian at
Ampfing, Arcades, Royal Garden, ib. ; As-
cension (1835), Protestant Church, Munich ;
Patriarchs, Prophets, Evangelists, Apostles
edbyGoOgk
HERMANN-LEON
Peter and Paul (1840^*4), 14 frescos, KIos-
terkirche, Berlin ; Easter Morn, St. Mat-
thew's, ib. ; Sermon on the Mount, Fifteen
Pictures from German History (1844-54). —
Allgem. d. Biogr., sii. 185; Allgem. Zeitg.,
May 20, 1880, Beilage, 141 ; Brockhaus, is.
145 ; Cotta's KunstbL (1831), 103 ; (1835),
42 ; D. KuiiBtbL (1853), 40 ; (1854), 31 ;
KunsUJhronik, it. 560 ; Forster, v. 72 ;
RaczynBki, i. 55, 65, 270 ; ii 230.
HERMANN-LEON, CHARLES, born at
Havre, July 22, 1838. Animal and genre
ing-Trough, Shepherd Dog (1883) ; In the
Heath, Tip, A Pug-Dog (1884) ; Welfare
(1885).— Bellier, i 762.
HERMANN AND THUSNELDA, An-
gelica Eauffmann, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 5 ft 4 in. x 7 ft 3 in. Scene from one
of Klopstock 's dramas on Hermann (Arinin-
ius). Hermann, having triumphed over the
legions of Varus, returns, bearing the spoils
of victory, to sacrifice on the altars of his
fathers ; Thuanelda presents him the wreath
of sacred leaves, while her companions strew
painter, pupil of Philippe Rousseau and of
Fromentin. Medals : 3d class, 1873 ; 2d
class, 1879. Works: Ill-gotten Gains do no
Good to the Getter, Contempt (1868); Valet
coupling Dogs, Intermission (1870); Hunt-
ing Relay (1872); Peasants fleeing from In-
vasion, Who-hoop to the Boar (1873); Legend
of St Hubert, Fino a Fox-Terrier (1874) ;
Galendor and Castillo (1875) ; Mass of St
Hubert, Shepherd and the Sea (1876) ;
Huntsman (1877); Death of Action (1878);
"Who-hoop (1879), bought by State ; Relay of
Dogs (1880); Maternity, Wolf-Hunt (1881);
Eve of Lent (1882); Coming from the Water-
flowers and a priest gives thanks to Woden.
Engraved by J. B. Durer; G. Kotterba. —
Reveil, x. 712.
HERMANS, CHARLES, born in Brus-
sels, Aug. 17, 1839. Genre painter, pupil
of Brussels Academy, and in Paris of Ecole
des Beaux Arts and of Gleyre ; lived in
1862-66 in Italy, mostly at Rome. First
attracted attention in Brussels in 1875 by
his Morning Dawn in a Large City, for
which he received the Order of Leopold.
Works : On the Strand ; On the Terrace ;
At Dawn of Day ; Monks playing Nine- Pins ;
Job and his Friends (1872); Child's Hospi-
ce byGoOglC
tal (1873); Masked Ball (1880), Pennsylva-
nia Academy, Philadelphia. — Mflller, 253.
HERMELIN, OLOF, bora at Gripenberg,
Smalaud, Feb. 8, 1820. landscape painter,
pupil of Stockholm Academy under Billings ;
visited in 1870 Copenhagen, DOsseldorf,
Paris, Belgium, and Holland, and in 1873
went to London. Member of the Stockholm
Academy since 1870. Works: Evening in
Autumn ; King's Hut in Orebro ; Shower
in Bohusl&n ; Cloudy Evening ; Spring
Landscape ; End of Winter ; Autumn Land-
scape ; Fish-Market in
Houfleur ; On Hunting-
Ground.— Mailer, 253.
HERMINIA AT THE
SHEPHERDS HOUSE,
Domenichino, Louvre; can-
vas, H. 4 ft x 5 ft. 10 in.
Herminia, in Clorinda'a
armour, addresses the old
shepherd, whose children
play the flute and the pipe,
and whose sheep are seen
in the fold (Tasso, Jerusa-
lem Delivered, Canto vu.).
Collection of Louis XIV.
Formerly attributed to An-
nibale Carracci. — Villot,
Cat. Louvre; Rcveil, v. 308. *'""'"
HERM OGENES, painter and philos-
opher, of Carthage (?), second half of 2d
century, a.d. After his conversion to Chris-
tianity be incurred the anger of Tertullian,
whose work " Adversus Hermogenem " alone
has preserved the painter's name from
oblivion.
HERNANDEZ, Don GERMAN, bom in
Spain ; contemporary. History painter, pu-
pil of San Fernando Academy. Works : Soc-
rates and Alcibiades in the House of Lais ;
Journey of the Virgin and St John to Ephe-
sus ; Entombment ; Romeo and Juliet ; The
Virgin in the Desert ; Return from Ponte
Molle— Rome, Luisa Miller (1883).— La U-
ustracion (1883), L 242, 291.
HERP, GUILLIAM (Willem) VAN, born
at Antwerp in 1614, died there, buried June
23, 1677. Flemish school ; history and
genre painter, pupil of Damiaan Wortel-
mans, and formed himself further under the
influence of Rubens ; master of the guild in
1637. Works : A Festival, Bridgewater Gal-
lery, London ; Men and Women regaling
Themselves, Repast, Marquis of Bute, ib.;
Pharaoh's Dream, Christ bearing the Cross,
Hampton Court Palace ; Figures with Sheep
at a Well, Dulwich Gallery ; Peasant Fam-
ily, Arenberg Gallery, Brussels ; Calling of
St Matthew, Comto Dubus de Ghisignies,
ib.; Conversion of St Augustine, Baptism
of da, St Augustine's, Antwerp ; Abraham
and the Angels, Darmstadt Museum ; do.,
Caasel Gallery ; Peasant at Domestic Work,
Bamberg Gallery ; Satyr at Repast of Peas-
ant Family, Berlin Museum ; Soldiers in
Peasant's Cottage (1664), Harracb Gallery,
Vienna ; Christ with Martha and Mary,
Schwerin Gallery ; Christ's Entry into Jeru-
salem, Stockholm Museum ; Christ before
_^ . . -■ Caiaphas, do.
(J * l^A/TPP bearing the
J. *~"\r cross, do.
crowned with Thorns, Historical Society,
New York. — Eramm, iii. 680 ; Michiels, viii,
248 ; Van den Brandeu, 916.
HERP, HENDRHC VAN, bom at Ant-
werp, baptized May 20, 1619, died there in
^abyGoOglC
1667. Flemish school ; history painter, son
of and first instructed by Nicolaas van Herp
(pupil of Hendrik van Balen in 1602, and
master of the guild in 1606) ; then (1627)
pupil of Adam ran Noort ; master of the
guild in 1637. Works: St. Boch adoring
the Virgin, The Plague- Stricken invoking
St Boch, Godshuizen, Antwerp. — Van den
Branden, 922.
HERPFER, It ART, born at DinkelsbOhl
Bavaria, Nor. 30, 1836. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Munich Academy under Bamberg;
paints mostly rococo scenes, better in draw-
ing and colour than in composition. Works:
The Coquette ; Good News ; Disagreeable
News ; The Nurse ; Gentle Waking ; Inter-
rupted Festival ; Scene from Moliere's " Nar-
cisse * ; Disturbed Betrothal (1872), Kunst-
halle, Hamburg.— Muller, 253.
HERPIN, LEON, born at Granville, Nor-
mandy, Oct 12, 1841, died Oct. 27, 1880.
Landscape and porcelain painter, pupil of
Daubigny, J. Andre, and Busson. Medals :
3d class, 1875; 2d class, 1876. Works:
Seine at ScvTes (1868); Environs of Dinan
(1869); Views of Bas-Meudon (1870); Island
of Chansey (1872); The Oise, River in the
Woods (1874); The Marne at Chennevieres,
The Knoll of Moulineaux (1875); Bridge of
Sevres, The Little Bridge of San Jacut
(1876);Environs of Cherbourg, Salt Marshes
of tbePouliquen (1877); Paris at Evening
from the Bridge of Saints Peres (1878),
Paris from the Pont Neuf (1878), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; da in 1878 (1879), bought
by the city ; Castle of Gaillard (1880) ; Old
Mill at Bonneuil, Gate of La Villette
(1881).— Amer. Art Rev. (1881), 88 ; L'Art
(1880), xxiii. 168 ; Meyer, Conv. Let, adr.
461.
HERR, MICHAEL, born at Metzingen,
Wurtemberg, in 1591, died at Nuremberg
in 1661. German school ; history and por-
trait painter ; seems to have gone to Nurem-
berg early in life, and returned in 1620 after
a visit to Italy. Works : The Seven Liberal
Arts with Mars and Justice (1622); Nurem-
berg during the Siege in Thirty Years' War,
Male Portrait (1639), Germanic Museum,
Nuremberg.
HERREGOUTS, HENDRDX, bora at
Mechlin, April 1, 1633, died at Antwerp
before March 3, 1704. Flemish school ;
history painter, son and pupil of David
Herregouts (born at Mechlin in 1600), spent
several years at Rome studying after the best
| masters, was at Cologne about 1661, came
I to Antwerp, and entered the guild there in
1664, but soon removed to Mechlin, where
he became master of the guild in 1666 ; went
afterwards again to Germany and Italy,
whence he returned to Antwerp in 1679.
Painted altaipieces for churches in all the
principal cities of Belgium. Works : Mar-
tyrdom of St. Matthew, Antwerp Cathedral ;
Last Judgment, St. Ann's, Bruges ; Mar-
tyrdom of St Basil, St Basil's, ib.; St Au-
gustine in Ecstasy, St John's Hospital, ib.;
St Dominic in Prayer, Notre Dame, ib.;
Assumption, St Magdalen's, ib.; Apotheosis
of Christ St Peter and Paul's, Mechlin ;
Trinity, Cologne Museum. — Descamps, iii.
105 ; Krarara, iii. 681 ; Merlo, 175 ; Van den
Branden, 947.
HERREGOUTS, JAN BAPTIST, born in
Gelders about 1640, died at Bruges in 1721.
Flemish school ; history and portrait painter,
brother of preceding, like whom he visited
Italy, then entered the guild at Antwerp in
1673 ; removed to Bruges in 1682, and there
became master of the guild in 1684. Works :
Circumcision, Assumption, St Ann's, Bruges;
Presentation in the Temple, The Virgin and
Saints kneeling before Christ Church of the
Carmelites, ib.; two portraits (1699, 1709),
St John's Hospital, ib.; portrait of himself,
do. of his Father, Academy, ib; The Cardi-
nal Virtues (3), Town Hall, Ostend.— Van
den Branden, 948.
HERRENBURG, JOHANN ANDREAS,
born in Berlin, Feb. 6, 1824. Architecture
and landscape painter, pupil of Biermann ;
travelled in Germany, France, and Italy, and
in 1845 went to Athens, whence by order of
King Otto he travelled through the Morea
in search of ancient monuments. In 1846
edbyGoOgk
be accompanied the Turkish expedition to
Asia Minor, Palestine, and Persia, was made
a Bey by the Sultan ; visited Egypt, Nubia,
and Abyssinia in 1817, and returned to Ber-
lin in 1848 via Italy, France, Spain, and Eng-
land. In 1855 he moved to Dresden. Works:
Street in Cairo ; Plain of Thebes ; Street in
Bagdad ; View of Sidon ; View on White
Nile ; View on Bed Sea ; Colossus of Mem-
non ; Coast of Paphos in Cyprus ; View on
Lake Como ; Canal in Venice ; Acropolis at
Athens; Temple of IbU on Isle of Philas;
Theatre of Taormina ; Forum at Rome ;
Temple of Vesta ; Tivoli from Neptune's
Grotto ; Posilippo.— Mflller, 254.
HERRERA, ALONZO DE, living at Se-
govia in 1579, intimate friend of El Mudo.
Spanish school In 1590 he painted, for
the high altar of the Church of Villa-Castin,
six pictures illustrating the life of Christ,
which were ruined in 1734 by a bungling
restorer.— Cean Beruradez ; Stirling, L 290.
HERRERA, FRANCISCO DE, el Viejo
(the elder), born
in Seville about
1576, died in
Madrid in 1656.
Spanish school;
pupil of Luis
Fernandez, but
disdaining to
imitate him,
adopted a free
bold style, and
became one of the most original and famous
artists of his time in Spain. He painted
many religious compositions, and attracted
numerous students, among whom was Ve-
lasquez, but his temper was so violent that
he was abandoned by even his children.
Accused of coining false money, he took
refuge in the Jesuits' College, Seville, where
he painted a noble altarpiece, St Hermen-
giltl in Glory, now in the Seville Museum.
Philip IV. on seeing this picture granted
him a free pardon. In 1650 he settled in
Madrid. Other works : Last Judgment, S.
Bernardo, Seville ; Si Peter, Cathedral ib. ;
St. Basil, Museum, ib.; Israelites gathering
Manna, Moses smiting the Bock, Marriage
at Cans, Miracle of Loaves and Fishes, Arch-
bishop's Palace, ib.; St Augustine and
Church Fathers, St. Jerome and do., Mont-
pensier Collection, ib.; St Basil Dictating,
Louvre ; St Matthew, Dresden Museum.
He also executed many frescos, of which but
few remain. His eldest son, called El Ru-
ble, was an artist of merit, but died young.
— Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Stirling, i
454 ; Viardot, 191.
HERRERA, FRANCISCO DE, el Mozo
(the younger), born in Seville iu 1622, died
in Madrid in 1665. Spanish school ; son
and pupil of Francisco de Herrera, el Viejo,
from whom he ran away and went to Rome,
where he learned to paint still-life, espe-
cially fish, ao well that he was called II
Spagnuolo degli Pesci. Returning to Se-
ville on the death of his father, he painted
several large altarpieces for churches. In
1660 he aided in founding the Academy at
Seville, of which Murillo was chosen presi-
dent and Herrera second or vice-president ;
but, displeased at this inferior position, he
went in 1661 to Madrid, where he became
painter to Philip IV. and superintendent of
the royal works (1671). Named royal
painter to Charles IL Though possessed
of considerable mechanical facility, Herrera
did not inherit much of his father's genius ;
he coloured
with some
brilliancy,
but his draw-
ing and his composition are alike affected.
Works : Triumph of St. Heruiengild, Ma-
drid Museum; two landscapes, Montpenaier
Gallery, Seville; Saints appearing to St.
Dominick, Hermitage, St Petersburg. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole espagnole; Madrazo, 411;
Stirling, ii. 936 ; Viardot, 191.
HERRERA BABNUEVO. SEBASTIANO
DE. born in Madrid in 1619, died there in
1671. Spanish school ; history painter, pu-
pil of A. Cano, worked especially for the
EscoriaL Works: St Barnabas, Si Jerome
•fleft*
'a*
MbyGooglc
HERREYKS
in the Desert, St John in Patmos, St. John
Baptist in the Desert, Escorial ; Two Wan-
dering Musicians, Louvre.
HERREYNS, WTLLEM JACOBUS, born
in Antwerp, baptized June 10, 1743, died
there Aug. 10, 1827. Flemish school ; his-
tory and portrait painter, eon and pupil of
Jacob Herrejns the younger, a decorative
painter, and of the Academy, where he won
prizes in 1762 and 1764 ; professor in
1765. After travelling in 1767, he settled
in 1771 at Mechlin, where be founded an
academy. In 1780 he was visited by Gus-
taviis III of Sweden, who made him his
court-painter, and in 1781 by Joseph II. of
Austria. On the change of the Antwerp
Academy into a special school for painting,
sculpture, and architecture, in 1800, lie
was again appointed professor ; exercised
a favourable influence upon modern art
in Belgium. Works : Last Sigh of Christ,
four portraita (1793, 1809), Museum, Ant-
werp ; Christ and the Disciples at Emmaus
(1808), CathedraUb.;Adoration of the Magi,
Museum, Brussels ; Last Supper, St Nicho-
las', ib.; Scenes in Life of St Rmnoldus(3),
Cathedral, Mechlin; Disciples at Emmaus,
St Francis of Assisi, St John in the Desert,
God Father, St John's, ib. ; Christ on the
Cross, Seminary, ib.; Portrait of Emperor
Joseph DL, do. of a Canon, Museum, ib. —
Ch. Blanc, Ecole naraande ; ImmerzeeL ii.
35 ; Michiels, s. 498 ; Booses (Eeber), 447 ;
Van den Branden, 1265.
HERRING, JOHN FREDERICK, born
in Surrey in 1795,
died at Tun-
bridge, Kent,
Sept 23, 1865.
Fainter of horses
and farm-yard
scenes, pupil of _,
A. Cooper. He "
was auimnl-paint- s,
er to the Duchess j
of Kent Many *
of his coaching and racing pictures have
been engraved and lithographed. Among
his best works are : The Baron's Charger,
Members of the Temperance Society, Re-
turning from Epsom, Derby Day, Market
Day, and Horse Fair ; Frugal Meal (1847),
National Gallery ; Group of Ducks, Deer-
Stalker, Glasgow Gallery ; Horse at the
Trough, National Gallery, Dublin ; Mare
and Foal (1863), W. T. Walters, Baltimore.
His son, John Frederick, paints similar
subjects. — Cat. Nat Gal. ; Art Journal
(1865), 328, 381.
HERRLFJN, JOHANN ANDREAS, born
in WOrzburg in 1720, died at Fulda in 1796.
German school; landscape and genre painter,
especially of hunts, peasant frolics, and bath-
ing nymphs, in the style of the Dutch mas-
ters ; was court-painter to the Prince-Bishop
of Fulda. Works : Wood Landscapes with
Huntsmen and Peasants (2), Basle Museum ;
Charlatan pulling Tooth, Darmstadt Muse-
um ; Singing Toper, Zither-Player, Fruit-
pieces (2), Boy with Basket, Cassel Gallery ;
Hunters' Camp in the Woods — Night scene,
Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; others in
Stadel Institute, Frankfort
HERRLICH, P HTT.IP P, born at Solms-
Laubach, Hesse, in 1818. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil of Stadel Institute,
Frankfort, under Rustige ; painted at first
portraita, mostly in water-colours, and after-
wards genre scenes of life and customs in
Upper Hesse. Works: Convalescent Child ;
Hansel and Gretel ; Playing Children ; The
Stork brought It ; Before Confirmation ;
Preparation for School ; Grandfather.
HERSENT, LOUIS, born in Paris, March
10, 1777, died there, Oct 2, 1860. Genre,
history, and portrait painter, pupil of Regn-
ault Took his first subjects from Greek
mythology, like David and Girodet, but
later also treated historical genre. After
1824 confined himself to portrait painting.
Won the 2d grand prize in 1797 ; L of
Honour, 1819 ; Member of Institute, 1823 ;
professor, 1825. Works: Narcissus changed
into a Flower (1802), Cambrai Museum ;
Achilles delivering Briseto to Agamemnon's
Heralds (1804) ; Atala poisoning herself in
edbyGoOgk
the Arms of Chactas (1806) ; Fenelon taking
back a Cow to some Peasants (1810) ; Pas-
sage of the Bridge of Landahut by Count
Lobau (1810), Versailles Museum ; Las Ca
saa taken care of by Savages when Sick
(1814) ; Death of Dr. Bichat (1817) ; Louis
XVI helping the Poor in the Winter of
1788 (1817), Duke of Bordeaux in his Cra-
dle, Versailles Museum ; Daphnis and Chloe
(1817) ; The Abdication of Gustavus Vasa
(1819, destroyed in 1848) ; Ruth and Boaz
(1822) ; Monks of St Oothard helping Fam-
ilies robbed by Brigands (1824) ; Henry IV.
of France (1827), Grand Trianon, Versailles.
— Bellier, L 763 ; Ch. Blanc, Erole franoaise ;
Gaz. des R Arts (1860), viii. 128 ; Larousae;
Meyer, Gesch., 174.
HE BSniA SEPARATING ROMULUS
AND TATIUS, Guercino, Louvre ; canvas,
H. 8 ft 3 in. x 8 ft 9 in. Henrilia, holding
the arm of Romulus, looks entreatingly at
her father, whose hand, armed with a sword,
is arrested by a Sabine ; in background
BomanB and Sabinea fighting. Painted in
1645 for the Marquis de La Vaffliere.— Vil-
lot, Cat. Louvre.
HERST, AUGUSTE CLEMENT
JACQUES, born at Bocroy (Ardennes), Aug.
28, 1825. Landscape painter ; chiefly known
by bis water-colours. L. of Honour, 1874.
Works : Storm on the Coast of Africa, Sun-
rise at Rotterdam, Old Bridge in Holland
(1874) ; Valley of SaUanches, Forest Border
(1875); Low Tide, Spring (1876); View
near Dordrecht, La Barre— Africa (1S77) ;
Interior of Farm-yard, Chartres Museum. —
Bellier, i. 764
HERTEL, ALBERT, born in Berlin,
April 19, 1843. Landscape painter, pupil
of Berlin Academy, and one of the foremost
Prussian colourists. Professor at Berlin
Academy in 1875. Works : Capri ; Via
Flaminia near Borne ; View of Cape Porto-
fino ; After Storm on Coast of Genoa (1878),
Northern Coast Scene (1883), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Repose in Egypt, Breslau Mu-
seum ; Ulysses and the Sirens ; Heights of
Antemna ; Olive Harvest in Capri ; Summer
Evening by Brandenburg Gate ; Genovese-
Still life (1879). -Mailer, 254 ; Rosenberg,.
Berl. Malersch., 344 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix.
64
HERTEL, EARL, born in Breslau, Oct.
17, 1837. Genre painter, pupil of Duasel-
dorf Academy under Wilhelm Sohn ; visited,
the art centres of Germany, and after set-
tling in Dusseldorf made annual trips to-
Belgium and Holland. His well-coloured,
pictures show genuine feeling. Works::
Boys at Play ; Departure of Landwehr ; The
Two Friends ; Young Germany (1874), Na-
tional Gallery, Berlin ; replica, and Young
Wounded Soldier playing on Violin (1872),
Leipaic Museum ; Dutch Coast Scene
(1883).
HERTEBICH, HANS, born at Ansbach,.
Bavaria, in 1843. Historical genre painter,
pupil of Munich Academy under Philipp
Foltz, and of Piloty ; afterwards studied in
Rome, where he painted scenes from renais-
sance and rococo time. Works: Ingeborg
at the Sea ; Frederic with the Bitten Cheek ;
Not at Home (1876).— Dluatr, Zeitg. (1874),
it 522 ; (1877), ii 465.
HERZOG, HERMANN, born in Bremen,
Nov. 15, 1832. Landscape painter, pupil of
Dusseldorf Academy under Schirmer ; vis-
ited repeatedly Norway, Switzerland, Italy,
and the Pyrenees, of which countries he has
painted numerous mountain landscapes ex-
cellent in drawing and pleasing in colour-
ing. In 1869 he came to America, and set-
tled in Philadelphia. Works : Festival at
Unspunnen, Switzerland (1862) ; Norwegian
Fjord ; The Wetterhorn ; Twilight in the
Alps ; Lauterbrunn Valley ; Norwegian
Waterfall ; Views in Yose mite Valley ; Nor-
wegian Landscape, Got ha Museum. — Mai-
ler, 255.
HESS, EUGEN, born in Munich, June
25, 1824 died there, Nov. 21, 1862. Genre
painter, son and pupil of Peter Hess, and
student in Munich Academy. Travelled
with his father (1839) in Northern Ger-
many, Poland, and Russia. Early gained
repute by his works, and in 1849-50-
edbyGoOgk
profited by studying the old masters in
Brussels and Paris. Works : Family in
Forester's House, Game Poulterer (1846) ;
Hunter's Good Morning (1848) ; First In-
struction in Hunting (1850) ; Bavarian Rifle-
man on Outpost (1853) ; Marshal Wrangel
overtaken by General von Worth (1855) ;
Message from Battlefield (1857) ; Looking
for Pheasants (1862) ; Shakespeare as a
Poacher before his Landlord ; Visit at the
Monastery, The Swedish General Wrangel
escaping capture by the Bavarians in 1647
while hunting, New Pinakothek, Munich. —
And re sen, iii. 203.
HESS, HEINRICH MARIA VON, born
in Dusseldorf, April 19,
1798, died in Munich,
March 29, 1863. His-
tory and portrait paint-
er, son and pupil of the
engraver Earl Ernst
Christoph Hess, then
from 1813 at the Munich
Academy under P. von
Langer. Having at-
tracted attention by his
pointings when only eighteen, he went in
1821 to Rome, and remained four years.
In 1827-47 he was professor at the Munich
Academy, and in 1849 became director of
all the galleries. His frescos in the Chapel
of All Saints (1827-37), and especially those
in the Basilica (1837-46), are among the most
remarkable modern works of their kind. He
was a member of the Vienna, Milan, Stock-
holm, and Antwerp Academies. Works :
Entombment, St. Luke (1815) ; Holy Fam-
ily, Faith, Love, and Hope (1817) ; Charity,
Christmas Eve, St Cecilia, Entombment,
Descent from the Cross, several portraits
(1817-21); Portrait of Thorwaldsen, Count-
ess Florenzi, Parnassus (1821-26); 67 Scenes
from Old and New Testament, and 11 from
Church History (1827-37), Life of 8t Boni-
face (1840-45), Church of All Saints, Munich;
Last Supper (1846), Refectory, Benedictine
Monastery, Munich ; Madonna Enthroned,
Last Supper (1863, unfinished), Peasants on
Pilgrimage to Rome, Portrait of Thorwald
sen, da of Florentine Lady, New Pinakothek,
ib. ; Portrait of Thorwaldsen.Schack Gallery,
ib. — AUgem. d. Biogr., xii. 278 ; Brockhaus,
ix. 181 ; Art Journal (1865), 97 ; Reber-Pecht,
iL97.
HESS, HXERONTMUS, born in Basle in
1788, died there in 1850. History painter,
pupil in Rome of Koch. Works: Murder
of Emperor Albrecht by Hans von Schwaben ;
Battle of the Swiss against the French near
St Jacob, Basle Museum. — Cotta's KunatbL,
1830, 25 ; N. Necrol. d. D. 1850 ; Waagen,
D., ii. 283, 290.
HESS, JOHANN MICHAEL, born at
Erlau, Hungary, Sept. 18, 1768, died about
1830. History painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under Maurer, won the first prize
in 1794, and afterwarda became professor of
drawing at the Engineer Academy. Works :
St Stephen, Assumption, John the Baptist
and John of Nepomuk, Seminary Church,
Erlau ; Baptism of St. Stephen, Gran Cathe-
dral. — Wurzbach, viii. 424.
HESS, KARL, born in Dusseldorf in
1801, died at Reichenhall, Nov. 16, 1874,
Genre and animal painter, youngest brother
of Peter, whom, with Wagenbauer, he took
for his model Educated in Munich. Pict-
ures full of truth, character, and poetry. Also
an engraver. Works: Thierstflck (1835);
Starting for the Alp, Alp near
|^7 Kochel (1848); On Stahremberg
|trl Lake ; Alp near Schliersee ; Mu-
£ X nich Buck-Cellar ; Pasturage ; Ty-
/ o J J rolese Landscape, National Gal-
lery, Berlin. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
xii. 298; Deutsche Wart* (1875), 768;
Kunst-Chronik, x. 137.
HESS, KARL ADOLF, born in Dresden
in 1769, died at Wilhelmsdorf, near Vienna,
July 3, 1849. Battle and horse painter,
pupil of Klass ; settled about 1809 in Vi-
enna, where he afterwards became professor
at the Academy. His ' many journeys to
Hungary, Russia, and Turkey, and in 1829
to England, enabled him to acquire a thor-
ough knowledge of the various breeds of
edbyGoOgk
Jiorsea, which he painted with great skill.
Works : Attack of Saxon Dragoons (1796) ;
March of Cossacks through Bohemia
(1799); Twelve Pictures— The Biding School
(1SO0-18O7) ; Horses' Heads (1825).— All-
gem, d. Bitigr., vii. 296 ; Wurzbach, viii.
425.
HESS, LUDWIG, born in Zurich, Oct.
16, 1760, died there, April 13, 1800. Land-
scape painter, studied entirely from nature ;
visited Florence and Borne in 1794. Much
influenced by Salomon Gessner. Works :
Mont Blanc ; Morning in the Alps ; Even-
ing on Lago Maggiore ; Grfltli, Tail's Chapel ;
collection of his beat paintings (37) in Zurich
Gallery.— AUgem. d. Biogr., xii 298 ; Joh.
Heinr. Meyer, Ludwig Hess (Zurich, 1800).
HESS, MAX, horn in Munich, Oct 15,
1825, died at Lippspringe, Westphalia, July
19, 1868. History painter, youngest son
and pupil of Peter ; also studied in Paris
and Dusseldorf. Works : Puritans on Guard ;
Italian Noblemen on a Veranda ; Pillage of
a Monastery ; Torchlight Procession at
Ddsseldorf, 1857, painted for the Princes
of Hohenzollern ; Portrait of the Opera-
Singer Eindermann. — AUgem. d. Biogr., xii.
299; Blanckarts, 30; Eunafc-Chronik, in.
171.
HESS, PETER TON, bom in Dusseldorf,
July 29, 1792, died in Munich, April 4, 1871.
Genre and battle painter, son and pupil of
Earl Ernst Christoph Hess, and from 1806
at the Munich Academy ; served in the
campaigns of 1813-15, visited Vienna, Swit-
zerland, and Italy (1818), accompanied King
Otho to Greece in 1833, and visited Russia
(1839) to make studies for a series of battle-
pieces ordered by the Czar Nicolas. One
of the foremost modern painters of war life.
Founded with Quaglio the Art Union at
Munich. Bavarian court-painter and mem-
ber of the Berlin, Vienna, Munich, and St
Petersburg Academies. Works ; Battle of
Arcis-sur-Aube, Return of Bavarian Officers
(1813); Horsemen seeking Shelter, Cossack
Scenes (1814); Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
(1817); Abruzzi Peasants before an Inn,
Marino — a Bobber — defending Himself,
Cossacks crossing the Rhine (1819); Defence
of a Bridge near Hanau (1820) ; Skirmish
between French and Austrian Cavalry, Aus-
trian Camp (1822); Plundering Cossacks
(1820), Sutler Scene, Feast of St Leonhard
in Bavaria (1825), French Train- Wagon sur-
prised by Austrian Uhlans, PaUicarea near
Athens (1829), National Gallery, Berlin;
Encounter at W&rgel in 1809, Skirmish near
Pass Strub in 1805, Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
(1828); Wallachian Horses, Entry of King
Otho into Nauplia (1835), da into Athens,
The Bobber Barbone and Family defending
themselves against Gendarmes, View of San
Marino, Rest before Inn, Train of Greek
Peasants on Sea-Coast, Chamois Hunter,
Italian Family at Tivoli, Battle of Auster-
litz, Scenes from Greek War of Independ-
ence (40 oil sketches for frescos in Arcades
of Royal Garden), New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Duck-Shooting on the Moor, Leipaic Muse-
um ; Laying of Corner-Stone of Column of
Constitution ; Landing of Greek Troops at
Nauplia ; Battles of Smolensk, Poloczk, Wi-
asma, Valutina Gora, Krasnoi, Elasigy, and
Borodino, Crossing of the Beresina (1839-
55); Battle of Leipsio (1854); Battle of Aus-
terlitz (1856).— Allgem. d. Biogr., xii. 300 ;
Brockhaus, ix. 180 ; Eunst-Chronik, vi. 116.
HESSE, ALEXANDRE (JEAN BAP-
TISTE), born in Paris, Sept 30, 1806,
died there, Aug. 7, 1879. History painter,
nephew and pupil of Auguste Hesse, and
pupil of Gros ; studied the works of Paolo
Veronese at Veuice, and formed his style
after that master. His pictures are much
admired for their skilful composition and
careful finish. Medals : 1st class, 1833 ; 2d
class, 1848 ; L. of Honour, 1842 ; Officer,
1868 ; Member of Institute, 1867. Works :
Titian's Funeral (1833); Leonardo da Vinci
letting loose some Birds (1836); Mower Girl
(1837), Girl carrying Fruit (1838), Venetian
Concert, Nantes Museum ; Death of BriBSon
(1840); Adoption of Godfrey do Bouillon
by Emperor Alexis Comnenus (1842), Ver-
sailles Museum ; Catalan Fishermen, Young
MbyGooglc
Woman of Aries (1844); Pisani's Triumph
(1847), Luxembourg Museum ; The Repub-
lic (1848); Charity (1861); Mural paintings
illustrative of the Life of St Francis, in
chapel of St Francis de Sales, St Sulpice,
Paris.— Bellier, I 766 ; Kunstr-Chronik, xv.
29 ; Merer, Oesch., 283.
HESSE, (NICOLAS) AUGUSTS, bom in
Paris, Aug. 28, 1795, died there, June 14,
1869. History painter, uncle of Alexandre
Hesse, pupil of Gros ; won the grand prix
de Borne in 1818. Decorated the churches
of Notre Dame de Lore tie, St Elizabeth,
Bonne Nouvelle, St Euatache, St. Severin,
and St. Sulpice, Paris. Painted on glass
and made designs for other glass painters.
Seldom exhibited in the Salon. Medal, let
class, 1838 ; L of Honour, 1840 ; Member
of Institute, 1863. Works : Philemon and
Baucis (1818) ; Foundation of College de
Sorbonne (1827), Church of the Sorbonne,
Paris ; Mirabeau in the States -General of
1789 (1838), Amiens Museum ; Christ at the
Sepulchre (1838), Cathedral of Perigueux ;
St. Mary fainting at the Tomb of Christ
(1845), formerly Luxembourg Museum ;
Adoration of Shepherds, Conversion and
Martyrdom of St Hippolytus, Notre Dame
de Lorette, Paris ; Jacob and the Angel
(1851), Avranches Cathedral; Clytia Dying
(1853), Amiens Museum ; Portrait of Girar-
don (1856). In the Hotel de Ville, he
painted, among other pictures, the Promul-
gation of the Concordat — Bellier, i. 765 ;
Kunst-Clironik, iv. 195.
HETSCH, PHUJPP FBJEDRICH VON,
born in Stuttgart, Sept. 10, 1758, died there,
Dec. 31, 1839. History painter, pupil, from
1773 at the Earlsschule, of Guibal and Har-
per ; made court-painter in 1780, and sent
to Paris, where he continued his studies for
two years under Vien, Vernet, and David ;
was in Borne in 1785-87, and again in 1795.
In 1787 he was appointed professor at the
Earlsschule, in 1798 director of the Ducal
Gallery, and in 1801 member of the Berlin
Academy. In 1809 he again visited Paris,
and in 1816 Leipsic, Dresden, and Berlin.
His pictured, which show the influence of
David's school, are mostly in the Wurtem-
■ berg galleries. Works : Anger of Achilles ;
Blind CEdipus ; Cupid and Psyche ; Fare-
j well of Begulus ; Brutus and Portia ; Pa
pirius and the Gauls ; Mariua at Carthage ;
; Daniel in the Lions' Den ; Joseph in Prison ;
Ascension ; St Cecilia ; Mary with Wife of
Pilate ; Odin's Descent into Hell ; Cornelia
with her Children ; Albonack's Daughters
before King Alfred, Stuttgart Museum ;
King Frederic and Suite before Castle Mod-
repos; Brutus seeing the Ghost of Casar,
Darmstadt Museum. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xiL
320 ; Goethe, Schweizer Reise, L J. 1797 ;
Haakh, Beitrage, 8 ; BiegeL 175 ; Wagner,
Gesch. der Earlsschule, L 463.
HEUBNER, HERMANN LUDWIG, born
in Leipsic in 1843. Landscape, genre, and
portrait painter, pupil of Weimar Art School
under Pauwels ; was in 1869-73 director of
the Aarland Institute, Leipsic. Works :
Lying-in Room ; Going to Church ; Nobody
at Home ; Goats in Entrance Ha ll ; View in
Bh5n Mountains. — Muller, 255.
HEULLANT, FELIX ARM AND, born in
Paris, April 23, 1834. Genre painter, pupil
of Picot and E. Giraud. Paints attractive
pictures of life and manners. Works : The
Truant ; The Spring ; Hiding ; Apple-Gath-
ering in Japan ; Greek Washerwomen ; Sac-
rifice to Venus ; Sleeping Endymion ; Lover
of the Olden Time ; Soap-Bubbles, Cleo-
patra (1879) ; Heliogabalus raining Roses,
The Nest (1880); Origin of Design, Summer
(1881) ; Japanese Concert, Japanese Marriage
Car (1882); A Harem, A Meeting (1883);
Finding of Moses, Bouquet de Nice (1884);
Lis (1885).
HEUB, CORNELIS JOZEF D', born at
Antwerp, March 27, 1707, died March 12,
1762. Flemish school ; history and interior
painter, pupil of Easper Jacob van Opstal,
^byGoOgk
of Jan Jozef Horemans, the elder, and of
Peeter Stivers; went in 1730 to Paris, where
he won several medals (1730, 1731, 1732) ;
painted chiefly grisailles. Works : Coat of
Arms of Abbey SaintrMichel, do. of Abbot
Jacques Thomas, Prudence, Justice, Force,
Instruction in Perspective (1761), Antwerp
Museum. — Cat du Musee d'Anvers (1874),
149 ; Van den Brand en, 1214.
HEUSCH, GUILLIAM (Wfflem) DE,
born at Utrecht in 16—?, died in 1699
(1712 ?). Dutch school ; landscape painter,
said to have studied in Italy under Jan
Both, whom he imitated. Dean of guild in
"Utrecht in 1649. Works : Road with Shep-
herd and Herd (1629), Dresden Gallery ;
Landscape with Cattle and Shepherds (1696),
Louvre ; Italian View with Waterfall, Rotter-
dam Museum ; Italian Landscape (3), Am-
sterdam Museum; do. (2), Hague Museum;
Mountainous Landscape, Cassel Gallery ;
do., Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; da, Hermitage,
St Petersburg; Evening Landscape with
Ruin, Vienna Museum ; others in Brunswick,
Frankfort, Copenhagen, and Stockholm Gal-
leries. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Im-
merzeel, ii. 36 ; Eramm, in. 686 ; De Stuers,
47 ; Kegel, Beitrage, ii 371.
HEUSCH, JACOB DE, born at Utrecht
in 1657, died in Amsterdam in 1701. Dutch
school; landscape painter, nephew and pupil
of Guilliam de Heusch, whom he imitated ;
went to Italy, where he studied from nature
and the works of Salvator Rosa. His pict-
ures so clearly resembled those of his uncle
that the members of the Schilderbent in
Rome called him Affdruck (copyist). Land-
scape pleasing, colour good, composition
ie
JieuScJ)
well distributed, enlivened with figures and
animals. Works : Ponte Rotto in Borne
(1696), Brunswick Museum ; Landscapes
(2, 1699), Landing-Place on a Lake (1699),
Vienna Museum ; Mountainous Landscapes
(2), Hermitage, St Petersburg. — Immerzeel,
ii. 37 ; Quellenschriften, xiv. 429 ; RiegeL
Beitrage, ii. 416.
HEUSS, EDUARD VAN, born at Oggers-
heim, Bhenish Palatinate, in 1808, died in
1880. History and portrait painter ; studied
in Munich and Borne, where he joined the
artistic circle of Cornelius and companions,
and was on intimate terms with Thorwald-
sen. On his travels afterwards through
Holland, Paris, and London he was much
influenced by Rubens and Rembrandt
Painted more than eighty portraits, many
life-size, of reigning princes, dignitaries, and
representatives of science and art, among
them Thorwaldsen and Overbeck. Works :
Rape of Europa (1832), Darmstadt Museum ;
Annunciation, Mater Amabilis, Mater Glori-
oaa, Mater Dolorosa, Mater Salvatoris, New
Pinakothek, Munich. — Kunst-Ohronik, xviii.
648.
HEYDEN, AUGUST (JACOB THEO-
DOB) VON, born in
Breslau, June 13, 1827.
History painter, pupil
in Berlin of Steffeck,
and in Paris of Gleyre
and Couture ; won the
gold medal, and after-
wards repeatedly visited
Italy to study the mon-
umental painting of the
Renaissance. Works :
St Barbaraas Patron Saint of Miners (1864);
Luther and FrundBberg before the Imperial
Diet, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Lu-
ther in Wittenberg ; Arion on Waves of the
Sea (1868), Berlin Opera-House ; Wooing of
French Ambassador for Princess Clemence
(1869) ; The Siesta, The Fairy-Tale (1870) ;
Festive Morning (1870), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Happy Times, The Anglers, Ride of
the Walkyries (1872) ; Leucothea, Martyr
at the Stake, OSdipus and the Sphinx, Olof's
Wedding Ride (1878) ; Fresco pointings in
edbyG00gk
City Hall and National Gallery, Berlin. —
Illustr- Zeitg. (1876), ii. 493 ; Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xix. 565 ; Rosenberg, BerL Malersch.,
211 ; D. Bundschau, xiiL 334 ; xrii. 299 J
xx. 103.
HEYDEN, JAM VAN DEB, born at Gor-
. inchem (Gorkom),
in 1637, died in
Amsterdam, Sept
1712. Dnteh
1 school ; Architects
JA3 nre and landscape
" painter ; views of
buildings show a
feeling for the pict-
i\ j<£*- * uresque, warm and
*&r transparent tone,
accurate perspective, and fine touch. Banks
first among those who represented exteriors
of buildings. Adriaan van de Yelde, Eglon
van der Neer, and Iingelbach painted fig-
ures in his pictures. Said to have visited
London. Works : Street in Cologne, Land-
scape, Street in Town, Architectural Scene,
National Gallery, Loudon ; Cologne Cathe-
dral, Two Church Views, Sir Bichard Wal-
lace, London ; Dutch House on a Canal,
Buckingham Palace ; do., Bridgewater Gal-
lery ; Market-Place in Dutch Town, Lord '
Ashburton, London ; Stone Bridge', Draw- '
Bridge, Canal View, View of Amersfoort, '
Amsterdam Museum ; Interior of Dutch j
Town (1667), Hague Museum ; Amsterdam
Town Hall (1668), Market-Flace and Church
in Dutch Town, Village on a Biver, Land-
scape with Ruins, Louvre ; Quay of Amster-
dam, Aremberg Gallery, Brussels ; The Vy-
vergracht at the Hague, Public Square at
Veere — Zealand, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Palace
with Dutch Garden, Landscape, Cassel Gal-
lery ; Landscape with Castle, Brunswick
Museum ; Mordecai's Bide, Landscapes (2),
Schwerin Gallery ; Square in a City, Palace
of Duke of Brabant at Brussels, Old Pina-
kothek, Munich; Gothic Church (1678),
Views of Monasteries (3), Dresden Gallery ;
Old Castle, Museum, Vienna ; Interior of a
Town, Academy, ib. ; Dutch Street on Canal,
Landscape with Town, Canal with Vessels,
Church, Mountainous Landscape, Three
Churches and Castle, Perspective View of
Street, Italian Castle, Hermitage, St Peters-
burg ; others in Copenhagen and Frankfort
Galleries ; Old City on the Rhine, Chateau
and Park, Historical Society, New York. —
/eye
'e^\_
Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Immerzeel,
ii 37 ; Kramm, iii. 687 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 606 ; Biegel, Beitrage, ii 407.
HEYDEN, KARL, born in Cologne in
1846. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of
Dusseldorf Academy and of Wilhelm Sohn ;
travelled in Germany, Belgium, and France.
Works : Convalescent ; Women at Grave of
Fallen Soldier ; Spring Flower ; Apple
Woman ; Among Favourites.
HEYDEN, Dr. OTTO, born at Ducherow,
Pomerania, July 8, 1820, History and por-
trait painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under
Elober and Woch, and in Paris (1847-48)
of Cogniet; lived in Italy, especially in
Borne and Sicily, in 1850-54, and then set-
tled in Berlin. In 1866 he took part in the
campaign in Bohemia, in the suite of the
Crown Prince, visited the East in 1869, and
accompanied the army to France in 1870.
Court-painter and professor at Berlin Acad-
emy. Works: Job derided by his Wife
(1855), Stettin Museum; Italian Mower,
Founding of Greifswalde University (1856) ;
Boguslaw X. attacked by Pirates, Girl of
Sorrento, Stettin Museum ; Field-Marshal
Schwerin in Battle of Prague, Royal Palace,
Berlin ; Ride of Emperor William over
Battlefield at Sadowa (1868), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Meeting of Crown Prince and
Prince Frederic Charles ; Emperor William
decorating the Crown Prince ; Bazaar iu
Cairo ; Street Life in Cairo ; Emperor Will-
edbyGoOgk
UEYERDAIIL
iam visiting the 'Wounded at Versailles ;
Portraits of German Emperor, of Bismarck,
Moltke, and General Steinnietz. — Mailer,
256 ; Rosenberg, BerL Malersch., 188.
HESERDAHL, HANS, born in Sweden ;
contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of
Munich Academy and in Paris of Bonnat ;
now in Florence. Medal, Paris, 3d class,
1878. Works : Nymph talking to Magpie
(1880) ; Flower-Seller, " How Much ? "
(1881); Dead Child, The Visit (1882);
Sleeping Nymph and Satyr, Girl lighting
Fire (1883); Bather (1884); Norwegian
Landscape, Young Girl (1885).
HEYMANS, ADRLEN JOSEPH, born in
Antwerp, June 11, 1839. Landscape painter,
pupil of Antwerp Academy at the age of fif-
teen, but formed himself chiefly through
study of nature and of the works of Corot,
Millet, and Daubigny in Paris. In 1880 he
exhibited about sixty of his pictures in
Brussels, with great success. Works : Sun-
set on Heath (1875), Ghent Museum ; Re-
turn of the Herd ; Moonrise ; Morning Mist
by the Sea ; Three Marines ; Sunrise ; Snow
Landscape with Birch Trees ; Cows at Pas-
ture ; Evening on the Scheldt ; Old Avenue
of Bloemeschot ; Spring Morning in the
Campine, Ghent Museum ; Swamp, Evening
Landscape ; Snow-Storm. — Moller, 257.
HEYN, AUGUST, born at Sophienau,
Meiniugen, Aug. 10, 1837. Genre painter,
pupil of Munich Academy, and of Raupp
and Defregger ; copied in the Munich and
Dresden Galleries, visited Italy, South Ty-
rol, Hesse, the Black Forest; and England.
Works : Scenes from Children's World and
Peasant Life ; To Her I To Him ! ; Little
Barber (1880).— Mttller, 267.
HICKEL, ANTON, born at BOhmisch-
Leipa, Bohemia, in 1745, died in Hamburg,
Oct. 30, 1798. German school ; portrait
painter, pupil of his brother Josef and of
Vienna Academy ; went about 1777 to France,
where he painted Marie Antoinette, then to
London, where he made a name by his pict-
ure of the House of Commons, containing
ninety-six life-size portraits (1793-95), now
in National Gallery, London (presented by
Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, 1885) ;
Turk with Slave making Music, Schieissheim
Gallery ; Portrait of Burgomaster Debary,
Basle Museum. One of his best works is
the portrait of the poet Klopstock. — Allgem.
Ennst-Chronik, ix. 567 ; Wurzbach, is. 2.
HICKEL, JOSEF, born at Bohmisch-
Leipa in 1736, died in Vienna, March 28,
1807. Portrait painter, first instructed by
his father, then pupil of Vienna Academy
under Martin van Meytens ; went to Italy
in 1768, painted the portraits of many nota-
bilities in Milan, Parma, and Florence for
the Empress Maria Theresa, and was made
member of the Florence and, after his re-
turn, of the Vienna Academy (1776), and
court-painter. More than three thousand
of his works are known. Works : Portrait
of Joseph IX, City HalL Vienna ; Empress
Maria Theresa, King Ferdinand of Naples
and Queen ; Duke Albert of Teachen and
Archduchess Christine ; Emperor Leopold
H. ; Emperor Francis ; Pope Pius VL ;
Prince Kaunitz ; General Baron Lascy ;
J.Huki.6 'itoi
Prince fiinsky ; Elector Charles Theodore,
Painter Winck, Augsburg Gallery. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., xii. 385 ; Wurzbach, ix. 3.
HICKS, GEORGE EDGAR, born at
Lymington, England, in 1824. Genre and
portrait painter, pupil of BloomBbury School
of Art iu 1843, and of Royal Academy in
1844. WorkB: Lark at Heaven's Gate
(1865) ; Dividend Day at the Bank (1869) ;
Post Office (1860) ; Before the Magistrates
(1866); Reflected Smiles (1867); Utilizing
Church Metal (1869) j Black Monday (1871);
Ruth the Moabitess (1874) ; Return from
Gleaning (1876) ; Fisherman's Wife, Wood-
man's Daughter (1877) ; Forget Me Not
(1878) ; Cinderella (1883) ; Portraits (1884).
HICKS, THOMAS, born at Newtown,
Perm., Oct. 18, 1823. Portrait painter,
studied in Philadelphia and at the National
Academy, later a pupil of Couture in Paris.
edbyGoOgk
HIDDEMANN
In 1845 visited Europe, where he
four years. First picture exhibited in 1841.
Elected N.A. in 1851. Studios in New
York and Trenton Falls, N. J. Works :
Edwin Booth as Iago ; Henry Ward Beecher ;
Longfellow ; Halleck ; Dr. Kane ; William
M. Evarts ; Dr. Cogswell ; Bayard Taylor ;
Hamilton Fish ; Luther Bradish (1857),
Elisha Kent Kane (1859), Henry Abbott
(1863), Historical Society, New York ; Parke
Godwin (1879), Mrs. F. N. Goddard, New
York ; Portrait, Indian Summer (1881) ;
Mrs. B. F. Bomaine (1882) ; Mrs. & F. Bil-
lings (1883) ; Dr. James R. Wood (1884),
New York Academy of Medicine ; Birches
at Thornwood— Trenton Falls (1879); In
Brittany (1884); End of a Winter Day
(1885), Dr. Bobert Band, New York.— Tuck-
«rman, 465 ; Benjamin, 49, 86.
HIDDEMANN, FBIEDRICH PETER,
bom at DQsseldorf, Oct 4, 1829. Genre
painter, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy under
Theodor Hildebraud t and Wilhelm Schadow ;
travelled in Germany, France, Belgium, and
Holland, painted at first historical and ro-
mantic subjects, then humourous genre
scenes. Medals in Vienna (1873), Philadel-
phia (1876). Works : Wedding and Bap-
tism ; The Monster ; Concert ; Surprise ;
Severe Lecture ; Pocket-Revision ; Philoso-
phy of the Ball (1858), W. T. Walters, Bal-
timore ; From Bygone Days (1861) ; School-
Arrest ; Beginning of Kinness (1862) ; Am-
ateur Quartette (1863), Konigsberg Museum ;
Bottle of Champagne ; Reunion (1866) ; Be
oruiting in Time of Frederic the Great
(1870), National Gallery, Berlin; Eeturnfrom
Afar (1871) ; Unbidden Neighbours (1872),
Wiesbaden Museum ; Picnic in tbe Woods,
In Compartment of First Class (1874) ;
Winter Pleasure (1875) ; Funeral in West-
phalia, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Love Letter
(1875), Dusseldorf Gallery ; Desire for Re-
venge (1876) ; Physician's Anteroom (1877).
— Ulustr. Zeitg. (1873), L 32; iL 307;
{1878), ii. 347; Mailer, 258; Neue freie
Presse, Aug. 18, 1871.
BIEN, DANIEL, born at Straasburg in
1725, died at ZweibrQcken, Bavaria, in
1773. Landscape, animal, and still-! if a
painter, pupil of Eonrad Mannlich, then in
Milan (1749) of Crivelli, and in Paris of
Oudry; painted especially hunting pieces
with great skill. "Works : Landscape with
Herd and Figures, Germanic Museum, Nu-
remberg; Animal pieces (2) (1765), Schleias-
heini Gallery ; others in Augsburg Gallery.
HIGHLANDER'S HOME, Sir David
WUhie, Earl of Essex ; canvas. Interior,
with the father of the family sitting at right,
and the mother standing, holding her baby for
him to kiss ; at their feet, two dogs ; in back-
ground, a girl going out of the door. Painted
in 1825. Engraved by W. Finden. — Heaton,
Worksof SirD.W.; Paintersof Georgian Era.
HIGHMORE, JOSEPH, born in London
in 1692, died at Canterbury in 1780. His-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of the Acad-
emy under Sir Godfrey Kneller ; painted
portraits of several Knights of tbe Bath on
the revival of that order in 1725, particu-
larly a fine picture of the Duke of Rich-
mond and his esquires, and afterwards, by
order of George L, a portrait of the Duke of
Cumberland ; visited the Continent in 1732,
chiefly to see the DQsseldorf Gallery, and at
Antwerp to study the workB of Rubens.
Works : Hagar and Ishmael ; Good Samar-
itan ; Finding of Moses ; The Graces un-
veiling Nature ; Portraits of Samuel Rich-
ardson and Dr. Stebbing, National Gallery,
London. — Bryan (Graves), 654
HHiANDERAS, LAS (The Tapestry
Weavers), Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; can-
vas, B, 7 ft 3 in. x 9 ft 6 in. Scene in royal
tapestry manufactory of S. Isabel Madrid
An old woman, at spinning-wheel, turns to
speak to a girl behind her, who is drawing
back a red curtain ; girl in centre, carding
wool, looks at a cat asleep by her side ; an-
other, on right, winds yarn from a reel ; be-
hind her, one entering room with a basket; in
background, three ladies examining tapestry.
A masterpiece ; painted about 1656; former-
ly in palace of Buen Retire. Copy by Col-
lier in Eeole des Beaux Arte, Paris. Etched
edbyGoOgk
by Miliua ; Gaujean ; Galvan ; Maura. — Ch.
Blanc, iScole espagnole ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1880), xxL 527 j Curtis, 15 ; Madrazo, 603.
H3LABJUS, painter, of Bithynia; removed
in reign of Valens (&.D. 364-379) to Athens,
where he became noted as a teacher. Slain,
with all his family, near Corinth, in 879,
during an invasion of Goths. — Eunap., Vitas
Philos. et Soph. (ed. Boissonade), 67.
HILDEBRAND,
EENST, born at Falk-
enberg, Lusatia, in 1833.
Genre painter, pupil in
Berlin of Steffeck ; spent
one year in Paris, and in
1875 became professor at
the Carlsruhe Art School,
afterwards at the Berlin
Academy, which position
he resigned in 1885 ; first
practised decorative paint-
ing, then turned to por-
trait, and finally to genre,
painting, which he treats in
a realistic manner. Medal
in Vienna, 1873. Works :
Mother and Child, Margue-
rite, Spoletina (1866); Let
Little Children come unto Me; Praying
Peasants ; Sick Child ; Kitchen in Hartz
Mountains ; Fervent Entreaty; Bepentance ;
Bococo Interior in Brachial ; Wedding Pro-
cession in Banqueting Hall of Passage in
Berlin ; Anxious Hour (1885); Child's Por-
trait, Ravene Gallery, Berlin.— Muller, 258 ;
Leixner, Mod. K, i. 74.
HUDEBRANDT, EDUABD, born in
Dantzic, Sept 9, 1817,
died in Berlin, Oct 25,
1868. Landscape and
marine painter, pupil
in Berlin of Erause, and
in 1841-43, in Paris, of
, Isabey. Visited in 1840
' Denmark, Norway, and
Great Britain, in 1843-
44 Brazil, in 1847-
49 England, Scotland, Spain, and the Canary
Islands, in 1851 Italy, Egypt, Palestine, Tur-
key, Greece, and the Sahara, in 1853 Swit-
zerland, Tyrol, and Upper Italy, and in 1856
the Arctic Ocean. Went around the world
in 1862-64, and brought home 400 water-
colours, which, when exhibited in London in
1866, attracted much attention. A selection
from them, in a portfolio, was published in
1869. In 1853 he was made professor and
inu (TIh Tiptrtiy Vt
nit), Vtluqun, Madrid M
in 1855 member of the Berlin Academy.
Works: Am Bollwerk (1838); Agitated Sea
with Vessels, Fishing Boats leaving the Har-
bour, Fishermen and Boat (1840) ; Agitated
SeawithBoats,Fishermen'sChildren(1842);
Two Views of Helgoland, Boy with Dog,
Winter Genre Scene (1843) ; Tropical Bain,
Tropical City on the Water (1845); St Do-
mingo Square in Mexico (1846); Street in
Lyons (1843), Street in Rouen, Fisher-maiden
on Shore, Hour of Best, Santa Gloria, Even-
ing in Bay of Bio Janeiro, Children on Shore,
Winter Landscapes (2, 1847), Irish Peasant
Cottage (1850), Ravenu Gallery, Berlin ;
Panorama of Madeira (1848); View of Lis-
bon, Fort Belem, Cape Vincent, Coast of
Madeira (1849); Coast by Moonlight, Moon-
light on Scotch Coast, Irish Genre Scene,
View of Bio Janeiro (1850); Two Views on
Scotch Coast, Bio Janeiro, Near Palermo,
edbyGoOgk
HILDEBRANDT
Madeira, Evening in Madeira, Fort St Elmo,
Horse Love, Moonlight on Scotch Coast
(1651); Naples with Vesuvius, View near
Cairo, Bay of Madeira, Coast of Madeira
(1852); Sea of Marmora, Castle and Park,
Children with Sleigh (1853); Flood-Tide,
Strand, On Gosou Lake, Alpengluhen, San
Giorgio by Moonlight (1854); Moonlight on
Scotch Coast, Winter Landscape, On Brienz
Lake, View of Bethlehem, View of Jerusa-
lem, Children Playing (1855) ; Pool of Be-
thesda, Nazareth, Stormy Sea, On the Fiah-
Pond, Under the Willows (1856); Moonlight,
Sunset, Tropical Landscape, North Cape
(1857); Village Scene, Coast with Light-
house (I860); Caveat Staffs, (1865); Benares
on the Ganges, Evening in Siam (1866);
Holy Lake in Burmah, Moonlight near Ma-
cao, Chinese Fishermen (1867); Sunlight in
Jersey, Evening in Siam (1868); Surge on
Baltic Sea, Dover Castle, Marine with Fort
Rouge, Winter Landscape, Stettin Museum ;
Coast of Normandy, WinterLand scape (1846),
Sea-Shore in Evening Light (1855), Castle
Kronborg near Elsinore (1857), National
Gallery, Berlin ; Moonrise in Madeira, Cor-
coran Gallery, Washington. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., xii 402 ; niustr. Zeitg. (1868), 372 ;
Bruno Meyer, Studien, 376; Rosenberg,
BerL Malersch., 335 ; Land und Meer (1869),
i 223 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, i. 25 ; iv. 261, 336.
HILDEBRANDT, THEODOR, born in
Stettin, July 2, 1804,
died in Dusseldorf,
Sept 29, 1874. His-
tory, genre, and por-
trait painter, pupil
from 1820 of the
Berlin Academy, and
from 1823 under
j Schadow, whom, in
' 1826, he accompa-
nied to DQsseldorf,
where he soon became celebrated, and was
made in 1832 assistant, and in 1836 profes-
sor, at the Academy. In 1829 with Scha-
dow, and later, he repeatedly visited the
Netherlands, where he was influenced by
the realistic school of Wappera ; went in
1830 to Italy, where, as later in Paris, he
studied the old masters, especially of the
Dutch school. Member of the Berlin and
Vienna Academies. Works: Faust and
Mephistopheles (1824); Faust and Gretchen
(1825); Lear and Cordelia (1826); Borneo
and Juliet (1827); Tancred and Clorinda
(1828); Caution against the Water-Sprite
(1830); Judith and Holofernes (1830); The
Robber (1829), Warrior and Child (1832),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Story-teller (1832) ;
Sick Senator (1833); Choir Boys in Gothic
Church (1834); Assassination of Sons of
Edward TV. (1836), Raczynski Gallery, Ber-
lin ; Christmas Eve (1840); Reception of
Cardinal Wolsey in the Monastery (1842);
Doge and Daughter (1843), Stettin Muse-
um ; Judith (1844); Italian Woman (1845);
Othello (1847); Lear awakening from In-
sanity (1851) ; Juliet taking the Poison
(1853); Arthur and De Burgh (1855); Cor-
delia reading the Letter to Kent (1859),
Cliristianift Museum ; Copy of St Francis
by Rubens (1850), DOsseldorf Academy;
Portrait of Artist's Father, Cologne Muse-
um ; Cordelia and King Lear, Mrs. A. T.
Stewart, New Vork ; Portraits of Princes
*yf -— Frederic, Georg, and
fii t7\ Albrecnt °* Prussia, of
\J %(,9 Count Stolberg, of
. n t^ff Schadow ; da of Wap-
' OlVv pers (1849), Dusseldorf
V V\ ,Q7S Gallery.-Allgem.d.
-^ fj fOOif Biogr., lii. 405;
C Blanckarts, 75; W.
MUller, DQsseldorf K., 180 ; Bluatr. Zeitg.
(1874), ii. 359 ; Kunst-Chronik, x. 39.
HJLGERS, EARL, born in Dusseldorf in
1818. Landscape painter, pupil of Dussel-
dorf Academy ; spent some time in Berlin
and studied the Dutch and French masters ;
represents nature, especially in her winter
aspects, often with architectural accessories,
with much skill Works: Dutch Cottages
in Winter (1839); View near Amsterdam
(1840 and 1841); Winter Landscape, Chapel
in the Snow (1645); Casemate on the Dan-
edbyG00gk
ube ; Evening Landscape in Hartz Moun-
tain a ; Dornburg Citadel ; Drifting of Ice
in the Rhine; Winter Landscape (1847),
do. (1848), do. (1850), Storm in the Moun-
tains (1849), Fisherman's Hut (1850),
Huntsmen with Dogs, Fisherman on Shore,
Raven6 Gallery, Berlin ; Convent Yard in
Winter by Moonlight (1867), Sohwerin Gal-
lery.— Mttller, 258 ; W. Mailer, DQsseldorf
K., 349.
HTTT. DAVID OCTAVIUS, born in
Perth, Scotland, in 1802, died in Edin-
burgh, May 17, 1870. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Andrew Wilson ; was in 1830
one of the foundation members of the
Royal Scottish Academy, of which he was
secretary until October, 1869. At first
painted pictures illustrative of Scottish
peasant life, and in 1843 he finished a
large work containing 470 portraits — The
Establishment of the Free Kirk, which
now hangs in the Presbytery TTall of the
Free Church, Edinburgh, but later devot-
ed himself to landscape. Works : Edin-
burgh from Mons Meg (1